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Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 289-307

Multiculturalism, nationalism, and the politics of the Israeli City

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MULTICULTURALISM; NATIONALISM; RELIGION; STATE BUILDING; URBAN POLITICS;

EID: 70350648040     PISSN: 00207438     EISSN: 14716380     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020743809090679     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (16)

References (93)
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    • Social Justice, Liberalism and the City
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    • Ira Katznelson, "Social Justice, Liberalism and the City," in The Urbanization of Injustice, ed. Andy Merrifield and Erik Swyngedouw (London: Lawrence and Wishart: 1995), 45-64.
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    • World Cities and Territorial States under Conditions of Contemporary Globalization
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    • See, for example, Peter J. Taylor, "World Cities and Territorial States under Conditions of Contemporary Globalization," Political Geography 19 (2000): 5-32.
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    • Taylor, P.J.1
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    • accessed 14 March 2006
    • Ashdod municipality's website, http://www.ashdod.muni.il (accessed 14 March 2006).
    • Ashdod municipality's website
  • 8
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    • Actually Existing Postcolonialism: Colonial Urbanism and Architecture after the Postcolonial Turn
    • See, ed. Ryan Bishop, John Phillips, and Wei Wei Yeo New York: Routledge
    • See Anthony D. King, "Actually Existing Postcolonialism: Colonial Urbanism and Architecture after the Postcolonial Turn," in Postcolonial Urbanism, ed. Ryan Bishop, John Phillips, and Yeo Wei Wei (New York: Routledge, 2003), 167-83, 197.
    • (2003) Postcolonial Urbanism , vol.167 -83 , pp. 197
    • King, A.D.1
  • 9
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    • (2002) Inclusion and Democracy , pp. 204
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    • 70350700073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yossi Yonah, Likrat Ravtarbutiyut Be'yisrael: Hebetim Merkhavi'im (Toward Multiculturalism in Israel: Spatial Aspects), in Tarbut Adrichalit: Makom, Yitzug, Guf (Memory and Meaning: The Architectural Construction of Place), ed. Rachel Kallus and Tally Hatuka (Tel Aviv: Resling, 2005), 137-76.
    • Yossi Yonah, "Likrat Ravtarbutiyut Be'yisrael: Hebetim Merkhavi'im" (Toward Multiculturalism in Israel: Spatial Aspects), in Tarbut Adrichalit: Makom, Yitzug, Guf (Memory and Meaning: The Architectural Construction of Place), ed. Rachel Kallus and Tally Hatuka (Tel Aviv: Resling, 2005), 137-76.
  • 12
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    • Space, Citizenship, and the Right to the City: A Brief Overview
    • Eugene J. McCann, "Space, Citizenship, and the Right to the City: A Brief Overview," GeoJournal 58 (2002): 77-79.
    • (2002) GeoJournal , vol.58 , pp. 77-79
    • McCann, E.J.1
  • 14
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    • Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participation
    • ed. Nancy Fraser and Axel Honnet London: Verso
    • Nancy Fraser, "Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participation," in Redistribution or Recognition? A Political-Philosophical Exchange, ed. Nancy Fraser and Axel Honnet (London: Verso, 2003), 7-109.
    • (2003) Redistribution or Recognition? A Political-Philosophical Exchange , pp. 7-109
    • Fraser, N.1
  • 15
    • 33744979622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-Determination as Non-Domination: Ideals Applied to Palestine/Israel
    • Iris M. Young, "Self-Determination as Non-Domination: Ideals Applied to Palestine/Israel," Ethnicities 5 (2005): 139-59.
    • (2005) Ethnicities , vol.5 , pp. 139-159
    • Young, I.M.1
  • 17
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    • James Holston, Spaces of Insurgent Citizenship, in Cities and Citizenship, ed. James Holston (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999), 155-73.
    • James Holston, "Spaces of Insurgent Citizenship," in Cities and Citizenship, ed. James Holston (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999), 155-73.
