Comparison of flexible fuel vehicle and life-cycle fuel consumption and emissions of selected pollutants and greenhouse gases for ethanol 85 versus gasoline

Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association

Volumn 59, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 912-924

  Zhai, Haibo ^a   Frey, H Christopher ^a   Rouphail, Nagui M ^a   Gonçalves, Gonçalo A ^b   Farias, Tiago L ^b  

^a North Carolina State University   (United States)

^b INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON MONOXIDE; DYNAMOMETERS; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; ETHANOL; GASOLINE; GREENHOUSE GASES; LIFE CYCLE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITROGEN OXIDES; VEHICLES;

CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; CERTIFICATION TESTS; FLEXIBLE FUEL VEHICLES; PORTABLE EMISSIONS MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS (PEMS); TRAFFIC CONDITIONS; U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY; U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; VEHICLE SPECIFIC POWER;

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT;

ALCOHOL; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON MONOXIDE; GASOLINE; HYDROCARBON; NITRIC OXIDE; NITROGEN OXIDE;

AIR POLLUTION; AIR QUALITY STANDARD; ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EXHAUST GAS; GOVERNMENT; GREENHOUSE GAS; LIFE CYCLE; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PORTUGAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TRAFFIC; AIR POLLUTANT; BIOENERGY; CHEMISTRY; THEORETICAL MODEL;

ZEA MAYS;

AIR POLLUTANTS; BIOELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCES; CARBON DIOXIDE; ETHANOL; GASOLINE; MODELS, THEORETICAL; VEHICLE EMISSIONS;

