Mediating between tigers and lions: Norwegian peace diplomacy in Sri Lanka's civil war

Contemporary South Asia

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 175-191

  Höglund, Kristine ^a   Svensson, Isak ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Civil war; Conflict resolution; Mediation; Norway; Sri Lanka

Indexed keywords

CIVIL WAR; CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS; DISPUTE RESOLUTION; PEACEKEEPING; POLITICAL POWER;

ASIA; EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTHERN EUROPE; NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; SOUTH ASIA; SRI LANKA;

EID: 70449344654     PISSN: 09584935     EISSN: 1469364X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09584930902870792     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Balasingham, Anton. 2004. War and peace: Armed struggle and peace efforts of Liberation Tigers. Mitcham, Surrey: Fairmax Publishing.
2. Belloni, Roberto. 2008. Civil society in war-to-democracy transitions. In From war to democracy: Dilemmas of peacebuilding, ed. A. Jarstad and T.D. Sisk, 182-210. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Bercovitch, Jacob, ed. 2002. Studies in international mediation. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
4. Betts, Wendy. 1999. Third party mediation: An obstacle to peace in Nagorno Karabakh. SAIS Review 19, no. 2: 161-83.
5. Bose, Sumantra. 2002. Flawed mediation, chaotic implementation: The 1987 Indo-Sri Lanka peace agreement. In Ending civil wars: The implementation of peace agreements, ed. J.S. Stan, D. Rothchild, and E.M. Cousens, 631-59. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
6. Clarance, William. 2006. Ethnic warfare in Sri Lanka and the U.N. crisis. London: Pluto Press.
7. Crocker, Chester, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall. 2004. Taming intractable conflict: Mediation in the hardest cases. Washington, DC: US Institute for Peace Press.
8. DeVotta, Neil. 2007. Sinhala Buddhist nationalist ideology: Implications for politics and conflict resolution in Sri Lanka. Washington, DC: East-West Center.
9. Egeland, Jan. 1988. Impotent superpower - potent small power: Potentials and limitations of human rights objectives in the foreign policies of the United States and Norway. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
10. Fischer, Ronald J., and Loraleigh Keashly. 1991. The potential complementarity of mediation and consultation within a contingency model of third party intervention. Journal of Peace Research 28, no. 1: 29-42.
11. Fuglerud, Oivind. 1999. Life on the outside: the Tamil Diaspora and long distance nationalism. London: Pluto Press.
12. Fuglerud, Oivind. 2001. Time and space in the Sri Lanka-Tamil Diaspora. Nations and Nationalism 7, no. 2: 195-213.
13. Goodhand, Jonathan, and Bart Klem. 2005. Aid, conflict and peacebuilding in Sri Lanka. Colombo: The Asia Foundation.
14. Goonatilake, Susantha. 2005. Norway, a 25 year odyssey: From sympathizer to colonial intruder. In Peace in Sri Lanka: Obstacles and opportunities, 12-48. Nugegoda: World Alliance for Peace in Sri Lanka.
15. Gooneratne, John. 2000. A decade of confrontation: Sri Lanka and India in the 1980s. Pannipitya: Stamford Lake.
16. Gooneratne, John. 2007. Negotiating with the Tigers (LTTE) (2002-2005): A view from the second row. Pannipitiya: Stamford Lake Publications.
17. Gunasekera, S.L., and G. Dayasiri. 2006. Bauer a facilitator or agent for int'l terrorism? The Island (Colombo), September 9.
18. Helgesen, Vidar. 2007. How peace diplomacy lost post 9/11: What implications are there for Norway? Oslo Files on Security and Defence 3: 1-24.
19. Human Rights Watch. 2004. LTTE commitments to end the recruitment and use of child soldiers. New York, November.
20. Höglund, Kristine and Isak Svensson. 2008a. 'Damned if you do, and damned if you don't': Nordic involvement and third-party neutrality in Sri Lanka. International Negotiation 13, no. 2: 341-64.
21. Hoglund, Kristine, and Isak Svensson. 2008b. Interests of the intermediary: Norwegian mediation in Sri Lanka 2000-2006. Unpublished paper.
22. International Crisis Group. 2008. Sri Lanka's return to war: Limiting the damage. Asia Report 146: 1-33.
23. Jagland, Thorbjorn. 2008. Våre egne myter [Our own myths]. Aftenposten, January 4.
24. Keenan, Alan. 2007. The trouble with evenhandedness: On the politics of human rights and peace advocacy in Sri Lanka. In Nongovernmental politics, ed. M. Feher, 88-117. Brooklyn, NY: Zone Books.
25. Keethaponcalan, S.I. 2005. The ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka and the dynamics of third party activity. In Conflict, conflict resolution & peace building, ed. J. Uyangoda, 202-24. Colombo: Colombo University.
26. Kelleher, Ann, and James Larry Taulbee. 2006. Bridging the gap: Building peace Norwegian style. Peace & Change 31, no. 4: 479-505.
27. Lieberfeld, Daniel. 1995. Small is credible: Norway's niche in international dispute settlement. Negotiation Journal 11, no. 3: 201-7.
28. Lunstead, Jeffrey. 2007. The United States' role in Sri Lanka's peace process, 2002-2006. Colombo: Asia Foundation.