  • 18
    • 70350699971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • James Holston and Arjun Appadurai, Introduction: Cities and Citizenship, in Holston, Cities and Citizenship, 1-18.
    • James Holston and Arjun Appadurai, "Introduction: Cities and Citizenship," in Holston, Cities and Citizenship, 1-18.
  • 19
    • 70350699895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, eds, New Brunswick, N.J, Rutgers University Press
    • Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, eds., Multiculturalism, Postcoloniality, and Transnational Media (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2003), 7.
    • (2003) Multiculturalism, Postcoloniality, and Transnational Media , pp. 7
  • 20
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    • The State as Container: Territoriality in the Modern World-System
    • 151-62
    • Peter J. Taylor, "The State as Container: Territoriality in the Modern World-System," Progress in Human Geography 18 (1994): 151-62, 155.
    • (1994) Progress in Human Geography , vol.18 , pp. 155
    • Taylor, P.J.1
  • 21
    • 70350636893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • David Ben-Gurion, Israel's first prime minister, government meeting minutes, 24 February 1952, in Zvi Efrat, Haproyekt Ha'yisraeli: Bniya Ve-adrichalut, 1948-1973 (The Israeli Project: Building and Architecture 1948-1973) (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 2004), 921.
    • David Ben-Gurion, Israel's first prime minister, government meeting minutes, 24 February 1952, in Zvi Efrat, Haproyekt Ha'yisraeli: Bniya Ve-adrichalut, 1948-1973 (The Israeli Project: Building and Architecture 1948-1973) (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 2004), 921.
  • 22
    • 70350636859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Hebrew name is Kvutzat Bonei Arim
    • The Hebrew name is Kvutzat Bonei Arim.
  • 24
    • 70350636894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The initiative to develop a new port town began as early as 1949, but it was postponed for planning and political reasons. The location of the port in Ashdod was the subject of disagreement between the planners, who supported the idea, and the politicians, who wanted it to be located in Tel Aviv. The planners succeeded in getting the army and then the electricity corporation on their side in order to justify the establishment of the port in Ashdod. This served the planning view that expansion of Tel Aviv should be limited in favor of strengthening the spread of newer cities. In the beginning, dwellings were built for employees of the Electricity Corporation, and later on immigrants began to arrive, mainly from the Middle East. For more details, see Efrat, Haproyekt Ha'yisraeli, 903-908
    • The initiative to develop a new port town began as early as 1949, but it was postponed for planning and political reasons. The location of the port in Ashdod was the subject of disagreement between the planners, who supported the idea, and the politicians, who wanted it to be located in Tel Aviv. The planners succeeded in getting the army and then the electricity corporation on their side in order to justify the establishment of the port in Ashdod. This served the planning view that expansion of Tel Aviv should be limited in favor of strengthening the spread of newer cities. In the beginning, dwellings were built for employees of the Electricity Corporation, and later on immigrants began to arrive, mainly from the Middle East. For more details, see Efrat, Haproyekt Ha'yisraeli, 903-908.
  • 25
    • 70350658798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The company's request was supported by the Planning Department and the Ministry of Finance. However, as argued by Eliezer Brutzkus, the land granted to the company, as well as its limited obligations regarding planning and development, left the government with the task of development and construction. Brutzkus is highly critical of this issue in his writing: As the area of land granted under the license was exaggerated, so too was the program for planning the city determined by the city's developers. The demographic target set for planning purposes, 250,000 residents, strayed greatly from any reasonable demographic framework, the results of over-imagination and an exaggerated target are easily felt in the city's planning, in the sense of land available that is above and beyond the reserves needed for the city's development, and in the location of the main city center at a significant distance from the port and from the city that actually exists Efrat, Haproyekt Ha'yisraeli
    • The company's request was supported by the Planning Department and the Ministry of Finance. However, as argued by Eliezer Brutzkus, the land granted to the company, as well as its limited obligations regarding planning and development, left the government with the task of development and construction. Brutzkus is highly critical of this issue in his writing: As the area of land granted under the license was exaggerated, so too was the program for planning the city determined by the city's developers. The demographic target set for planning purposes - 250,000 residents - strayed greatly from any reasonable demographic framework...the results of over-imagination and an exaggerated target are easily felt in the city's planning, in the sense of land available that is above and beyond the reserves needed for the city's development, and in the location of the main city center at a significant distance from the port and from the city that actually exists (Efrat, Haproyekt Ha'yisraeli, 928).
