But it's my tijrn to speak! when can unruly speakers at public hearings be forced to leave or be quiet?

Urban Lawyer

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 579-595

  Wilson, Paul D ^a   Alcarez, Jennifer K ^a  

^a Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky and Popeo PC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LAND USE PLANNING; PLANNING LEGISLATION; PROPERTY RIGHTS; STATE ROLE; URBAN POLICY; ZONING SYSTEM;

CHESTERFIELD COUNTY [VIRGINIA]; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; VIRGINIA;

EID: 70350751515     PISSN: 00420905     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Sixth Victim Dies in City Hall Attack, N. Y TIMES, Sept. 7,2008, at A29, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/us/07kirkwood.html.
2. David. L. Hudson, Jr., Federal Court Rejects Council Critic's First Amendment Claims, FIRST AMENDMENT CENTER, Feb. 7, 2008, http://www. firstamendmentcenter. org/analysis.aspx?id=19647;
3. see also Thornton v. City of Kirkwood, No.4:07CV79 CDP, 2008 WL 239575 (E.D. Mo. Jan 28, 2008) (unreported decision).
4. See, e.g., Steinburg v. Chesterfield County Planning Comm'n, 527 F.3d 377, 384-385 (4th Cir. 2008).
5. Steinburg, 527 F.3d at 384-385
6. Id. at 379.
7. Id. at 379-380
8. Id. at 387.
9. Id. at 380.
10. Steinburg, 527 F.3d at 380.
11. See id. at 384 (citing Good News Club v. Milford Cent. Sch., 533 U.S. 98,106-107 (2001)).
12. Id.
13. Id. (citing Clark v. Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293, 295 (1984)).
14. Id. (citing Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 52 (1919)).
15. Schenck, 249 U.S. at 52.
16. Steinburg, 527 F.3d at 384 (citing Child Evangelism Fellowship of Md., Inc. v. Montgomery County Pub. Schs., 457 F.3d 376, 381 (4th Cir. 2006) and Perry Educ. Ass'n v. Perry Local Educators Ass'n, 460 U.S. 37,45 (1983)).
17. Id. at 385.
18. Id. at 384-385
19. Id. at 385 (citing Good News Club, 533 U.S. at 106 and Rosenberger v. Rector & Visitors of Univ. of Va., 515 U.S. 819, 829 (1995)).
20. Id. (citing Good News Club, 533 U.S. at 106 and Rosenberger, 515 U.S. at 829).
21. Steinburg, 527 F.3d at 385 (citing Child Evangelism Fellowship of S.C v. Anderson Sch. Dist. Five, 470 F.3d 1062 (4th Cir. 2006) and Good News Club, 533 U.S. at 106-07)).
22. Id. (citing Good News Club, 533 U.S. at 106-07 and Collinson v. Gott, 895 F.2d 994,1000 (4th Cir. 1990) (Phillips, J., concurring)).
23. Id. at 380.
24. Id.
25. IA. Id.
26. See Steinburg, 527 F.3d at 380.
27. Id. 11. Id.
28. Id. at 381.
29. Id.
30. Steinburg,527F.3d at381.
31. Id.
32. Id. at 381-384 (quoting the full transcript of Steinburg's comments).
33. Id. at 382.
34. Id.
35. See Steinburg, 527 F.3d at 382.
36. See id.
37. Id. at 383.
38. Id.
39. Id.
40. Steinburg, 527 F.3d at 384.
41. Id. at 388, 390.
42. Id. at 386.
43. Id. at 386-387 (citing Collinson v. Gott, 895 F.2d 994,1000 (4th Cir. 1990) (Phillips, J., concurring)).
44. Id. at 387.
45. Steinburg, 527 F.3d at 387.
46. Id.
47. Al. See id.
48. See id. at 388.
49. Id. at 389.
50. Steinburg, 527 F.3d at 388-389
51. Id. at 389.
52. Eichenlaub v. Township of Indiana, 385 F.3d 274 (3d. Cir. 2004).
53. Id. at 277.
54. Id. The Eichenlaubs claimed (1) that Township officials violated their substantive due process and equal protection rights by denying or delaying authorization to develop the properties; (2) that officials violated David Eichenlaub's First Amendment petition and free speech rights by curtailing his speech at a public meeting and by removing him from the meeting; (3) that officials retaliated against David Eichenlaub for exercising his First Amendment rights; and (4) that the officials were liable under Pennsylvania law for damages. Id.
55. Id. at 278.
56. Id. at 277.
57. Eichenlaub, 385 F.3d at 278 n.2.
58. Id. (internal citation omitted).
59. See id. at 281.
60. Id. at 279-281
