Securing wireless sensor networks: A survey

IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 6-28

  Zhou, Yun ^a   Fang, Yuguang ^a   Zhang, Yanchao ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^b NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LOW-COST SENSORS; MALICIOUS ATTACK; MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES; MILITARY SCENARIOS; RESOURCE LIMITATIONS; SALIENT FEATURES; SOFTWARE ALGORITHMS; WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS;

NETWORK SECURITY; SURVEYS; WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS;

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS;

EID: 70350692585     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1553877X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2008.4625802     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. F. Akyildiz et al., "A Survey on Sensor Networks," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 8, Aug. 2002, pp. 102-14.
2. J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz, and K. S. J. Pister, "Next Century Challenges: Mobile Networking for Smart Dust," Proc. ACM Int'l. Conf. Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'99), Aug. 1999, pp. 217-78.
3. G. J. Pottie and W. J. Kaiser, "Wireless Integrated Network Sensors," Commun. ACM, vol. 43, no. 5, May 2000, pp. 51-58.
4. Crossbow Technology; http://www.xbow.com/, 2006.
5. Atmel Corporation; http://www.atmel.com/, 2006.
6. C. Karlof and D. Wagner, "Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: Attacks and Countermeasures," Proc. 1st IEEE Int'l. Wksp. Sensor Network Protocols and Applications (SNPA'03), May 2003.
7. A. Wood and J. Stankovic, "Denial of Service in Sensor Networks," IEEE Computer Mag., vol. 35, no. 10, Oct. 2002, pp. 54-62.
8. A. Perrig, J. Stankovic, and D. Wagner, "Security in Wireless Sensor Networks," Commun. ACM, vol. 47, no. 6, June 2004, pp. 53-57.
9. E. Shi and A. Perrig, "Designing Secure Sensor Networks," IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag., vol. 11, no. 6, Dec 2004, pp. 38-43.
10. F. Hu and N. K. Sharma, "Security Considerations in Ad Hoc Sensor Networks," Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 3, no. 1, 2005, pp. 69-89.
11. J. P. Walters and Z. Liang, "Wireless Sensor Network Security: A Survey," Security in Distributed, Grid, and Pervasive Computing, Ed. Y. Xiao, Auerbach Publications, CRC Press, 2006.
12. S. Avancha et al., "Security for Wireless Sensor Networks: Overview," Wireless Sensor Networks, Ed. C. S. Raghavendra, K. M. Sivalingam, and T. Znati, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
13. H. Chan and A. Perrig, "Security for Sensor Networks: Key Management," Wireless Sensor Networks, Ed. C. S. Raghavendra, K. M. Sivalingam, and T. Znati, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
14. J. Wong et al., "Security in Sensor Networks: Watermarking Techniques," Wireless Sensor Networks, Ed. C. S. Raghavendra, K. M. Sivalingam, and T. Znati, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
15. S. A. Camtepe and B. Yener, "Key Distribution Mechanisms for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey," Technical Report TR-05-07 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Mar. 2005.
16. C. E. Shannon, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems," Bell Sys. Tech. J., vol. 28, Oct. 1949, pp. 656-715.
17. W. Diffie and M. E. Hellman, "New Directions in Cryptography," IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. IT-22, no. 6, 1976, pp. 644-54.
18. R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman, "A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems," Commun. ACM, vol. 21, no. 2, Feb. 1978, pp. 120-26. (Pubitemid 8591219)
19. FIPS PUB 46-2, "Data Encryption Standard (DES)," Dec. 1993.
20. IETF RFC 2040, "The rc5, rc5-cbc, rc5-cbc-pad, and rc5-cts algorithms," Oct. 1996.
21. S. Basagni et al., "Secure Pebblenets," Proc. 2nd ACM Int'l. Symp. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (Mobihoc' 01), Long Beach, CA, 2001.
22. A. Perrig et al., "SPINS: Security Protocols for Sensor Networks," ACM Wireless Networks, vol. 8, no. 5, Sept. 2002, pp. 521-34.