  • 26
    • 70350699969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond the division of Arabs from Jews, Jewish society is also divided ethnically between Mizrahim and Ashkenazim. Mizrahi Jews are immigrants and their descendants whose origins are in Muslim countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Many Mizrahi immigrants arrived in Israel in the 1950s. Ashkenazi Jews comprise the dominant or core Jewish collective in Israel. Most Ashkenazim immigrated to Israel from Europe and America during the prestate period or immediately after 1948, founding and constituting Jewish culture and nationalism in Israel. Another division within the Jewish society is between the secular and ultraorthodox, or Haredi, Jews. The latter are ranked at the bottom of the class hierarchy and suffer from relatively little political representation, mainly because they are divided into Mizrahi and Ashkenazi sectors. See more on the cleavages in Israel: Sami Smooha, Class, Ethnic and National Cleavages and Democracy in I
    • Beyond the division of Arabs from Jews, Jewish society is also divided ethnically between Mizrahim and Ashkenazim. Mizrahi Jews are immigrants and their descendants whose origins are in Muslim countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Many Mizrahi immigrants arrived in Israel in the 1950s. Ashkenazi Jews comprise the dominant or "core" Jewish collective in Israel. Most Ashkenazim immigrated to Israel from Europe and America during the prestate period or immediately after 1948, founding and constituting Jewish culture and nationalism in Israel. Another division within the Jewish society is between the secular and ultraorthodox, or Haredi, Jews. The latter are ranked at the bottom of the class hierarchy and suffer from relatively little political representation, mainly because they are divided into Mizrahi and Ashkenazi sectors. See more on the cleavages in Israel: Sami Smooha, "Class, Ethnic and National Cleavages and Democracy in Israel," in Israeli Democracy Under Stress, ed. Ehud Sprinzak and Larry Diamonds (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1993), 309-42.
  • 27
  • 28
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    • For example, Eben Ezer Howard's Garden City of Tomorrow, which proposes that a city should be built in empty space, without expanding and improving existing cities. See, Cumberland, R.I, MIT Press
    • For example, Eben Ezer Howard's "Garden City of Tomorrow," which proposes that a city should be built in empty space, without expanding and improving existing cities. See Robert Fishman, Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier (Cumberland, R.I.: MIT Press, 1982), 6.
    • (1982) Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier , pp. 6
    • Fishman, R.1
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    • Ashdod's New Planning
    • ed. Boaz Ra'anan Ashdod, Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel
    • Jacob Hertz and Uri Frankel, "Ashdod's New Planning," in Ashdod, ed. Boaz Ra'anan (Ashdod, Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, 1990), 29-30.
    • (1990) Ashdod , pp. 29-30
    • Hertz, J.1    Frankel, U.2
  • 32
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    • The winning proposal - submitted by three French architects, Jean Ginsberg, Pierre Vago, and Martin van Trik - applied the principles agreed upon at the eighth Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne in 1951 in the city of Hoddesdon in England. The congress focused on the planning of city centers in Europe after World War II and critiqued the decentralist approach to city planning, which emphasized the need for high density construction and the need to create an urban core. See Efrat, Haproyekt Ha'yisraeli, 910.
    • The winning proposal - submitted by three French architects, Jean Ginsberg, Pierre Vago, and Martin van Trik - applied the principles agreed upon at the eighth Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne in 1951 in the city of Hoddesdon in England. The congress focused on the planning of city centers in Europe after World War II and critiqued the decentralist approach to city planning, which emphasized the need for high density construction and the need to create an urban core. See Efrat, Haproyekt Ha'yisraeli, 910.
