Treating Gram-positive infections: Vancomycin update and the whys, wherefores and evidence base for continuous infusion of anti-Gram-positive antibiotics

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 525-534

  Chua, Kyra ^a   Howden, Benjamin P ^a  

^a AUSTIN HEALTH   (Australia)

Author keywords

Continuous infusion; Staphylococcus aureus; Vancomycin

Indexed keywords

AZTREONAM; CEFAZOLIN; CEFTAROLINE; CEFTRIAXONE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DAPTOMYCIN; GENTAMICIN; LINEZOLID; OXACILLIN; PENICILLIN G; RIFAMPICIN; TEICOPLANIN; TIGECYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BONE INFECTION; BRAIN ABSCESS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; ENDOCARDITIS; HUMAN; INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS; LOADING DRUG DOSE; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; REVIEW; SEPSIS;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; VANCOMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE;

EID: 70350560653     PISSN: 09517375     EISSN: 14736527     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328331fbcd     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Levine DP. Vancomycin: a history. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42 (Suppl 1):S5-S12.
2. Hiramatsu K, Aritaka N, Hanaki H, et al. Dissemination in Japanese hospitals of strains of Staphylococcus aureus heterogeneously resistant to vancomycin. Lancet 1997; 350:1670-1673.
3. Tenover FC, Moellering RC Jr. The rationale for revising the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentration interpretive criteria for Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:1208-1215.
4. Kasiakou SK, Sermaides GJ, Michalopoulos A, et al. Continuous versus intermittent intravenous administration of antibiotics: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5:581-589.
5. Leonard SN, Rossi KL, Newton KL, RybakMJ. Evaluation of the EtestGRDfor the detection of Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to gly-copeptides. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:489-492.
6. Musta AC, Riederer K, Shemes S, et al. Vancomycin MIC plus heteroresis-tance and the outcome of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: trends over 11 years. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1640-1644.
7. Perichon B, Courvalin P. VanA-type vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009 [Epub ahead of print].
8. Finks J, Wells E, DykeTL, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Michigan, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:943-945.
9. Saha B, Singh AK, Ghosh A, Bal M. Identification and characterization of a vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Kolkata (South Asia). J Med Microbiol 2008; 57 (Pt 1):72-79.
10. Aligholi M, Emaneini M, Jabalameli F, et al. Emergence of high-level vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. Med Princ Pract 2008; 17:432-434.
11. Mariani PG, Sader HS, Jones RN. Development of decreased susceptibility to daptomycin and vancomycin in a Staphylococcus aureus strain during prolonged therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58:481-483.
12. Webster D, Rennie RP, Brosnikoff CL, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in Canada. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 57:177-181.
13. Graber CJ, Wong MK, Carleton HA, et al. Intermediate vancomycin susceptibility in a community-associated MRSA clone. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:491-493.
14. Tenover FC, Sinner SW, Segal RE, et al. Characterisation of a Staphylococcus aureus strain with progressive loss of susceptibility to vancomycin and daptomycin during therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 33:564-568.
15. Horne KC, Howden BP, Grabsch EA, et al. Prospective comparison of the clinical impact of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate methicillin-resis-tant Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) and vancomycin-susceptible MRSA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3447-3452.
16. Cui L, Neoh HM,Shoji M, Hiramatsu K. Contribution of vraSR and graSR point mutations to vancomycin resistance in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1231-1234.
17. Neoh HM, Cui L, Yuzawa H, et al. Mutated response regulator graR is responsible for phenotypic conversion of Staphylococcus aureus from heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate resistance to vancomycin-intermediate resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:45-53.
18. Mwangi MM, Wu SW, Zhou Y, et al. Tracking the in vivo evolution of multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by whole-genome sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104:9451-9456.
19. Howden BP, Stinear TP, Allen DL, et al. Genomic analysis reveals a point mutation in the two-component sensor gene graS that leads to intermediate vancomycin resistance in clinical Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3755-3762.