23. R. Blom, "An Optimal Class of Symmetric Key Generation Systems," Advances in Cryptology: Proc. EUROCRYPT'84, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, vol. 209, 1985, pp. 335-38.
24. C. Blundo et al., "Perfectly Secure Key Distribution for Dynamic Conferences," Advances in Cryptology: Proc. CRYPTO' 92, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, vol. 740, 1992, pp. 471-86.
25. L. Eschenauer and V. Gligor, "A Key Management Scheme for Distributed Sensor Networks," Proc. 9th ACM Conf. Computer and Communications Security (CCS'02), Washington, DC, Nov. 2002.
26. J. Spencer, The Strange Logic of Random Graphs, Algorithms and Combinatorics 22, Springer-Verlag 2000.
27. H. Chan, A. Perrig, and D. Song, "Random Key Predistribution Schemes for Sensor Networks," Proc. 2003 IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy, May 2003, pp. 197-213.
28. F. Anjum, "Location Dependent Key Management Using Random Key-Predistribution in Sensor Networks," Proc. 5th ACM Wksp. Wireless Security (WiSe'06), Los Angeles, Sept. 2006.
29. R. D. Pietro, L. V. Mancini, and A. Mei, "Random Key-Assignment for Secure Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 10th ACM Conf. Computer and Communications Security (CCS'03), Washington, DC, Oct. 2003.
30. W. Du et al., "A Pairwise Key Pre-Distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 10th ACM Conf. Computer and Communications Security (CCS'03), Washington, DC, Oct. 2003.
31. D. Liu and P. Ning, "Establishing Pairwise Keys in Distributed Sensor Networks," Proc. 10th ACM Conf. Computer and Communications Security (CCS'03), Washington, DC, Oct. 2003.
32. J. Hwang and Y. Kim, "Revisiting Random Key Pre-Distribution Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2nd ACM Wksp. Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'04), Washington, DC, Oct. 2004.
33. J. Lee and D. R. Stinson, "Deterministic Key Pre-Distribution Schemes for Distributed Sensor Networks," Proc. 11th Int'l. Wksp. Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC'04), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, vol. 3357/2004, 2004, pp. 294-307.
34. J. Lee and D. R. Stinson, "A Combinatorial Approach to Key Pre-Distribution Mechanisms for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2005 IEEE Wireless Commun. and Networking Conf. (WCNC'05), New Orleans, Mar. 2005.
35. S. A. Camtepe and B. Yener, "Combinatorial Design of Key Distribution Mechanisms for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 9th European Symp. Research in Computer Security (ESORICS 2004), Sophia Antipolis, France, Sept. 2004.
36. D. S. Sanchez and H. Baldus, "A Deterministic Pairwise Key Pre-Distribution Scheme for Mobile Sensor Networks," Proc. 1st IEEE Int'l. Conf. Security and Privacy for Emerging Areas in Communications Networks (SecureComm'05), Sep. 2005.
37. Y. Zhou and Y. Fang, "A Scalable Key Agreement Scheme for Large Scale Networks," Proc. 2006 IEEE Int'l. Conf. Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC'06), Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, Apr. 2006.
38. Y. Zhou and Y. Fang, "Scalable and Deterministic Key Agreement for Large Scale Networks," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 6, no. 11, Nov. 2007.
39. H. Chan and A. Perrig, "PIKE: Peer Intermediaries for Key Establishment in Sensor Networks," Proc. 24th Annual IEEE Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM'05), Miami, FL, Mar. 2005.
40. D. Liu, P. Ning, and R. Li, "Establishing Pairwise Keys in Distributed Sensor Networks," ACM Trans. Info. and System Security, vol. 8, no. 1, Feb. 2005, pp. 41-77. (Pubitemid 40479429)
41. F. Delgosha and F. Fekri, "Key Pre-Distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Multivariate Polynomials," Proc. 2nd Annual IEEE Communications Society Conf. Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON'05), Sept. 2005.
42. F. Delgosha and F. Fekri, "Threshold Key-Establishment in Distributed Sensor Networks Using a Multivariate Scheme," Proc. the 25th Annual IEEE Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM'06), Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2006.