  • 33
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    • Ashdod - Master Plan
    • Ashdod Company Ltd, A. Greitzer, T. Tzilker, N. Kadmon, and T. Ron, eds, Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press
    • Ashdod Company Ltd., "Ashdod - Master Plan, 1965," in A. Greitzer, T. Tzilker, N. Kadmon, and T. Ron, eds., Ashdod (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press, 1976), 60.
    • (1965) Ashdod , pp. 60
  • 34
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    • Ibid., 59.
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    • Hertz and Fogel, Tichnun Hadash LeAshdod, 29-30.
    • Hertz and Fogel, "Tichnun Hadash LeAshdod," 29-30.
  • 36
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    • Developed by planners Yitzhak Perlstein and Arie Dudai (1957-1959).
    • Developed by planners Yitzhak Perlstein and Arie Dudai (1957-1959).
  • 37
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    • Planning and Social Control: Exploring the Dark Side
    • Oren Yiftachel, "Planning and Social Control: Exploring the Dark Side," Journal of Planning Literature 12 (1998): 395-406.
    • (1998) Journal of Planning Literature , vol.12 , pp. 395-406
    • Yiftachel, O.1
  • 38
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    • Architecture, Orientalism and Identity: A Critical Analysis of the Israeli Built Environment
    • Haim Yacobi, "Architecture, Orientalism and Identity: A Critical Analysis of the Israeli Built Environment," Israel Studies 13 (2008): 94-118
    • (2008) Israel Studies , vol.13 , pp. 94-118
    • Yacobi, H.1
  • 40
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    • Development Towns - The Social Dynamics of 'Planted' Urban Communities in Israel
    • ed. Samuel N. Eisenstadt, Rivka Bar Yosef, and Chaim Adler Jerusalem: Israel University Press
    • Erik Cohen, "Development Towns - The Social Dynamics of 'Planted' Urban Communities in Israel," in Integration and Development in Israel, ed. Samuel N. Eisenstadt, Rivka Bar Yosef, and Chaim Adler (Jerusalem: Israel University Press, 1970), 587-617.
    • (1970) Integration and Development in Israel , pp. 587-617
    • Cohen, E.1
  • 42
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    • The Return of Assimilation? Changing Perspectives on Immigration and Its Sequels in France, Germany, and the United States
    • Rogers Brubaker, "The Return of Assimilation? Changing Perspectives on Immigration and Its Sequels in France, Germany, and the United States," Ethnic and Racial Studies 24 (2001): 531-48
    • (2001) Ethnic and Racial Studies , vol.24 , pp. 531-548
    • Brubaker, R.1
  • 43
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    • Nation-building and Minority Rights: Comparing West and East
    • Will Kymlicka, "Nation-building and Minority Rights: Comparing West and East," Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 26 (2000): 183-212.
    • (2000) Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies , vol.26 , pp. 183-212
    • Kymlicka, W.1
  • 47
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    • Silence We Will Have When We Die; Now It's the Time for Living
    • in Hebrew, In relation to Ashdod, see
    • In relation to Ashdod, see Meirav Aharon-Gutman, "Silence We Will Have When We Die; Now It's the Time for Living," Planning 2 (2005): 55-74 (in Hebrew).
    • (2005) Planning , vol.2 , pp. 55-74
    • Aharon-Gutman, M.1
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    • National Home/Personal Home: Public Housing and the Shaping of National Space in Israel
    • Rachel Kallus and Hubert Law-Yone, "National Home/Personal Home: Public Housing and the Shaping of National Space in Israel," European Planning Studies 106: 765-79
    • European Planning Studies , vol.106 , pp. 765-779
    • Kallus, R.1    Law-Yone, H.2
  • 50
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    • An example is the journal Architecture d'aujourd'hui that issued a special edition (106) in 1963, which included both a tribute to Le Corbusier and a presentation of Israeli projects
    • An example is the journal Architecture d'aujourd'hui that issued a special edition (106) in 1963, which included both a tribute to Le Corbusier and a presentation of Israeli projects.
