Stalemate: United States immigration reform efforts, 2005 to 2007

People and Place

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 1-17

  Leal, David L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BORDER REGION; CITIZENSHIP; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; IMMIGRANT; IMMIGRATION POLICY; LEGISLATIVE IMPLEMENTATION; POLICY IMPLEMENTATION; POLICY REFORM;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

MURIDAE;

EID: 70350645006     PISSN: 10394788     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. This paper uses the words Latino and Hispanic interchangeably.
2. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/ 011910.html.
3. M. Ngai, Impassible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2004, p. 22
4. 'Unauthorised' is the term used by the US Department of Homeland Security and it may be the most neutral. Other common terms include 'illegal' and 'undocumented', which can have political implications as well as grammatical-conceptual difficulties.
5. Note that this figure is based on an estimate of the undercount of the unauthorised. Doubling this rate from 10 to 20 per cent would increase the total unauthorised figure to 13.3 million.
6. J.S. Passel and D.V. Cohn, 'Trends in unauthorized immigration: undocumented inflow now trails legal inflow', Washington DC, Pew Hispanic Center, 2008
7. E. Pierce, 'Senators reject immigration delay', Roll Call, 14 April 2005
8. S. Rothenberg, 'Many Republicans look ready to gamble on immigration reform', Roll Call, 24 October 2005
9. R.L. Swarns, 'Bill on illegal-immigrant aid draws fire', New York Times, 29 December 2005, p. 24
10. W. Schneider, 'Forcing the debate', The Atlantic Online, 4 April 2006
11. 'There is simply nothing in the language of this section⋯ that says anything that could be reasonably interpreted as an attempt to prosecute someone who gives a meal to an illegal alien or provides emergency health care', Editorial, 'Hype, hysteria, and immigration', Washington Times, 7 January 2006, p. A12
12. Signed into law by George H. W. Bush, it added 50,000 visas for individuals from nations underrepresented in U.S. immigration statistics (particularly Europe and Africa).
13. See: A. Wayne, 'Questioning the risks of immigration "lotto"', CQ Weekly Online, 5 September 2005, pp. 2288-2289.
14. A. Wayne, 'Views of Senate GOP, Bush Threatens Tighter Immigration', CQ Weekly Online, 17 January 2005, pp. 115-116
15. M. Sandler, 'A parting of ways at the border', CQ Weekly Online, 27 March 2006
16. ibid..
17. R. Swarns, 'Bill to broaden immigration law gains in Senate', New York Times, 27 March 2006, p. Al
18. E. Crowley, 'Hot immigration issue splits members' views', CQ Weekly Online, 6 March 2006, p. 609
19. M. Sandler, 'Senators expected to start considering immigration legislation in March', CQ Weekly Online, 13 February 2006;
20. E. Crowley, 'Hot immigration issue splits members' views', 2006, op. cit
21. In the U.S. Senate, a cloture vote (which ends debate and allows a vote) requires sixty votes. If the minority party can find forty-one votes, it can filibuster a bill and therefore prevent a vote. This gives the minority party far more influence over outcomes than in the House, where the rules do not permit filibusters.
22. E. Billings, and J. Stanton, 'Immigration sours mood; dashed hopes shape recess', Roll Call, 10 April 2006
23. J. Gerstenzang, 'Bush calls for civil debate on immigration proposals', Los Angeles Times, 24 March 2006
24. Sandler, 'A parting of ways at the border', 2006, op. cit
25. C. Crawford, 'Craig Crawford's 1600: Some day, but not today', CQ Weekly, 27 March 2006, p. 609
26. This was just one of multiple examples in this debate of what Barbara Sinclair called 'unorthodox lawmaking', procedures that depart from the textbook process. B. Sinclair, Unorthodox Lawmaking: New Legislative Processes in the U.S. Congress, Congressional Quarterly Press, Washington DC, 1997
27. For more details about these proposals, see 'Provisions of Judiciary Committee's Immigration Bill', CQ Weekly Online, 3 April 2006, p. 913.