43. D. Liu and P. Ning, "Location-Based Pairwise Key Establishments for Relatively Static Sensor Networks," Proc. 2003 ACM Wksp. Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks(SASN'03), Fairfax, VA, Oct. 2003.
44. W. Du et al., "A Key Management Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Deployment Knowledge," Proc. 23rd Annual IEEE Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM'04), Hong Kong, Mar. 2004.
45. D. Huang et al., "Location-Aware Key Management Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2nd ACM Wksp. Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'04), Washington, DC, Oct. 2004.
46. Z. Yu and Y. Guan, "A Robust Group-Based Key Management Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2005 IEEE Wireless Commun.and Networking Conf. (WCNC'05), New Orleans, LA, Mar. 2005.
47. Y. Zhou, Y. Zhang, and Y. Fang, "LLK: A Link-Layer Key Establishment Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2005 IEEE Wireless Commun. and Networking Conf. (WCNC'05), New Orleans, LA, Mar. 2005.
48. Y. Zhou, Y. Zhang, and Y. Fang, "Key Establishment in Sensor Networks Based on Triangle Grid Deployment Model," Proc. 2005 IEEE Military Communications Conf. (MILCOM'05), Atlantic City, NJ, Oct. 2005.
49. Y. Zhou and Y. Fang, "Scalable Link-Layer Key Agreement in Sensor Networks," Proc. 2006 IEEE Military Communications Conf. (MILCOM'06), Washington, DC, Oct. 2005.
50. Y. Zhou and Y. Fang, "A Two-Layer Key Establishment Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks," IEEE Trans. Mobile Computing, vol. 6, no. 9, Sept. 2007, pp. 1009-20. (Pubitemid 47171282)
51. D. Liu, P. Ning, and W. Du, "Group-Based Key Pre-Distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 4th ACM Wksp. Wireless Security (WiSe'05), Cologne, Germany, Sept. 2005.
52. L. Zhou, J. Ni, and C.V. Ravishankar, "Efficient Key Establishment for Group-Based Wireless Sensor Deployments," Proc. 4th ACM Wksp. Wireless Security (WiSe'05), Cologne, Germany, Sept. 2005.
53. L. Zhou, J. Ni, and C. V. Ravishankar, "Supporting Secure Communication and Data Collection in Mobile Sensor Networks," Proc. the 25th Annual IEEE Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Commun. Societies (INFOCOM'06), Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2006.
54. T. Ito et al., "A Key Pre-Distribution Scheme for Secure Sensor Networks Using Probability Density Function of Node Deployment," Proc. the 3rd ACM Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'05), Alexandria, VA, Nov. 2005.
55. S. Zhu, S. Setia, and S. Jajodia, "LEAP: Efficient Security Mechanism for Large-Scale Distributed Sensor Networks," Proc. 10th ACM Conf. Computer and Commun. Security (CCS'03), Washington, DC, Oct. 2003.
56. J. Deng et al., "A Practical Study of Transitory Master Key Establishment for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 1st IEEE Int'l. Conf. Security and Privacy for Emerging Areas in Commun. Networks (SecureComm'05), Sept. 2005.
57. E-O Blab and M. Zitterbart, "An Efficient Key Establishment Scheme for Secure Aggregating Sensor Networks," Proc. 2006 ACM Symp. Information, Computer and Commun. Security (ASIACCS'06), Taipei, Taiwan, Mar. 2006.
58. R. Anderson, H. Chan, and A. Perrig, "Key Infection: Smart Trust for Smart Dust," Proc. 12th IEEE Int'l. Conf. Network Protocols (ICNP'04), Berlin, Germany, Oct. 2004.
59. M. J. Miller and N. H. Vaidya, "Leveraging Channel Diversity for Key Establishment in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 25th Annual IEEE Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Commun. Societies (INFOCOM'06), Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2006.
60. P. Traynor et al., "Establishing Pair-Wise Keys in Heterogeneous Sensor Networks," Proc. 25th Annual IEEE Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Commun. Societies (INFOCOM'06), Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2006.