  • 51
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    • Eliezer Brutzkus, Ashdod: Hara'ayon Vehagshamato (Ashdod: Idea and Realization), Alon HaIgud LeTichnun Svivati (Journal of the Israeli Association of Planners) 10 (1969), in Efrat, Haproyekt Ha'yisraeli, 925-28.
    • Eliezer Brutzkus, "Ashdod: Hara'ayon Vehagshamato" (Ashdod: Idea and Realization), Alon HaIgud LeTichnun Svivati (Journal of the Israeli Association of Planners) 10 (1969), in Efrat, Haproyekt Ha'yisraeli, 925-28.
  • 55
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    • A survey from 1967 shows that only 10 percent of the city's residents came to Ashdod because they liked the place. Furthermore, roughly half of the Israeli-born residents of the city stated that they wished to leave, compared to roughly a quarter of the immigrants. Indeed, this data faces several problems because there are no data for other places in Israel. See Feldi, Tichnun Vermetziut baIr Hametuchenet, 28.
    • A survey from 1967 shows that only 10 percent of the city's residents came to Ashdod because they liked the place. Furthermore, roughly half of the Israeli-born residents of the city stated that they wished to leave, compared to roughly a quarter of the immigrants. Indeed, this data faces several problems because there are no data for other places in Israel. See Feldi, Tichnun Vermetziut baIr Hametuchenet, 28.
  • 56
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    • The tenth category denotes a high socioeconomic ranking and the first, a low ranking
    • The tenth category denotes a high socioeconomic ranking and the first, a low ranking.
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    • Central Bureau of Statistics, Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics, The ranking of local authorities in Israel is based on a weighting of a range of socioeconomic data in order to create an indicator of the socioeconomic status of the authority's residents
    • Central Bureau of Statistics, Characterization and Ranking of Local Authorities According to the Population's Socio-Economic Level in 2001 (Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2004), 38. The ranking of local authorities in Israel is based on a weighting of a range of socioeconomic data in order to create an indicator of the socioeconomic status of the authority's residents.
    • (2004) Characterization and Ranking of Local Authorities According to the Population's Socio-Economic Level in 2001 , pp. 38
  • 63
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    • The Effects of Immigrant Diversity and Ethnic Competition on Collective Conflict in Urban America: An Assessment of Two Moments of Mass Migration, 1869-1924 and 1965-1993
    • Suzanne Shanahan and Susan Olzak, "The Effects of Immigrant Diversity and Ethnic Competition on Collective Conflict in Urban America: An Assessment of Two Moments of Mass Migration, 1869-1924 and 1965-1993," Journal of American Ethnic History 18 (1999): 40-64.
    • (1999) Journal of American Ethnic History , vol.18 , pp. 40-64
    • Shanahan, S.1    Olzak, S.2
  • 64
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    • Rova Vav Mithared (Neighborhood F Is Becoming Haredi)
    • 20 July
    • Reuven Kaplan, "Rova Vav Mithared" (Neighborhood F Is Becoming Haredi), Hadsot Ashdod, 20 July 2005, 3.
    • (2005) Hadsot Ashdod , pp. 3
    • Kaplan, R.1
  • 65
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    • Harav Efraim Weber: Be-2015 Rosh Iriyat Ashdod Yhiyeh Haredi (Rabbi Efraim Weber: In 2015 the Mayor of Ashdod Will Be a Haredi)
    • 3 September
    • Reuven Kaplan, "Harav Efraim Weber: Be-2015 Rosh Iriyat Ashdod Yhiyeh Haredi" (Rabbi Efraim Weber: In 2015 the Mayor of Ashdod Will Be a Haredi), Hadsot Ashdod, 3 September 2005, 1.
