The K/Pg boundary at Brazos-River, Texas, USA - An approach by marine palynology

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 283, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 195-215

  Prauss, Michael L ^a  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cretaceous; Dinocysts; Impact; Palaeogene; Palynology

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY CONDITION; CRETACEOUS; DINOFLAGELLATE CYST; MICROPALEONTOLOGY; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOGENE; PALYNOLOGY; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SEDIMENTOLOGY; TRANSGRESSION;

BRAZOS RIVER; NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); FORAMINIFERA; TRITHYRODINIUM EVITTII;

EID: 70350567783     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.09.024     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Adatte T., Keller G., and Stinnesbeck W. Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene climate and sea-level fluctuations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 178 (2002) 165-198
2. Alvarez L., Alvarez W., Asoaro F., and Michel H.V. Extraterrestrial cause of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208 (1980) 1095-1108
3. Askin R.A., and Jacobson S.R. Palynological change across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary on Seymour Island, Antarctica: environmental and depositional factors. In: MacLeod N., and Keller G. (Eds). Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinctions: biotic and environmental changes (1996), W.W. Norton & Company, New York - London 7-25
4. Barrera E., and Keller G. Stable isotope evidence for gradual environmental changes and species survivorship across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Paleoceanography 5 6 (1990) 867-890
5. Below R. Evolution und Systematik von Dinoflagellaten-Zysten aus der Ordnung Peridiniales. I. Allgemeine Grundlagen und Subfamilie Rhaetogonyaulacoidea (Familie Peridiniaceae). Palaeontographica Abt B 205 (1987) 1-115
6. Berggren W.A., Kent D.V., Swisher C.C., and Aubry M.-P. A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In: Berggren W.A., Kent D.V., Aubry M.-P., and Hardenbol J. (Eds). Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation. SEPM Spec. Publ. vol. 54 (1995) 129-212
7. Bourgeois J., Hansen T.A., Wiberg P.L., and Kauffman E.G. A tsunami deposit at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Texas:. Science 241 (1988) 567-570
8. Bradford M.R., and Wall D.A. The distribution of Recent organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and northwestern Arabian Sea. Palaeontographica, Abt. B 192 (1984) 16-84
9. Brinkhuis H., and Zachariasse W.J. Dinoflagellate cysts, sea level changes and planktonic foraminiferas across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at El Haria, northwest Tunisia. Marine Micropaleontology 13 (1988) 153-191
10. Brinkhuis H., Bujak J.P., Smit J., Versteegh G.H., and Vissher H. Dinoflagellate-based sea surface temperature reconstruction across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 141 1/2 (1998) 67-83
11. 40Ar dating of the main Deccan Large Igneous Province: further evidence of KTB age and short duration. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 263 1-5 (2007) 1-15
12. Corradini D. Non-calcareous microplankton from the Upper Cretaceous of the northern Apennines. Bollettino della Società paleontologica Italiana 11 (1973) 119-197
13. Courtillot V. Evolutionary catastrophes: the science of mass extinction (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 173 pp
14. Cowie J.W., Zieger W., and Remane J. Stratigraphic commision accelerates progress, 1984-1989. Episodes 12 2 (1989) 79-83
15. Dam G., Nohr-Hansen H., and Kennedy W.J. The northernmost marine Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary section: Nuussuaq, West Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 180 (1998) 138-144
16. Donovan A.D., Baum G.R., Blechschmidt G.L., Loutit T.S., Pflum C.E., and Vail P.R. Sequence stratigraphic setting of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in central Alabama. In: Wilgus C.K., Hastings B.S., Kendall C., Posamentier H.W., et al. (Eds). Sea-level changes - an integrated approach. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication vol. 42 (1988) 299-307
17. Downie C., Hussain M.A., and Williams G.L. Dinoflagellate cyst and acritarch associations in the Paleogene of Southeast England. Geoscience and Man 3 (1971) 29-35
18. Edwards L.E., and Andrle V.A.S. Distribution of selected dinoflagellate cysts in modern marine sediments. In: Head M.J., and Wrenn J.H. (Eds). Neogene and Quaternary dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs (1992), American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation 259-288