61. P. Traynor et al., "LIGER: Implementing Efficient Hybrid Security Mechanisms for Heterogeneous Sensor Networks," Proc. 4th Int'l. Conf. Mobile Systems, Applications and Services (MobiSys'06), Uppsala, Sweden, June 2006.
62. M. Shehab, E. Bertino, and A. Ghafoor, "Efficient Hierarchical Key Generation and Key Diffusion for Sensor Networks," Proc. 2nd Annual IEEE Communications Society Conf. Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON'05), Sept. 2005.
63. R. Watro et al., "TinyPK: Securing Sensor Networks with Public Key Technology," Proc. 2nd ACM Wksp. Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'04), Washington, DC, Oct. 2004.
64. G. Gaubatz, J. Kaps, and B. Sunar, "Public Key Cryptography in Sensor Networks - Revisited," Proc. 1st European Wksp. Security in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (ESAS'04), Heidelberg, Germany, Aug. 2004, Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, vol. 3313/2005, 2005, pp. 2-18.
65. A. Menezes, P. van Oorschot, and S. Vanstone, Handbook of Applied Cryptography, CRC Press, Oct. 1996.
66. J. Hoffstein, J. Pipher, and J. H. Silverman, "NTRU: A Ring-Based Public Key Cryptosystem," Proc. ANTS III, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, vol. 1423/1998, 1998, pp. 267-88.
67. N. Koblitz, "Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems," Mathematics of Computation, vol. 48, 1987, pp. 203-9.
68. V. Miller, "Uses of Elliptic Curves in Cryptography," Proc. Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO'85, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, vol. 218, 1986, pp. 417-26.
69. D. J. Malan, M. Welsh, and M. D. Smith, "A Public-Key Infrastructure for Key Distribution in TinyOS Based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography," Proc. 1st IEEE Int'l. Conf. Sensor and Ad Hoc Commun. and Networks (SECON'04), Santa Clara, CA, Oct. 2004.
70. N. Gura et al., "Comparing Elliptic Curve Cryptography and RSA on 8-bit CPUs," Proc. 6th Int'l. Wksp. Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES'04), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, vol. 3156/2004, 2004, pp. 119-32.
71. Q. Huang et al., "Fast Authenticated Key Establishment Protocols for Self-Organizing Sensor Networks," Proc. 2nd ACM Int'l. Conf. Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA'03), San Diego, CA, Sept. 2003.
72. Y. Zhou, Y. Zhang, and Y. Fang, "Access Control in Wireless Sensor Networks," Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks Journal, Special Issue on Security in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, vol. 5, 2007, pp. 3-13. (Pubitemid 44573007)
73. S. Vanstone, "Responses to NIST's Proposal," Commun. ACM, vol. 35, July 1992, pp. 50-52.
74. W. Du, R. Wang, and P. Ning, "An Efficient Scheme for Authenticating Public Keys in Sensor Networks," Proc. 6th ACM Int'l. Symp. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc'05), Urbana-Champaign, IL, May 2005.
75. R. Merkle, "Protocols for Public Key Cryptosystems," Proc. 1980 IEEE Symp. Research in Security and Privacy (SP'80), Los Alamitos, CA, Apr. 1980.
76. D. Boneh and M. Franklin, "Identity-Based Encryption from the Weil Pairing," Proc. Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO'01, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, vol. 2139, 2001, pp. 213-29. (Pubitemid 33317917)
77. Y. Zhang et al., "Securing Sensor Networks with Location-Based Keys," Proc. 2005 IEEE Wireless Commun. and Networking Conf. (WCNC'05), New Orleans, LA, Mar. 2005.
78. Y. Zhang et al., "Location-Based Compromise-Tolerant Security Mechanisms for Wireless Sensor Networks," IEEE JSAC, special issue on Security in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 24, no. 2, Feb. 2006, pp. 247-60.
79. A. Chadha, Y. Liu, and S. K. Das, "Group Key Distribution via Local Collaboration in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2nd Annual IEEE Communications Society Conf. Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON'05), Sep. 2005.