29. Martin, Harriet. 2006. Kings of peace, pawns of war: the untold story of peace-making. New York: Continuum.
30. Maundi, Mohammed O., I. William Zartman, Gilbert Khadiagala, and Kwaku Nuamah. 2006. Getting in: Mediator's entry into the settlement of African conflicts. Washington, DC: USIP Press.
31. McGilvray, Dennis B., and Mirak Raheem. 2007. Muslim perspectives on the Sri Lankan conflict, policy studies. Washington, DC: East-West Center.
32. Mitchell, Christopher R. 1988. The motives for mediation. In New approaches to international mediation, ed. C.R. Mitchell and K. Webb, 29-51. London: Greenwood Press.
33. Mitchell, Christopher R. 1993. External peace-making initiatives and intra-national conflict. In The internationalization of communal strife, ed. M.I. Midlarsky, 275-96. London: Routledge.
34. Norwegian Government, Ministry of Trade and Industry. 2008. Oppstart av forhandlinger mellom EFTA og India [Negotiation between EFTA and India Begins]. Press Release No. 05/08, January 21.
35. Ohlson, Thomas. 1998. Power politics and peace policies: Intra-state conflict resolution in southern Africa. Uppsala: Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University.
36. Palihapitiya, Madhawa. 2007. Of a Norwegian summer and a Viking intervention in Sri Lanka. Asian Journal of Public Affairs 1, no. 1: 39-53.
37. Perera, Jehan. 2004. Japan has a bigger role to play in the peace process Current Situation, July 24. www.peace-srilanka.org.
38. Philipson, Liz. 2001. Negotiating processes in Sri Lanka, Marga Monograph Series on Ethnic Reconciliation No 2. Colombo: Marga Institute.
39. Philipson, Liz. 2005. Engaging armed groups: The challenge of asymmetries. In Choosing to engage: Armed groups and peace processes, ed. R. Ricigliano. London: Conciliation Resources, http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/engaging-groups/challenge-asymmetries.php.
40. Pruitt, Dean G., and Sung Hee Kim, ed. 2004. Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, and settlement. New York: McGraw Hill.
41. Richmond, Oliver. 1998. Devious objectives and the disputants' view of international Mediation. Journal of Peace Research 35, no. 6: 707-22.
42. Rovik, Falk. 2005. Norway: A terrorist safe haven? In Peace in Sri Lanka: Obstacles and opportunities, 1-11. Nugegoda: World Alliance for Peace in Sri Lanka, Colombo.
43. Rupesinghe, Kumar. 2006. Interview with Erik Solheim, Minister of International Development. In Negotiating peace in Sri Lanka: Efforts, failures and lessons, Volume Two, ed. K. Rupesinghe, 339-54. Colombo: Foundation of Co-Existence.
44. Saravanantha, Muttukrishna. 2007a. Norwegian and British interventions in the Sri Lankan Conflict: A sorry tale of misinformation and misunderstanding. Groundviews, December 17.
45. Saravananthan, Muttikrishna. 2007b. In pursuit of the mythical sate of Tamil Eelam: A rejoinder to Kristian Stokke. Third World Quarterly 28, no. 6: 1185-95.
46. Saravanthan, Muttukrishna, and Indra de Soysa. 2007. Nyttige idioter fra nord [Useful imbeciles from the north]. Aftenposten, December 30.
47. Stokke, Kristian. 2007. War by other means. Third World Quarterly 28, no. 6: 1197-1201.
48. Stokke, Kristian. 2008. Bistandsdebatt pa lavt niva [Aid debate on a low level]. Aftenposten, December 8.
49. Tambiah, Stanley Jeyeraja. 1992. Buddhism betrayed? Religion, politics, and violence in Sri Lanka. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
50. Touval, Saadia. 2003. Mediation and foreign policy. International Studies Review 5, no. 4: 91-5.
51. Touval, Saadia, and I. William Zartman. 2001. International mediation in the post-cold war era. In Turbulent peace: The challenges of managing international conflict, ed. C.A. Crocker, F.O. Hampson and P. Aall, 427-43. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press.
52. Uyangoda, Jayadeva. 2006. Sri Lanka: Dimensions of the crisis. Polity 3, no. 4: 3-6.
53. Uyangoda, Jayadeva. 2007a. Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka: Changing dynamics. Washington, DC: East-West Center.
54. Uyangoda, Jayadeva. 2007b. Politics of Sri Lanka in 2007. Polity 4, no. 4: 3-15.
55. Wanigasekera, Edward Theophilus. 2008. The reality of oil dream in Sri Lanka. Asian Tribune, 15 September.
56. Weerasinghe, Mahinda. 2005. Kissinger, Nobel committee, Kissinginian mutants, or how Norway became a sanctuary for terrorists. In Peace in Sri Lanka: Obstacles and opportunities, 235-41. Nugegoda: World Alliance for Peace in Sri Lanka.
57. Wilson, A.J. 2000. Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism: Its origins and development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. London: Hurst & Co.
58. Wriggins, Howard. 1995. Sri Lanka: Negotiations in a secessionist conflict. In Elusive peace: Negotiating an end to civil Wars, ed. I.W. Zartman, 35-58. Washington, DC: Brookings.
59. Zartman, I. William, ed. 1995. Elusive peace: Negotiating an end to civil war. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
60. Zartman, I. William. 2000. Ripeness: The hurting stalemate and beyond. In International conflict resolution after the cold war, ed. P.C. Stern and D. Druckman, 225-50. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.