19. Elliot D.H., Askin R.A., Kyte F.T., and Zinsmeister W.J. Iridium and dinocysts at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary on the Seymour Island, Antarctica: implications for the K/T event. Geology 22 (1994) 675-678
20. Eshet Y., Almogi-Labin A., and Bein A. Dinoflagellate cysts, palaeoproductivity and upwelling systems: a Late Cretaceous example from Israel. Marine Micropaleontology 23 (1994) 231-240
21. Evitt W.R. Sporopollenin dinoflagellate cysts (1985), American Association of Straigraphic Palynologists Foundation, Texas pp. 333
22. Fensome R.A., Taylor F.J.R., Norris G., Sarjeant W.A.S., Wharton D.I., and Williams G.L. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7 (1993) 351
23. Fensome R.A., and Williams G.L. The Lentin and Williams index of fossil dinoflagellates - 2004 edition. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Contribution Series 42 (2004) 909
24. Ferguson D.K. Die Kreide/Tertiär Wende - neue Erkenntnisse zur Ursache von Florenveränderungen. Mitteilungen badische Landesverwaltung Naturkunde und Naturschutz, N.F. 17 4 (2001) 853-873
25. Firth J.V. Dinoflagellate biostratigraphy of the Maastrichtian to Danian interval in the U.S. Geological Survey Albany Core, Georgia, U.S.A. Palynology 11 (1987) 199-216
26. Frank T.D., and Arthur M.A. Tectonic forcings of Maastrichtian ocean-climate evolution. Paleoceanography 14 (1999) 103-117
27. Frederiksen N.O. Uppermost Cretaceous and Tertiary spore/pollen biostratigraphy. In: Jansonius J., and McGregor D.C. (Eds). Palynology: principles and applications 2 (1996), American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation 831-841
28. Gale A.S. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary on the Brazos River, Falls County, Texas; is there evidence for impact-induced tsunami sedimentation?. Proceedings of the Geologist's Association 117 2 (2006) 173-185
29. Galeotti S., Brinkhuis H., and Huber M. Records of post-Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary millennial-scale cooling from the western Tethys: a smoking gun for the impact-winter hypothesis?. Geology 32 (2004) 529-532
30. Galloway W.E., Bebout D.G., Fisher W.L., Dunlap J.B., Cabrera-Castro R., Lugo-Rivera J.E., and Scott T.M. Cenozoic. In: Salvador A. (Ed). The Gulf of Mexico Basin. The geology, of North America (1991), Journal Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado 245-324
31. Gregory W.A., and Hart G.F. Towards a predictive model for the palynologic response to sea level changes. Palaios 7 (1992) 3-33
32. Habib D., and Saeedi F. The Manumiella seelandica global spike: cooling during regression at the close of the Maastrichtian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 255 (2007) 87-97
33. Hansen J.M. Dinoflagellate stratigraphy and echinoid distribution in the Upper Maastrichtian and Danian deposits from Denmark:. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 26 (1977) 1-26
34. Hansen J.M. A new dinoflagellate zone at the Maastrichtian/Danian boundary in Denmark. Danmark Geologiske Undersogelser Arborg 1978 (1979) 131-140
35. Hansen T.A., Farrand R.B., Montgomery H.A., Billman H.G., and Blechschmidt G.L. Sedimentology and extinction patterns across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary interval in east Texas. Cretaceous Research 8 3 (1987) 229-252
36. Hansen T.A., Upshaw B.I.I.I., Kauffman E.G., and Gose W. Patterns of molluscan extinction and recovery across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in east Texas; report on new outcrops. Cretaceous Research 14 (1993) 685-706
37. Haq B.U., Hardenbol J., and Vail P.R. Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea level change. In: Wilgus C.K., Hastings B.S., Kendall C., Posamentier H.W., et al. (Eds). Sea-level changes - an integrated approach. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication vol. 42 (1988) 71-108
38. Harker S.D., Sarjeant W.A.S., and Caldwell W.G.E. Late Cretaceous (Campanian) organic walled microplankton from the interior plains of Canada, Wyoming and Texas: biostratigraphy, palaeontology and palaeoenvironmental interpretation. Palaeontographica, Abt B 219 (1990) 1-243
39. Harris A.J., and Tocher B.A. Palaeoenvironmental analysis of Late Cretaceous dinoflagellate cyst assemblages using high-resolution sample correlation from the Western Interior Basin, USA. Marine Micropaleontology 48 (2003) 127-148
40. 39Ar dating of mineral separates and whole rocks from the Western Ghats lava pile: further constraints on duration and age of Deccan traps. Earth Planetary Science Letters 180 (2000) 13-27
41. Hultberg S.U. Danian dinoflagellate zonation, the C-T boundary and the stratigraphical position of the fish clay in southern Scandinavia. Journal of Micropalaeontology 5 (1986) 37-47
42. Keller G. Extended period of extinctions and delayed population change in planktonic foraminifera from Brazos River, Texas. Paleoceanography 4 3 (1989) 287-332