80. J. Huang, J. Buchingham, and R. Han, "A Level Key Infrastructure for Secure and Efficient Group Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 1st IEEE Int'l. Conf. Security and Privacy for Emerging Areas in Commun. Networks (SecureComm'05), Sept. 2005.
81. H. Chan et al., "On the Distribution and Revocation of Cryptographic Keys in Sensor Networks," IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, vol. 2, no. 3, July-Sept. 2005, pp. 233-47. (Pubitemid 41560433)
82. M. Bellare, R. Canetti, and H. Krawczyk, "Keying Hash Functions for Message Authentication," Proc. Advances in Cryptology Crypto' 96, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, vol. 1109, 1996.
83. IETF RFC 4346, The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.1, Apr. 2006.
84. Chris Karlof, Naveen Sastry, and David Wagner, "TinySec: A Link Layer Security Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2nd Int'l. Conf. Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'04), Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2004.
85. National Security Agency, Skipjack and KEA algorithm specifications. May 1998.
86. W. Lou, W. Liu, and Y. Fang, "SPREAD: Enhancing Data Confidentiality in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. 23rd Annual IEEE Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Commun. Societies (INFOCOM' 04), Hong Kong, Mar 2004.
87. A. Shamir, "How to Share a Secret," Commun. ACM, vol. 22, no. 11, Nov. 1979, pp. 612-13.
88. M. Bohge and W. Trappe, "An Authentication Framework for Hierarchical Ad Hoc Sensor Networks," Proc. 2nd ACM Workshop on Wireless Security (WiSe'03), San Diego, CA, 2003.
89. A. Perrig et al., "TESLA: Multicast Source Authentication Transform Introduction," IETF working draft, draft-ietf-msec-tesla-intro-01.txt.
90. J. Deng, R. Han, and S. Mishra, "Security Support for In-Network Processing in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2003 ACM Wksp. Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'03), Fairfax, VA, Oct. 2003.
91. D. Liu and P. Ning, "Efficient Distribution of Key Chain Commitments for Broadcast Authentication in Distributed Sensor Networks," Proc. 10th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symp. (NDSS'03), San Diego, CA, Feb. 2003.
92. M. Manzo, T. Roosta, and S. Sastry, "Time Synchronization Attacks in Sensor Networks," Proc. 3rd ACM Wksp. Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'05), Alexandria, VA, Nov. 2005.
93. S. Ganeriwal et al., "Secure Time Synchronization Service for Sensor Networks," Proc. 4th ACM Wksp. Wireless Security (WiSe'05), Cologne, Germany, Sept. 2005.
94. Y. Zhou and Y. Fang, "BABRA: Batch-Based Broadcast Authentication in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 49th annual IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf. (GLOBECOM'06), San Francisco, CA, Nov. 2006.
95. K. Ren et al., "On Broadcast Authentication in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. Int'l. Conf. Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications (WASA'06), Xi'an, China, Aug. 2006.
96. F. Hess, "Efficient Identity-Based Signature Schemes Based on Pairings," Proc. 9th Annual Int'l. Wksp. Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC'02), Aug. 2002.
97. S-M Chang et al., "An Efficient Broadcast Authentication Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2006 ACM Symp. Information, Computer and Communications Security (ASIACCS' 06), Taipei, Taiwan, Mar. 2006.
98. S. Rafaeli and D. Hutchison, "A Survey of Key Management for Secure Group Communication," ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 35, no. 3, Sept. 2003, pp. 309-29.
99. J. A. Al-Karaki and A. E. Kamal, "Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 11, no. 6, Dec. 2004.
100. C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin, "Directed Diffusion: A Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks," Proc. 6th Annual ACM Int'l. Conf. Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'00), Boston, MA, Aug. 2000.
101. W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, "Energy- Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks," Proc. 33rd Hawaii Int'l. Conf. System Sciences (HICSS'00), Jan. 2000.