20. Katayama Y, Murakami-Kuroda H, Cui L, Hiramatsu K. Selection of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus by imipenem. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3190-3196.
21. Sader HS, Rhomberg PR, Jones RN. Nine-hospital study comparing broth microdilution and Etest method results for vancomycin and daptomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3162-3165.
22. Hsu DI, Hidayat LK, Quist R, et al. Comparison of method-specific vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration values and their predictability for treatment outcome of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 32:378-385.
23. Prakash V, Lewis JS 2nd, Jorgensen JH. Vancomycin MICs with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates differ based upon the susceptibility test method used. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:4528.
24. Swenson JM, Anderson KF, Lonsway DR, et al. Accuracy of commercial and reference susceptibility testing methods for detecting vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:2013-2017.
25. Wootton M, Howe RA, Hillman R, et al. A modified population analysis profile (PAP) method to detect hetero-resistance to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus in a UK hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47:399-403.
26. Wootton M, MacGowan AP, Walsh TR, Howe RA. A multicenter study evaluating the current strategies for isolating Staphylococcus aureus strains with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:329-332.
27. Rybak MJ, Leonard SN, Rossi KL, et al. Characterization of vancomycin-heteroresistant Staphylococcus aureus from the metropolitan area of Detroit, Michigan, over a 22-year period (1986 to 2007). J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2950-2954.
28. Yusof A, Engelhardt A, Karlsson A, et al. Evaluation of a new Etest vanco-mycin-teicoplanin strip for detection of glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (GISA), in particular, heterogeneous GISA. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3042-3047.
29. SteinkrausG, White R, Friedrich L. Vancomycin MIC creep in nonvancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), vancomycin-susceptible clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) blood isolates from 2001-2005. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:788-794.
30. Robert J, Bismuth R, Jarlier V. Decreased susceptibility to glycopeptides in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a 20 year study in a large French teaching hospital, 1983-2002. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:506-510.
31. Alos JI, Garcia-Canas A, Garcia-Hierro P, Rodriguez-Salvanes F. Vancomycin MICs did not creep in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 2002 to 2006 in a setting with low vancomycin usage. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:773-775.
32. Jones RN. Microbiological features of vancomycin in the 21st century: minimum inhibitory concentration creep, bactericidal/static activity, and applied breakpoints to predict clinical outcomes or detect resistant strains. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42 (Suppl 1):S13-S24.
33. Soriano A, Marco F, Martinez JA, et al. Influence of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration on the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:193-200. (Pubitemid 351269157)
34. Lodise TP, Graves J, Evans A, et al. Relationship between vancomycin MIC and failure among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia treated with vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3315-3320.
35. Lodise TP, Miller CD, Graves J, et al. Predictors of high vancomycin MIC values among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:1138-1141.
36. Moise PA, Smyth DS, El-Fawal N, et al. Microbiological effects of prior vancomycin use in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61:85-90.
37. Sakoulas G, Moise-Broder PA, Schentag J, et al. Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 2398-2402.
38. Moise PA, Sakoulas G, Forrest A, Schentag JJ. Vancomycin in vitro bactericidal activity and its relationship to efficacy in clearance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2582-2586.
39. Hidayat LK, Hsu DI, Quist R, et al. High-dose vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: efficacy and toxicity. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:2138-2144.
40. Maor Y, Hagin M, Belausov N, et al. Clinical features of heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia versus those of methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:619-624.
41. Howden BP, Johnson PD, Ward PB, et al. Isolates with low-level vancomycin resistance associated with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:3039-3047.
42. Howden BP, Smith DJ, Mansell A, et al. Different bacterial gene expression patterns and attenuated host immune responses are associated with the evolution of low-level vancomycin resistance during persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:39.
43. Peleg AY, Monga D, Pillai S, et al. Reduced susceptibility to vancomycin influences pathogenicity in Staphylococcus aureus infection. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:532-536.