    • (2005) Hadsot Ashdod , pp. 1
    • Kaplan, R.1
  • 66
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    • Israel as a Non-Arab State: The Political Implications of Mass Immigration of Non-Jews
    • Ian S. Lustick, "Israel as a Non-Arab State: The Political Implications of Mass Immigration of Non-Jews," Middle East Journal 53 (1999): 417-33.
    • (1999) Middle East Journal , vol.53 , pp. 417-433
    • Lustick, I.S.1
  • 67
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    • Ministry of Immigrant Absorption, Distribution of Immigrants in Localities, 1989-2005 (n.p.; n.p., 2006).
    • Ministry of Immigrant Absorption, Distribution of Immigrants in Localities, 1989-2005 (n.p.; n.p., 2006).
  • 68
    • 70350636895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hauchlusiya Shel Ashdod (The Population of Ashdod), in Ra'anan
    • Ruhama Maman, "Hauchlusiya Shel Ashdod" (The Population of Ashdod), in Ra'anan, Ashdod, 31-34.
    • Ashdod , pp. 31-34
    • Maman, R.1
  • 69
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    • For a detailed analysis of government interventions in the geographic regulation of Russian immigrants, see Erez Tzfadia, Immigrant Dispersal in Settler Societies: Mizrahim and Russians in Israel under the Press of Hegemony, Geography Research Forum 20 2000, 52-69
    • For a detailed analysis of government interventions in the geographic regulation of Russian immigrants, see Erez Tzfadia, "Immigrant Dispersal in Settler Societies: Mizrahim and Russians in Israel under the Press of Hegemony," Geography Research Forum 20 (2000): 52-69
  • 71
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    • Four thousand residents of Ashdod create a transnational bridge to Russian politics through their right to vote in elections for the parliament in Moscow, the Duma. They exercise this right in a special polling booth operated just for them. See Yossi Asulin, Ashdod Matzbi'ah Kremer Ashdod Votes Kremer, Zman Darom, 12 December 2003, 24-25
    • Four thousand residents of Ashdod create a transnational bridge to Russian politics through their right to vote in elections for the parliament in Moscow, the Duma. They exercise this right in a special polling booth operated just for them. See Yossi Asulin, "Ashdod Matzbi'ah Kremer" (Ashdod Votes Kremer), Zman Darom, 12 December 2003, 24-25.
  • 72
    • 70350636896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Russian day of victory inWorldWar II is celebrated by veterans in Ashdod at memorials built in the Russian neighborhoods. Christmas is fully celebrated in neighborhood M every year. See Daniel Ben-Simon, Fear of Concessions, Haaretz 29 December 2000, B3
    • The Russian day of victory inWorldWar II is celebrated by veterans in Ashdod at memorials built in the Russian neighborhoods. Christmas is fully celebrated in neighborhood M every year. See Daniel Ben-Simon, "Fear of Concessions," Haaretz (29 December 2000), B3.
  • 73
    • 70350636992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oh Ima Russia (Oh, Mama Russia)
    • On weekends, partygoers from the FSU frequent one of three venues with the atmosphere, music, and food of home: Korona, Yurmela, and Crazy, where there are no non-Russian immigrants to be found. See, 19 May
    • On weekends, partygoers from the FSU frequent one of three venues with the atmosphere, music, and food of home: "Korona," "Yurmela," and "Crazy," where there are no non-Russian immigrants to be found. See Ronen Sharon, "Oh Ima Russia" (Oh, Mama Russia), Zman Darom, 19 May 2000, 50-53.
    • (2000) Zman Darom , pp. 50-53
    • Sharon, R.1
  • 74
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    • Million Boharim Mechapsim Koach (Million Voters Search for Power)
    • 26 February
    • Daniel Ben-Simon, "Million Boharim Mechapsim Koach" (Million Voters Search for Power), Haaretz, 26 February 2006, B4.
    • (2006) Haaretz
    • Ben-Simon, D.1
  • 75
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    • Public Housing as Control: Spatial Policy of Settling Immigrants in Israeli Development Towns
    • Erez Tzfadia, "Public Housing as Control: Spatial Policy of Settling Immigrants in Israeli Development Towns," Housing Studies 21 (2006): 523-37.