102. Y. Yu, D. Estrin, and R. Govindan, "Geographical and Energy-Aware Routing: A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks," UCLA Comp. Sci. Dept. Tech. Rep., UCLA-CSD TR-010023, May 2001.
103. J. Newsome et al., "The Sybil Attack in Sensor Networks: Analysis and Defenses," Proc. 3rd IEEE Int'l. Symp. Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'04), Berkeley, CA, Apr. 2004.
104. J. R. Douceur, "The Sybil Attack," Proc. 1st ACM Int'l. Wksp. Peer-to-Peer Systems (IPTPS'02), Mar. 2002.
105. Y. Hu, A. Perrig, and D. B. Johnson, "Packet Leashes: A Defense against Wormhole Attacks in Wireless Networks," Proc. 22nd Annual Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM'03), San Francisco, CA, Mar. 2003.
106. Y. Hu, A. Perrig, and D. Johnson, "Rushing Attacks and Defense in Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols," Proc. 2003 ACM Wksp. Wireless Security (WiSe'03), San Diego, CA, Sept. 2003.
107. P. Papadimitrators and Z. Haas, "Secure Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. SCS Commun. Networks and Distributed System Modeling and Simulation Conf. (CNDS'02), San Antonio, TX, Jan. 2002.
108. Y. Hu, A. Perrig, and D. Johnson, "Ariadne: A Secure On-Demand Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. 8th Annual ACM Int'l. Conf. Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobicom'02), Atlanta, GA, Sept. 2002.
109. M. Zapata and N. Asokan, "Securing Ad Hoc Routing Protocols," Proc. 3rd ACM Wksp. Wireless Security (WiSe'02), Atlanta, GA, Sep. 2002.
110. Y. Hu, D. Johnson, and A. Perrig, "SEAD: Secure Efficient Distance Vector Routing for Mobile Wireless Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. 4th IEEE Wksp. Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA'02), Callicoon, NY, June 2002.
111. P. Papadimitrators and Z. Haas, "Secure Link State Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. 2003 IEEE Symp. Applications and the Internet Wksps., Jan. 2003.
112. B. Dahill et al., "A Secure Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. 10th IEEE Int'l. Conf. Network Protocols (ICNP'02), Paris, France, Nov. 2002.
113. H. Yang et al., "Security in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Challenges and Solutions," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 11, no. 1, Feb. 2004, pp. 38-47.
114. J. Deng, R. Han, and S. Mishra, "A Performance Evaluation of Intrusion-Tolerant Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2nd IEEE Int'l. Wksp. Info. Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'03), Palo Alto, CA, Apr. 2003.
115. R. D. Pietro et al., "LKHW: A Directed Diffusion-Based Secure Multicast Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2003 IEEE Int'l. Conf. Parallel Processing Wksps. (ICPP'03), Oct. 2003.
116. M. Tubaishat et al., "A Secure Hierarchical Model for Sensor Networks," ACM SIGMOD Record, vol. 33, no. 1, Mar. 2004.
117. Ross Anderson and Markus Kuhn, "Tamper Resistance - A Cautionary Note," Proc. 2nd USENIX Wksp. Electronic Commerce, Oakland, CA, Nov. 1996.
118. B. Parno, A. Perrig, and V. Gligor, "Distributed Detection of Node Replication Attacks in Sensor Networks," Proc. 2005 IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy (SP'05), Oakland, CA, May 2005.
119. G. Wang et al., "On Supporting Distributed Collaboration in Sensor Networks," Proc. 2003 IEEE Military Commun.Conf. (MILCOM'03), Boston, MA, Oct. 2003.
120. L. Hu and D. Evans, "Using Directional Antennas to Prevent Wormhole Attacks," Proc. 11th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symp. (NDSS'04), San Diego, CA, Feb. 2004.
121. W. Wang and B. Bhargava, "Visualization of Wormholes in Sensor Networks," Proc. 2004 ACM Wksp. Wireless Security (Wise'04), Philadelphia, PA, Oct. 2004.