61. Id. at 280 ("The Supreme Court has not precisely instructed where the limited public forum is located on the First Amendment spectrum between the strict test for public forum regulation and the more relaxed test for nonpublic regulation. Earlier decisions... suggest that content-based restraints on limited public forums may be subject to strict scrutiny, and can survive only if they are supported by a compelling interest. Recently, however, the Court has apparently moved to the position that regulation of a limited [public] forum may survive under a test that is less strict than that applied in the case of a general open forum.") (internal citations omitted).
62. Eichenlaub, 385 F.3d at 280.
63. See id. at 281.
64. Id.
65. Id.
66. Id. 67. Eichenlaub, 385 F.3d at 281.
67. Id.
68. See id. at 282.
69. Id.
70. Id. 72. See Steinburg, 527 F.3d at 390.
71. See Eichenlaub, 385 F.3d at281.
72. Norse v. City of Santa Cruz, No.02-16446, 2004 WL 2757528 (9th Cir. Dec. 3, 2004) (unpublished decision).
73. Id. at*l.
74. Id.
75. Id. at *2.
76. id.at*l.
77. Norse, 2004 WL 2757528, at »1.
78. Id. 81. Id. at *1 (citing White v. City of Norwalk, 900 F.2d 1421, 1425-1426 (9th Cir. 1990)).
79. Id. at »2 (citing White, 900 F.2d at 1425).
80. Id.
81. Norse, 2004 WL 2757528, at »2.
82. Leonard v. Robinson, 477 F.3d 347 (6th Cir. 2007).
83. Id. at 351.
84. Id. at 352.
85. Id.
86. Id.
87. Leonard, 477 F.3d at 363.
88. Id. at 356-357 (citing MICH. COMP. LAWS §750.170 (2009)).
89. Id. at 360-361
90. Id. at 360.
91. Id. at 361.
92. McMahon v. Riffer, No. A094883, 2002 WL 1067808 (Cal. Ct. App. May 29, 2002).
93. Id. at * 1 (the court affirmed summary judgment against McMahon on his claims for interference with civil rights and for declaratory relief).
94. Id.
95. Id.
96. Id. at *1.
97. McMahon, 2002 WL 1067808, at »1.
98. Id.
99. See id. at »4-5. After this decision, McMahon made a few more attempts at the courthouse, but he left without anything to show for them. He had two jury trials on his claim for false arrest and false imprisonment; the first trial resulted in a nonsuit against one of the three defendants and no verdict as to the other two defendants. See McMahon v. Albany Unified Sch. Dist., 104 Cal. App. 4th 1275,1281 (Cal Ct. App. 2002) (discussing the case's history). The second trial returned a jury verdict in favor of the other two defendants. Id. The trial court denied McMahon's motion for a directed verdict, and the California Court of Appeals affirmed.
100. Id. at 1281-1282
101. See McMahon, 2002 WL 1067808, at »4.
102. Id. 105. Monteiro v. City of Elizabeth, 436 F.3d 397 (3d Cir. 2006).
103. Id. at 399.
104. Id.
105. See id. at 400.
106. Id. at 400-401
107. Monteiro, 436 F.3d at 400.
108. Id. at401.
109. Id.
110. Id. at 405.
111. Id.
112. Monteiro, 436 F.3d at 405.
113. Id. at 404 (citing Good News, 533 U.S. at 106-07, 121;
114. Rosenberger, 515 U.S. at 829; Lamb's Chapel v. Ctr. Moriches Union Free Sch. Dist., 508 U.S. 384, 392-393 (1993)).
115. Olasz v. Welsh, No.07-3248, 2008 WL 5641580 (3d Cir. Oct. 14, 2008) (unpublished decision).
116. W.at*l.
117. Id.
118. Id.
119. See id. at* A.
120. See Olasz, 2008 WL 5641580, at *2-3.
121. See id. at »2-4.
122. Monteiro, 436 F.3d at 408 (Fisher, J., dissenting).
123. Id.
124. Dehne v. Hill, No.02-15886, 2003 WL 22088664 (9th Cir. Sept. 8, 2003) (unpublished decision).
125. Id.at *1.
126. Id.
127. Id.
128. Id. (citing Ulrich v. City & County of San Francisco, 308 F.3d 968, 980 (9th Cir. 2002)).
129. Dehne, 2003 WL 22088664, at * 1.
130. See, e.g., CAL. GOV'T. CODE §11125 (West 2009) (requiring state governmental entities to provide advance notice of the meeting agenda); CAL. GOV'T. CODE §54954.2 (West 2009) (requiring local governmental entities to provide advance notice of the meeting agenda).
131. In Steinburg, for example, the court considered evidence of how the chairman treated the previous two speakers. See Steinburg, 527 F.3d at 389-390
132. See id. at 389 (noting that "[the chairman] even tried to afford Steinburg an opportunity to continue addressing the Commission on the deferral issue").
133. In Monteiro, the Third Circuit noted that the council president's failure to follow an established procedure for removal of a council member was evidence of viewpoint discrimination. Monteiro, 436 F.3d at 405.
134. Norse, 2004 WL 2757528, at *1.