43. Keller G. Paleoecologic response of the Tethyan benthic foraminifera to the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary transition. Studies in Benthic Foraminifera, BENTHOS ′90, Sendai 1990 (1992), Tokai University Press 77-91
44. Keller G. The end-cretaceous mass extinction in the marine realm: year 2000 assessment. Planetary and Space Sciences 49 (2001) 817-830
45. Keller G., Abramovich S., Berner Z., and Adatte T. Biotic effects of the Chicxulub impact. K-T catastrophe and sea level change in Texas: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 271 (2009) 52-68
46. 3 records across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at El Kef, Tunisia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 73 (1989) 243-265
47. Keller G., Barrera E., Schmitz B., and Mattson E. Gradual mass extinction, species survivorship, and long-term environmental changes across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in high latitudes. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 105 (1993) 979-997
48. Keller G., Li L., and MacLeod N. The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary stratotype section at El Kef, Tunisia: how catastrophic was the mass extinction?. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 119 (1995) 221-254
49. Keller G., Lopez-Oliva J.G., Stinnesbeck W., and Adatte T. Age, stratigraphy and deposition of near-K/T siliciclastic deposits in Mexico: relation to bolide impact?. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109 (1997) 410-428
50. Keller G., Adatte T., Stinnesbeck W., Luciani V., Karoui N., and Zaghbib- Turki D. Paleoecology of the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction in planktonic foraminifera. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 178 (2002) 257-298
51. Keller G., Adatte T., Burns S.J., and Tantawy A. High stress paleoenvironment during the late Maastrichtian to early Paleocene in Central Egypt. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 187 (2002) 35-60
52. Keller, G., Adatte, T., Stinnesbeck, W., Rebollede-Vieyra, M., Urrutia Fucugauchi, J., Kramar, U. & Stüben, D., 2004. Chicxulub impact predates the K-T boundary mass extinction. PNAS Early Edition, pp.6, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0400396101.
53. Keller G., Adatte T., Berner Z., Harting M., Baum G., Prauss M., Tantawy A., and Stueben D. Chicxulub impact predates K-T boundary: new evidence from Brazos, Texas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 255 (2007) 339-356
54. Kennedy W.J., Landman W.J., Christensen C.W.A., and Hankock J.M. Marine connections in North America during the late Maastrichtian: paleogeographic significance of Jeletzkytes nebrascensis Zone cephalopod fauna from the Elk Butte Member of the Pierre Shale, SE Dakota and NE Nebraska. Cretaceous Research 19 6 (1998) 745-775
55. Kring D.A. The Chicxulub impact event and its environmental consequences at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 255 (2007) 4-21
56. Lebedeva N.K., and Nikitenko B.L. Dinoflagellate cysts and microforaminifera of the Lower Cretaceous Yatria River section. Subarctic Ural, Siberia: Grana 38 (1999) 134-143
57. Lentin J.K., and Williams G.L. Dinoflagellate provincialism with emphasis on Campanian Peridiniaceans. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Contribution Series 7 (1980) 47
58. Li H., and Habib D. Dinoflagellate stratigraphy and its response to sea level change in Cenomanian-Turonian sections of the Western Interior of the United States. Palaios 11 (1996) 15-30
59. Lopez-Oliva J.G., and Keller G. Age and stratigraphy of near-K/T boundary clastic deposits in NE Mexico. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 307 (1996) 227-242
60. In: MacLeod N., and Keller G. (Eds). Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinctions (1996), W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, New York 575 pp
61. MacLeod N., Rawson P.F., Forey P.L., Banner F.T., Boudagher-Fadel M.K., Bown R.R., Burnett J.A., Chambers P., Culver S., Evans S.E., Jeffrey C., Kaminski M.A., Lord A.R., Milner A.C., Milner A.R., Morris N., Owen E., Rosen B.R., Smith A.B., Taylor P.D., Urquhart E., and Young J.R. The Cretaceous-Tertiary biotic transition. Journal Geological Society London 154 (1997) 265-292
62. MacLeod K.G., Huber B.T., and Isaza-Londoño C. North Atlantic warming during "global" cooling at the end of the Cretaceous. Geology 33 (2005) 437-440
63. MacRae R.A., Fensome R.A., and Williams G.L. Fossil dinoflagellate diversity, originations, and extinctions and their significance:. Canadian Journal of Botany 74 (1996) 1687-1694
64. Marret F., and Zonneveld K. Atlas of modern organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst distribution. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 125 1-2 (2003) 1-200