122. I. Khalil, S. Bagchi, and C. Nita-Rotaru, " DICAS: Detection, Diagnosis and Isolation of Control Attacks in Sensor Networks," Proc. 1st IEEE Int'l. Conf. Security and Privacy for Emerging Areas in Commun. Networks (SecureComm'05), Sep. 2005.
123. S. Ganeriwal and M. Srivastava, "Reputation-Based Framework for High Integrity Sensor Networks," Proc. 2nd ACM Wksp. Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'04), Washington, DC, Oct. 2004.
124. C-C. Su et al., "The New Intrusion Prevention and Detection Approaches for Clustering-Based Sensor Networks," Proc. 2005 IEEE Wireless Commun. and Networking Conf. (WCNC'05), New Orleans, LA, Mar. 2005.
125. A. Seshadri et al., "SCUBA: Secure Code Update by Attestation in Sensor Networks," Proc. 5th ACM Wksp. Wireless Security (WiSe'06), Los Angeles, Sept. 2006.
126. W. Xu et al., "The Feasibility of Launching and Detecting Jamming Attacks in Wireless Networks," Proc. 6th ACM Int'l. Symp. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (Mobi-Hoc'05), Urbana-Champaign, IL, May. 2005.
127. Y. W. Law, "Energy-Efficient Link-Layer Jamming Attacks against Wireless Sensor Network MAC Protocols," Proc. 3rd ACM Wksp. Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'05), Alexandria, VA, Nov. 2005.
128. I. Aad, J. Hubaux, and E. Knightly, "Denial of Service Resilience in Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. 10th Annual ACM Int'l. Conf. Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'04), Philadelphia, PA, Sept. 2004.
129. J. M. McCune, "Detection of Denial-of-Message Attacks on Sensor Network Broadcasts," Proc. 2005 IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy (SP'05), Oakland, CA, May 2005.
130. J. Deng, R. Han, and S. Mishra, "Defending against Path-Based DoS Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 3rd ACM Wksp. Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'05), Alexandria, VA, Nov. 2005.
131. J. Deng, R. Han, and S. Mishra, "Enhancing Base Station Security in Wireless Sensor Networks," Technical Report CU-CS-951-03, Department of Computer Science, Univ. of Colorado, Apr. 2003.
132. J. Deng, R. Han, and S. Mishra, "Countermeasures against Traffic Analysis Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 1st IEEE Int'l. Conf. Security and Privacy for Emerging Areas in Commun. Networks (SecureComm'05), Sept. 2005.
133. W. Zhang et al., "Least Privilege and Privilege Deprivation: Towards Tolerating Mobile Sink Compromises in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 6th ACM Int'l. Symp. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc'05), Urbana-Champaign, IL, May 2005.
134. J. O. Kephart and D. M. Chess, "The Vision of Autonomic Computing," IEEE Computer Mag., vol. 36, no. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 41-50.
135. C. Boutilier et al., "Cooperative Negotiation in Autonomic Systems Using Incremental Utility Elicitation," Proc. 19th Conf. Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI'03), Acapulco, Mexico, Aug. 2003.
136. G. Pacifici, "Performance Management for Cluster-Based Web Services," IBM Technical Report, 2003.
137. W. Du et al., "A Witness-Based Approach for Data Fusion Assurance in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2003 IEEE Global Commun. Conf. (GLOBECOM'03), San Francisco, CA, Dec. 2003.
138. B. Przydatek, D. Song, and A. Perrig, "SIA: Secure Information Aggregation in Sensor Networks," Proc. 1st ACM Int'l. Conf. Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'03), Los Angeles, CA, Nov. 2003.
139. Fan Ye et al., "Statistical En-Route Filtering of Injected False Data in Sensor Networks," Proc. 23rd Annual IEEE Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Commun. Societies (INFOCOM'04), Hong Kong, China, Mar. 2004.
140. S. Zhu et al., "An Interleaved Hop-by-Hop Authentication Scheme for Filtering False Data in Sensor Networks," Proc. IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy (SP'04), Oakland, CA, May 2004.