28. Rejected by the committee was an alternative plan by Senators Comyn and Kyi, which would have required unauthorised immigrants to return to their country of origin before applying for a temporary guest worker program. Also removed from the original Specter bill was a provision to change unlawful status to a criminal misdemeanor and penalise those helping unauthorised immigrants.
29. M. Sandler and E. Crowley, 'Senate splits on guest workers', CQ Weekly Online, 3 April 2006, pp. 912-914
30. Rothenberg, 'Many Republicans look ready to gamble on immigration reform', 2005, op. cit.
31. M. Sandler, 'Immigration "breakthrough" breaks apart', CQ Weekly Online, 10 April 2006, pp. 974-975
32. For instance, see R. Swarns, 'Senate deal set for immigration, but then falters', New York Times, 6 April 2006, p. Al;
33. Sandler, 'Immigration "breakthrough" breaks apart', 2006, op. cit;
34. C. Hulse and R. Swarns, 'Blame and uncertainty as immigration deal fails', New York Times, 8 April 2006, p. Al.
35. M. Sandler, 'Bush presses Senate leaders to resolve immigration dispute', CQ Weekly, 1 May 2006, p. 1169
36. E. Cowley and M. Sandler, 'Senate plunges back into immigration debate', CQ Weekly, 22 May 2006, pp. 1400-1402
37. C. Babington, 'Fragile Senate coalition set to pass bill on immigration', New York Times, 25 May 2006, p. A3
38. M. Sandler, 'GOP move delays conference on immigration bill', CQ Weekly, 26 June 2006, p. 1785
39. M. Sandler, 'House rolls out revised agenda', CQ Weekly Online, 18 September 2006, p. 2470
40. M. Sandler, 'House rolls out revised agenda', CQ Weekly Online, 18 September 2006, p. 2470 ⋯M. Sandler, 'House Vote 446: border security', CQ Weekly Online, 1 January 2007, p. 65
41. D. Nather, 'Democrats' rum at immigration split', CQ Weekly Online, 5 March 2007, pp. 636-637
42. For instance, in a May Newsweek interview, US Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff noted that such triggers included 18,000 border patrol agents in place, 370 miles of fence constructed and the employee verification system. R. Wolffe, 'This is the best solution', Newsweek, 18 May 2007
43. But would not require a controversial certification, such as the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security certifying that the borders are secure. According to some, including Senator Mel Martinez (R-FL), such provisions might serve to 'thwart the second part to the bill'.
44. See 'Breaking the logjam?', Roll Call Q&A, 17 July 2006.
45. As Chertoff noted in the Newsweek interview, this item 'focuses on national needs rather than family connections'.
46. M. Luo, 'Change on immigration turns Senator Kyl into lightening rod', New York Times, 29 May 2007, p. A14;
47. K. Williams, 'Employers oppose hiring provisions in Immigration Bill', Washington Post, 3 June 2007, p. A6
48. M. Sandler and K. Martin, 'Immigration bill gets second chance', CQ Weekly Online, 18 June 2007, pp. 1850-1851
49. P Andreas, Border Games: Policing the U.S.-Mexico Divide, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2000
50. For example, growing evidence suggests that the border buildup of the 1990s and 2000s does not prevent migration but instead discourages those who do cross from returning home. Instead, they are more likely to start families or send for their families and live permanently in the US. For many, circulation migration thereby becomes a permanent, one-way trip.
51. E. Wasserman, 'Media: pundit power', CQ Weekly Online, 9 July 2006
52. Sandler, 'A parting of ways at the border', 2006, op.cit
53. M. Sandler, 'For Reid, a tricky course to Democratic victory', CQ Weekly Online, 18 June 2007, pp. 1819-1820
54. J. Weisman, 'Backers of Immigration Bill more optimistic; lawmakers cite sense of urgency', Washington Post, 4 June 2007, p. A1
55. F. Barnes, 'Things fall apart: why the center didn't hold on immigration', The Weekly Standard, 9 July 2007
56. M. Kondracke, 'Surprise! Voters favor work-permit immigration reform', Roll Call, 7 April 2005
57. M. Kondracke, 'Bush must talk sense to Republicans on immigration', Roll Call, 9 January 2006
58. R. Pear and J. Zeleny, 'Senate leaders agree to revive Immigration Bill', New York Times, 15 June 2007
59. D. Currie, 'Republican border wars: a house caucus divided against itself, The Weekly Standard, 27 November 2006