    • (2006) Housing Studies , vol.21 , pp. 523-537
    • Tzfadia, E.1
  • 76
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    • Sharanski Yish Halash: Yichlu Oto Kmo Shachlu et Lerner (Sheranski Is Weak. He Will Be Eaten Just Like Lerner)
    • 21 January
    • Yael Gvirtz, "Sharanski Yish Halash: Yichlu Oto Kmo Shachlu et Lerner" (Sheranski Is Weak. He Will Be Eaten Just Like Lerner), Yediot Ahronot, 21 January 1999, 20-21.
    • (1999) Yediot Ahronot , pp. 20-21
    • Gvirtz, Y.1
  • 77
    • 70350658857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Until 1990, 34 percent of the workforce was employed in industry. See Yisrael, Trade Policy, 20.
    • Until 1990, 34 percent of the workforce was employed in industry. See Yisrael, "Trade Policy," 20.
  • 78
    • 70350678038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gam Ashdod Nichnesa Lereshimat Ha'avtala (Ashdod Entered the List of Unemployment)
    • 15 August
    • Eli Buhadana, "Gam Ashdod Nichnesa Lereshimat Ha'avtala" (Ashdod Entered the List of Unemployment), Ma'ariv, 15 August 2000, 12.
    • (2000) Ma'ariv , pp. 12
    • Buhadana, E.1
  • 79
    • 70350700013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hamahapecha HaRussit (The Russian Revolution)
    • 4 May
    • Anat Tal-Shir, "Hamahapecha HaRussit" (The Russian Revolution), Yediot Ahronot, 4 May 1999, 18-19.
    • (1999) Yediot Ahronot , pp. 18-19
    • Tal-Shir, A.1
  • 82
    • 70350667161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Israel is Our Home
    • is a political party identifying with FSU immigrants, headed by Avigdor Lieberman, a powerful, hawkish politician in the Russian community in Israel
    • "Israel is Our Home" is a political party identifying with FSU immigrants, headed by Avigdor Lieberman, a powerful, hawkish politician in the Russian community in Israel.
  • 84
    • 70350658855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re'evim, Dhuyim Umushpalim (Hungry, Rejected and Humiliated)
    • 8 September
    • Reuven Kaplan, "Re'evim, Dhuyim Umushpalim" (Hungry, Rejected and Humiliated), Zman Darom, 8 September 2000, 20.
    • (2000) Zman Darom , pp. 20
    • Kaplan, R.1
  • 85
    • 70350700014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ma Kara CeshTzilker Histakel Barei? (What Happened When Tzilker Looked at the Mirror?)
    • 15 September
    • Reuven Kaplan, "Ma Kara CeshTzilker Histakel Barei?" (What Happened When Tzilker Looked at the Mirror?), Zman Darom, 15 September 2000, 54.
    • (2000) Zman Darom , pp. 54
    • Kaplan, R.1
  • 86
    • 70350658761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transfer VeMaher (Rapid Transfer)
    • 1 November
    • Reuven Kaplan, "Transfer VeMaher" (Rapid Transfer), Zman Darom, 1 November 2002, 58-59.
    • (2002) Zman Darom , pp. 58-59
    • Kaplan, R.1
  • 92
    • 70350658718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An anti-Jewish riot that took place in Kishinev on April 1903. The pogrom became a rallying point for early Zionists, who called upon Jews to immigrate to Israel/Palestine in order to avoid another pogrom.
    • An anti-Jewish riot that took place in Kishinev on April 1903. The pogrom became a rallying point for early Zionists, who called upon Jews to immigrate to Israel/Palestine in order to avoid another pogrom.
  • 93
    • 70350636994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Egoz sank on 10 January 1961. It had been carrying forty-three Jewish refugees from North Africa to Israel.
    • The Egoz sank on 10 January 1961. It had been carrying forty-three Jewish refugees from North Africa to Israel.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.