141. W. Zhang and G. Cao, "Group Rekeying for Filtering False Data in Sensor Networks: A Predistribution and Local Collabo-ration- Based Approach," Proc. 24th Annual IEEE Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Commun. Societies (INFOCOM'05), Miami, FL, Mar. 2005.
142. H. Yang et al., "Toward Resilient Security in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 6th ACM Int'l. Symp. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc'05), Urbana-Champaign, IL, May 2005.
143. K. Ren, W. Lou, and Y. Zhang, "LEDS: Providing Location- Aware End-to-End Data Security in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 25th Annual IEEE Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Commun. Societies (INFOCOM'06), Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2006.
144. Z. Yu and Y. Guan, "A Dynamic En-Route Scheme for Filtering False Data Injection in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 25th Annual IEEE Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Commun. Societies (INFOCOM'06), Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2006.
145. D. Estrin et al., "Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in Sensor Networks," Proc. 5th Annual ACM/IEEE Int'l. Conf. Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'99), Seattle, WA, Aug. 1999.
146. C. Intanagonwiwat et al., "Impact of Network Density on Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 22nd IEEE Int'l. Conf. Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'02), Vienna, Austria, July 2002.
147. B. Krishnamachari, D. Estrin, and S. Wicker, "The Impact of Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2002 Int'l. Wksp. Distributed Event-Based Systems, (DEBS'02), Vienna, Austria, July 2002.
148. S. Madden et al., "TAG: A Tiny Aggregation Service for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks," Proc. 5th USENIX Symp. Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI'02), Boston, MA, Dec. 2002.
149. C. Castelluccia, E. Mykletun, and G. Tsudik, "Efficient Aggregation of Encrypted Data in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2nd Annual Int'l. Conf. Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services (MobiQuitous'05), San Diego, CA, July 2005.
150. J-Y. Chen, G. Pandurangan, and D. Xu, "Robust Computation of Aggregates in Wireless Sensor Networks: Distributed Randomized Algorithms and Analysis," Proc. 4th Int'l. Symp. Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'05), Los Angeles, CA, Apr. 2005.
151. Y. Yang, X. Wang, and S. Zhu, "SDAP: A Secure Hop-by-Hop Data Aggregation Protocol for Sensor Networks," Proc. 7th ACM Int'l. Symp. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (Mobihoc'06), Florence, Italy, May 2006.
152. D. Wagner, "Resilient Aggregation in Sensor Networks," Proc. 2nd ACM Wksp. Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'04), Washington, DC, Oct. 2004.
153. N. Sastry, U. Shankar, and D. Wagner, "Secure Verification of Location Claims," Proc. 2003 ACM Wksp. Wireless Security (WiSe'03), San Diego, CA, Sept. 2003.
154. L. Lazos and R. Poovendran, "SeRLoc: Secure Range-Independent Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2004 ACM Wksp. Wireless Security (WiSe'04), Philadelphia, PA, Oct. 2004.
155. S. Capkun and J-P. Hubaux, "Secure Positioning of Wireless Devices with Application to Sensor Networks," Proc. 24th Annual IEEE Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM'05), Miami, FL, Mar. 2005.
156. Y. Zhang, W. Liu, and Y. Fang, "Secure Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 2005 IEEE Military Commun. Conf. (MILCOM'05), Atlantic City, NJ, Oct. 2005.
157. Y. Zhang et al., "Secure Localization and Authentication in Ultra-Wideband Sensor Networks," IEEE JSAC, Special Issue on UWB Wireless Communications - Theory and Applications, vol. 24, no. 4, Apr. 2006, pp. 829-35.
158. C. Ozturk, Y. Zhang, and W. Trappe, "Source-Location Privacy in Energy-Constrained Sensor Network Routing," Proc. 2nd ACM Wksp. Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'04), Washington, DC, Oct. 2004.
159. P. Kamat et al., "Enhancing Source-Location Privacy in Sensor Network Routing," Proc. 25th IEEE Int'l. Conf. Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'05), Columbus, OH, June 2005.
160. J. Feng and M. Potkonjak, "Real-Time Watermarking Techniques for Sensor Networks," ES&T/SPIE, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, Santa Clara, CA, Jan. 2003.