65. Moshkovitz S., and Habib D. Calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellate stratigraphy of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Alabama and Georgia. Micropaleontology 39 2 (1993) 167-191
66. Nichols D.J., Jarzen D.M., Orth C.J., and Oliver P.Q. Palynological and iridium anomalies at Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, South-Central Saskatchewan. Science 231 (1986) 714-717
67. Nichols D.J., and Johnson K.R. Palynology and microstratigraphy of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sections in southwestern North Dakota. The Geological Society of America, Special paper 361 (2002) 95-143
68. Nøhr-Hansen H., and Dam G. Trithyrodinium evittii Drugg 1967 and T. fragile Davey,an artificially split of one dinoflagellate cyst species - stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental importance. Grana 38 (1999) 125-133
69. Nordt L., Atchley S., and Dworkin S. Terrestrial evidence for two greenhouse events in the Latest Cretaceous. GSA Today 13 (2003) 4-9
70. Posamentier H.W., and Allen G.P. Variability of the sequence stratigraphy model: effects of local basin factors. Sedimentary Geology 86 (1993) 91-109
71. Powell A.J., Dodge J.D., and Lewis J. Late Neogene to Pleistocene palynological facies of the Peruvian continental margin upwelling, LEG 112. In: Süss E., von Hüne R., et al. (Eds). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Scientific Results vol. 112 (1990) 297-321
72. Prauss M. Sequence palynology - evidence from Mesozoic sections and conceptual framework. Neues Jahrbuch Geologie Palaeontologie, Abhandlungen 190 (1993) 143-163
73. Prauss, M., 2000. The oceanographic and climatic interpretation of marine palynomorph phytoplankton distribution from Mesozoic, Cenozoic and Recent sections. Habilitation Thesis, Göttinger Arbeiten zur Geologie und Paläontologie 76, 1-235, Göttingen, Germany.
74. Prauss M. In: Fenner J. (Ed). Climate and paleoceanography in an Albian 'boreal' shelf sea - Kirchrode I and II, a contribution to ALBICORE. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Special Volume 174 (2001) 221-249
75. Prauss M. Recent global warming and its influence on marine palynology within the central Santa Barbara Basin, offshore Southern California, USA. Palynology 26 (2002) 217-238
76. Saito T., Yamanoi T., and Kaiho K. End-Cretaceous devastation of terrestrial flora in the boreal Far East. Nature 323 (1986) 253-255
77. Schlanger S.O., and Jenkyns H.C. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geol. Mijnbouw 55 (1976) 179-184
78. Schulte, P., 2003. The Cretaceous-Paleogene transition and Chicxulub impact ejecta in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: Paleoenvironments, sequence stratigraphic setting and target lithologies. PhD Thesis, University of Karlsruhe, Germany, 204 pp. [online] http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/cgi-bin/psview?document=2003/bau-geo/10.
79. Schulte P., Speijer R., Mai H., and Kontny A. The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-P) boundary at Brazos, Texas: sequence stratigraphy, depositional events and the Chicxulub impact. Sedimentary Geology 184 (2006) 77-109
80. Smit J. Extinction and evolution of planktic foraminifera after a major impact at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 190 (1982) 329-352
81. Smit J. Meteorite impact, extinctions, and the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Geologie en Mijnbouw 69 (1990) 187-204
82. Smit J. The global stratigraphy of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary impact ejecta. Annual Review Earth and Planetary Sciences 27 (1999) 75-113
83. Smit J., Roep T.B., Alvarez W., Montanari A., Claeys P., Grajales-Nishimura J.M., and Bermudez J. Coarse-grained, clastic sandstone complex at the K/T boundary around the Gulf of Mexico: deposition by tsunami waves induced by the Chicxulub impact. In: Ryder G., Fastovski D., and Gartner S. (Eds). The Cretaceous-Tertiary event and other catastrophes in earth history: Boulder, Colorado. Special Papers vol. 307 (1996) 151-182
84. Smith A.G., and Briden J.C. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleo-Continental Maps (1977), Cambridge Univ, Press, Cambridge 64 p
85. Srivastava S.K. Palynology of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Scollard Formation of Alberta, Canada, and global KTB events. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 83 (1994) 137-158
86. Stanley E.A. Abundance of pollen and spores in marine sediments off the eastern coast of the United States. Southeastern Geology 7 (1965) 25-33
87. Stinnesbeck W. Ammonite extinctions and environmental changes across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in central Chile. In: MacLeod N., and Keller G. (Eds). Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary mass extinction: biotic and environmental changes (1996), W.W. Norton & Co., New York 289-302