60. J. Zeleny, 'Immigration Bill prompts some menacing responses', New York Times, 28 June 2007, p. A18
61. Wasserman, 'Media: pundit power', 2007, op. cit
62. Kondracke, 'Surprise! Voters favor work-permit immigration reform', 2005, op. cit
63. Wasserman, 'Media: pundit power', 2007, op. cit
64. Barnes, 'Things fall apart: why the center didn't hold on immigration', 2007, op. cit
65. Wasserman, 'Media: pundit power', 2007, op. cit
66. W. Schneider, "The politics of illegal immigration', The Atlantic Online, 20 June 2006
67. Rothenberg, 'Many Republicans look ready to gamble on immigration reform', 2005, op. cit
68. L. Jacobson, 'Immigration is poised to become a hot topic for 2006 races', Roll Call, 16 November 2005
69. D. Drucker, 'GOP frets on immigration', Roll Call, 11 October 2005
70. B. Pershing and E. Billings, 'Hints of progress on immigration: GOP ponders election outcomes', Roll Call, 29 June 2006
71. Sandler, 'A parting of ways at the border', 2007, op. cit
72. D.L. Leal, Stephen A. Nufio, J. Lee and Rodolfo O. de la Garza. 2008. 'Latinos, immigration and the 2006 midterm elections', PS: Political Science &Politics, vol.41,2008, pp. 309-317
73. N. Duran, 'On July 4, where's the voter outrage?', Roll Call, 3 July 2006
74. Schneider, 'The politics of illegal immigration', 2006, op. cit
75. Nather, 'Democrats' Turn at immigration split', 2007, op. cit
76. J. Stanton, 'Despite push, immigration deal not on horizon', Roll Call, 6 March 2007
77. M. Sandler, 'Immigration overhaul stymied', CQ Weekly Online, 9 July 2007, pp. 228-229
78. Zeleny, 'Immigration bill prompts some menacing responses', 2007, op. cit
79. Sandler, 'Immigration overhaul stymied', 2007, op. cit
80. Wasserman, 'Media; pundit power', 2006, op. cit
81. Zeleny, 'Immigration bill prompts some menacing responses', 2007, op. cit
82. ibid..
83. Wayne, 'Views of Senate GOP, Bush threatens tighter immigration', 2005, op. cit
84. J. Weisman, 'Backers of Immigration Bill more optimistic: lawmakers cite sense of urgency', 2007, op. cit
85. S. Rothenberg, 'Immigration reform legislation still faces an uphill battle', Roll Call, 24 May 2007
86. G.P. Freeman, D.L. Leal and J. Onyett, 'Pointless: On the failure to adopt an immigration points system in the United States', paper presented at the Workshop on Highly Skilled Immigration Policy, University of Toronto, School of Public Policy and Governance and Department of Political Science, Toronto, Canada, 2008, pp. 20-21
87. J. Kolbe, 'The pros and cons of a guest worker program: does Congress have the appetite for real reform?', Roll Call, 13 February 2006
88. 'Breaking the logjam?', Roll Call Q&A, 17 July 2006
89. A. Specter, 'What measures should be taken to secure our borders? Improved border security is needed', Roll Call, 17 July 2006
90. Nather, 'Democrats' turn at immigration split', 2007, op. cit
91. S. Hsu, 'Immigration agency mired in inefficiency', Washington Post, 28 May 2007, p. Al
92. E. Crowley, 'Unripe for changes in immigration law', CQ Weekly, 8 May 2006, pp. 1206-1208
93. Swarns, 'Bill on illegal-immigrant aid draws fire', 2005, op. cit.
94. J. Cochran and S. Zeller, 'Republican faithful divided on immigration', CQ Weekly Online, 27 March 2006, p. 830
95. K. Demirjian, 'Immigration: new faces, better odds', CQ Weekly Online, 1 June 2009, pp. 1264-1272
96. N. Banerjee, 'New coalition of Christians seeks changes at the border', New York rimes, 8 May 2007, p. A16
97. 'One more shove: immigration', The Economist, 24 February 2007
98. Relatedly, Crawford discussed the 'demise of Bush's pro-immigration agenda within his party'. He found three explanations: the spread of unauthorised immigrants to many Republican sections of the nation, a xenophobia caused by 9-11, and the failure of the effort to draw naturalised immigrants to the GOP. C. Crawford, 'Craig Crawford's 1600: Some day, but not today', CQ Weekly, 27 March 2006, p. 609.
99. A. Mulkern, 'Reform likely not revised for a while', Denver Part, 29 June 2007, p. A16
100. S. Hsu, 'Arrests on southern border drop', Washington Post, 21 May 2009;
101. see also J. Preston, 'Mexican data show migration to US in decline', New York Times, 14 May 2009
102. S. Dennis, 'Jobless rates pose threat to immigration reform', Roll Call, 20 April 2009