44. Pertel PE, Eisenstein BI, Link AS, et al. The efficacy and safety of daptomycin vs. vancomycin for the treatment of cellulitis and erysipelas. Int J Clin Pract 2009; 63:368-375.
45. Wunderink RG, Mendelson MH, Somero MS, et al. Early microbiological response to linezolid vs vancomycin in ventilator-associated pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Chest 2008; 134:1200-1207.
46. Teras J, Gardovskis J, Vaasna T, et al. Overview of tigecycline efficacy and safety in the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections: a European perspective. J Chemother 2008; 20 (Suppl 1):20-27.
47. Katz DE, Lindfield KC, Steenbergen JN, et al. A pilot study of high-dose short duration daptomycin for the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62:1455-1464.
48. Rybak M, Lomaestro B, Rotschafer J, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vanco mycin in adult patients: a consensus review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009;66:82-98.
49. Rybak MJ. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of vancomycin. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42 (Suppl 1):S35-S39.
50. Moise-Broder PA, Forrest A, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and other antimicrobials in patients with Staphylococcus aureus lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 43:925-942.
51. Jeffres MN, Isakow W, Doherty JA, et al. Predictors of mortality for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus health-care-associated pneumonia: specific evaluation of vancomycin pharmacokinetic indices. Chest 2006; 130:947-955.
52. del Mar Fernandez de Gatta Garcia M, Revilla N, Calvo MV, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of vancomycin in ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:279-285.
53. Mohr J, Murray B. Point: vancomycin is not obsolete for the treatment of infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:1536-1542.
54. Thomson AH, Staatz CE, Tobin CM, et al. Development and evaluation of vancomycin dosage guidelines designed to achieve new target concentrations. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:1050-1057
55. Drusano GL Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: critical interactions of 'bug and drug'. Nat Rev Micro 2004; 2:289-300.
56. Roberts J, Paratz J, Lipman J. Continuous infusion of beta-lactams in the intensive care unit: best way to hit the target? Crit Care Med 2008; 36:1663-1664.
57. Mouton JW, Vinks AA. Continuous infusion of beta-lactams. Curr Opin Crit Care 2007; 13:598-606
58. Roberts JA, Webb S, Paterson D, et al. A systematic review on clinical benefits of continuous administration of beta-lactam antibiotics. Crit Care Med 2009;37:2071-2078.
59. Walton AL, Howden BP, Grayson LM, Korman TM. Continuous-infusion penicillin home-based therapy for serious infections due to penicillin- susceptible pathogens. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29:544-548.
60. Hughes DW, Frei CR, Maxwell PR, et al. Continuous versus intermittent infusion of oxacillin for treatment of infective endocarditis caused by methi-cillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2014-2019.
61. Zeller V, Durand F, Kitzis M, et al. Continuous cefazolin infusion to treat bone and joint infections: clinical efficacy, feasibility, safety, and serum and bone concentrations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:883-887.
62. Roberts J, Boots R, Rickard CM, et al. Is continuous infusion ceftriaxone better than once-a-day dosing in intensive care? A randomized controlled pilot study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59:285-291.
63. Adembri C, Fallani S, Cassetta MI, et al. Linezolid pharmacokinetic/ pharma-codynamic profile in critically ill septic patients: intermittent versus continuous infusion. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 31:122-129.
64. De Jongh R, Hens R, Basma V, et al. Continuous versus intermittent infusion of temocillin, a directed spectrum penicillin for intensive care patients with nosocomial pneumonia: stability, compatibility, population pharmacokinetic studies and breakpoint selection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61:382-388.
65. Wysocki M, Delatour F, Faurisson F, et al. Continuous versus intermittent infusion of vancomycin in severe Staphylococcal infections: prospective multicenter randomized study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 2460-2467.
66. Vuagnat A, Stern R, Lotthe A, et al. High dose vancomycin for osteomyelitis: continuous vs. intermittent infusion. J Clin Pharm Ther 2004; 29: 351-357.
67. Ingram PR, Lye DC, Tambyah PA, et al. Risk factors for nephrotoxicity associated with continuous vancomycin infusion in outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:168-171.
68. Rayner CR, Forrest A, Meagher AK, et al. Clinical pharmacodynamics of linezolid in seriously ill patients treated in a compassionate use programme. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42:1411-1423.