88. Stinnesbeck W., Keller G., Adatte T., Stueben D., Kramar U., Berner Z., Desremeaux C., and Moliere E. Belox, Haiti, revisited: multiple events across the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition in the Caribbean?. Terra Nova 11 (1999) 303-310
89. Stinnesbeck W., Schulte P., Lindenmaier F., Adatte T., Affolter M., Schilli L., Keller G., Stueben D., Berner Z., Kramer U., Burns S., and Lopez-Oliva J.G. Late Maastrichtian age of spherule deposits in northeastern Mexico: implications for Chicxulub scenario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38 (2001) 229-238
90. Stüben D., Kramar U., Berner Z., Stinnesbeck W., Keller G., and Adatte T. Trace elements, stable isotopes, and clay mineralogy of the Elles II K-T boundary section in Tunisia: indications for sea level fluctuations and primary productivity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 178 (2002) 321-345
91. Sweet A.R., and Braman D.R. The K-T boundary and contiguous strata in western Canada: interactions between paleoenvironments and palynological assemblages. Cretaceous Research 13 (1992) 31-79
92. Sweet A.R., Braman D.R., and Lerbekmo J.F. Sequential palynological changes across the composite Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary claystone and contiguous strata, western Canada and Montana, U.S.A. Can. Journal of Earth Science 36 (1999) 743-768
93. Tappan H. The palaeobiology of plant protists (1980), W. H. Freedman Company, San Fransisco 1028 p
94. Thibault N., and Gardin S. The Late Maastrichtian nannofossil record of climate change in the South Atlantic DSDP Hole 525A. Marine Micropaleontology 65 (2007) 163-184
95. Tschudy R.H., Pillmore C.L., Orth C.J., Gilmore J.S., and Knight J.D. Disruption of the terrestrial plant ecosystem at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Western Interior. Science 225 (1984) 1030-1032
96. Vail P.R., Audemard F., Bowman S.A., Eisner P.N., and Perez-Cruz C. The stratigraphic signatures of tectonics, eustasy and sedimentology - an overview. In: Einsele G., Ricken W., and Seilacher A. (Eds). Cycles and events in stratigraphy (1991), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 617-659
97. Vajda V., Raine J.I., and Hollis C.J. Indication of global deforestation at the Cretaceous-Tertiay boundary by New Zealand fern spike. Science 294 (2001) 1700-1702
98. Vajda V., and Raine J.I. Pollen and spores in marine Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sediments at mid-Waipara River. North Canterbury, New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 46 (2003) 255-273
99. Van Wagoner J.C., Posamentier R.M., Mitchum R.M., Vail P.R., et al. An overview of the fundamentals of sequence stratigraphy and key definitions. In: Wilgus C.K., Hastings B.S., Kendall C., Posamentier H.W., et al. (Eds). Sea-level changes - an integrated approach. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication vol. 42 (1988) 39-45
100. Wall D., Dale B., Lohmann G.P., and Smith W.K. The environmental and climatic distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in modern marine sediments from regions in the North and South Atlantic oceans and adjacent seas. Marine Micropaleontology 2 (1977) 121-200
101. Wilf P., Johnson K.R., and Huber B.T. Correlated terrestrial and marine evidence for global climate changes before mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. PNAS 100 (2003) 599-604
102. Williams G.L., Brinkhuis H., Pearce M.A., Fensome R.A., and Weegink J.W. Southern Ocean and global dinoflagellate cyst events compared: index events for the late Cretaceous-Neogene: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Scientific Results 189 (2004) 1-98
103. Williams G.L., Stover L.E., and Kidson E.J. Morphology and stratigraphic ranges of selected Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinoflagellate taxa in the northern hemisphere. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92-10 (1993) 137 pp
104. Wolbach W.S., Gilmour I., Anders E., Orth C.J., and Brooks R.R. Global fire at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Nature 334 (1988) 665-669
105. Wolfe J.A., and Upchurch Jr. G.R. Vegetation, climatic and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Nature 324 (1986) 148-152
106. Wood G.D., Gabriel A.M., and Lawson J.C. Palynological techniques - processing and microscopy. In: Jansonius J., and McGregor D.C. (Eds). Palynology: Principles and Applications. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation 1 (1996) 29-50
107. Yancey T.E. Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary complex and basal section, Brazos River, Texas. Gulf Coast Association Geological Society, Transactions 46 (1996) 433-442
108. Zachos J.C., Arthur M.A., and Dean W. Geochemical evidence for a suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 337 (1989) 61-64