EID: 70350516518     PISSN: 10962247     EISSN: 21622906     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.59.8.912     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Annual Energy Outlook 2007 with Projections to 2030; DOE/EIA-0383; U.S. Department of Energy; Energy Information Administration: Washington, DC, 2007.
2. Spatari, S.; Zhang, Y.; Maclean, H.L. Life Cycle Assessment of Switch-grass-and Corn Stover-Derived Ethanol-Fueled Automobiles; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 9750-9758.
3. Lavigne, A.; Powers, S.E. Evaluating Fuel Ethanol Feedstocks from Energy Policy Perspectives: a Comparative Energy Assessment of Corn and Corn Stover; Energy Pol. 2007, 35, 5918-5930.
4. Alternative Fuel: E85 and Flex Fuel Vehicles; EPA 420-F-06-047; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Ann Arbor, MI, 2006.
5. Wang, M. Updated Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Results of Fuel Ethanol. In Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels; Argonne National Laboratory: Argonne, IL, 2005; available at http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/354.pdf (accessed December 13, 2007).
6. Annual Energy Outlook 2006 with Projections to 2030; DOE/EIA-0383; U.S. Department of Energy; Energy Information Administration: Washington, DC, 2006.
7. Wang, M.; Wu, M.; Huo, H. Life-Cycle Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts of Different Corn Ethanol Plant Types; Environ. Res. Lett. 2007, 2, 024001; doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/2/2/024001.
8. Emission Facts: Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Expanded Renewable and Alternative Fuels Use; EPA420-F-07-035; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Ann Arbor, MI, 2007.
9. Sheehan, J.; Aden, A.; Paustian, K.; Killian, K.; Brenner, J.; Walsh, M.; Nelson, R. Energy and Environmental Aspects of Using Corn Stover for Fuel Ethanol; J. Ind. Ecol. 2004, 7, 117-146.
10. Wu, M. Wu, Y.; Wang, M. Energy and Emission Benefits of Alternative Transportation Liquid Fuels Derived from Switchgrass: a Fuel Life Cycle Assessment; Biotechnol. Prog. 2006, 22, 1012-1024.
11. Jacobson, M. Effects of Ethanol (E85) Versus Gasoline Vehicles on Cancer and Mortality in the United States; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 4150-4157.
12. Biofuels in the U.S. Transportation Sector; U.S. Department of Energy; Energy Information Administration: Washington, DC, 2007; available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/biomass.html (accessed December 29, 2007).
13. Flexible Fuel Vehicles: Powered by a Renewable American Fuel; U.S. Department of Energy: Washington DC, 2007; available at http://www.eere. energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/41597.pdf (accessed November 11, 2007).
14. Suga, T.; Hamazaki, Y. Development of Honda Flexible Fuel Vehicle; Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Technical Paper 922276; SAE: Warrendale, PA, 1992.
15. Reuter, R.M.; Benson, J.D.; Burns, V.R., Jr.; Gorse, R.A.; Hochhauser, A. M.; Koehl, W.J.; Painter, L. J.; Rippon, B.H.; Rutherford, J.A. Effects of Oxygenated Fuels and RVP on Automotive Emissions - Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Program; Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Technical Paper 920326; SAE: Warrendale, PA, 1992.
16. Guerrieri, D.A.; Caffrey, P.J.; Rao, V. Investigation into the Vehicle Exhaust Emissions of High Percentage Ethanol Blends; Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Technical Paper 950777; SAE: Warrendale, PA, 1995.
17. Poulopoulos, S.G.; Philippopoulos, C.J. The Effect of Adding Oxygenated Compounds to Gasoline on Automotive Exhaust Emissions; J. Engineer. Gas Turb. Power 2003, 125, 344-350.
18. Durbin, T.D.; Miller, J.W.; Younglove, T.; Huai, T.; Cocker, K. Effects of Ethanol and Volatility Parameters on Exhaust Emissions; CRC Project No. E-67; Prepared by University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, for the Coordinating Research Council: Alpharetta, GA, 2006.
19. Graham, L. Characterizing Emissions from Vehicles and Engines Using Biofuels: an Overview of Selected Canadian Federal R&D Activities; The Chair's Air Pollution Series by California Air Resources Board: Sacramento, CA, 2007; available at http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/seminars/graham/graham. pdf (accessed January 10, 2008).
20. Kelly, K.; Eudy, L.; Cobum, T. Light-Duty Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Federal Test Procedure Emissions Results; NREL/TP-540-25818; National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Golden, CO, 1999.
21. Winebrake, J.J.; Wang, M.Q.; He, D. Toxic Emissions from Mobile Sources: a Total Fuel-Cycle Analysis for Conventional and Alternative Fuel Vehicles; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2001, 51, 1073-1086.
22. Lipman, T.E.; Delucchi, M.A. Emissions of Nitrous Oxide and Methane from Conventional and Alternative Fuel Motor Vehicles; Climatic Change 2002, 53, 477-516.
23. de Serves, C. Emissions from Flexible Fuel Vehicles with Different Ethanol Blends; Report No. AVL MTC 5509; Swedish Road Administration: Haninge, Sweden, 2005.
24. 2007 Model Year E85 and Gasoline Flex-Fuel Vehicle Certification Data Summary; General Motors Corporation: Detroit, MI, 2007.
25. Fact Sheet: Dodge Caravan Ethanol-Fueled Minivan; National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Golden, CO, 1999; available at http://www.nrel. gov/vehiclesandfuels/fleettest/publications-light.html (accessed December 13, 2007).
26. Black, F.; Tejada, S.; Gurevich, M. Alternative Fuel Motor Vehicle Tailpipe and Evaporative Emissions Composition and Ozone Potential; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1998, 48, 578-591.
27. Fact Sheet: Ford Taurus Ethanol-Fueled Sedan; National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Golden, CO, 1999; available at http://www.nrel.gov/ vehiclesandfuels/fleettest/publications-light.html (accessed December 13, 2007).
28. MacDonald, T. Alcohol Fuel Flexibility - Progress and Prospects; Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels; Argonne National Laboratory: Argonne, IL, 2005.
29. Ohio's First Ethanol-Fueled Light-Duty Fleet: Final Study Results; National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Golden, CO, 1998; available at http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/fleettest/publications-light.html (accessed December 13, 2007).
30. Haskew, H.M.; Liberty, T.F.; McClement, D. Fuel Permeation from Automotive Systems: E0, E6, E10, E20 and E85; CRC Report No. E-65-3; Prepared by Harold Haskew & Associates, Inc. and Automotive Testing Laboratories, Inc. for Coordinating Research Council: Alpharetta, GA, 2006.
31. Haskew, H.M. Exhaust and Evaporative Emissions Testing of Flexible Fuel Vehicles; In Proceedings of the 17th Coordinating Research Council On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop; Coordinating Research Council: Alpharetta, GA, 2007.
32. MacLean, H.L.; Lave, L.B.; Lankey, R.L.; Joshi, S.A. A Life-Cycle Comparison of Alternative Automobile Fuels; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1769-1779.
33. Pimentel, D. Ethanol Fuels: Energy Balance, Economics, and Environmental Impacts are Negative; Nat. Resour. Res. 2003, 12, 127-134.
34. Pimentel, D.; Patzek, T. Ethanol Production Using Corn, Switchgrass, and Wood, Biodiesel Production Using Soybean and Sunflower; Nat. Resour. Res. 2005, 14, 65-76.
35. Aden, A. Water Usage for Current and Future Ethanol Production; Southwest Hydro. 2007, 6, 22-23; available at http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V6-N5/SWHVol6Issue5.pdf (accessed December 20, 2007).
36. MOVES2004 User Guide; EPA420-P-04-019; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Ann Arbor, MI, 2004.
37. A Roadmap to MOVES2004; EPA420-S-05-002; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Ann Arbor, MI, 2005.
38. Frey, H.C.; Unal, A.; Chen, J.; Li, S.; Xuan, C. Methodology for Developing Modal Emission Rates for EPA's Multi-Scale Motor Vehicle and Equipment Emission System; EPA420-R-02-027; Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, by North Carolina State University: Raleigh, NC, 2002.
39. Scora, G.; Malcolm, C.; Younglove, T.; Barth, M.J. Mobile Source Emissions New Generation Model: Using a Hybrid Database Prediction Technique; EPA68-C-01-169; Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, by University of California at Riverside: Riverside, NC, 2002.
40. Onboard Emission Data Analysis and Collection for the New Generation Model; PR-CI-01-12239; Prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation, for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, 2002.
41. 3 Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 9595-9600.
42. Frey, H.C.; Rouphail, N.M.; Zhai, H. Speed- and Facility-Specific Emission Estimates for On-Road Light-Duty Vehicles on the Basis of Real-World Speed Profiles; J. Trans. Res. Board 2006, 1987, 128-137.
43. Zhai, H.; Frey, H.C.; Rouphail, N.M. A Vehicle-Specific Power Approach to Speed- and Facility-Specific Emissions Estimates for Diesel Transit Buses; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 7985-7991.
44. Frey, H.C.; Unal, A.; Rouphail, N.M.; Colyar, J.D. On-Road Measurement of Vehicle Tailpipe Emissions Using a Portable Instrument; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 53, 992-1002.
45. Alternative Fuel Data Center of the U.S. Department of Energy Home Page; available at fttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/avta/light-duty/ afv/emissions-data.html (accessed December 10, 2006).
46. Annual Certification Test Results & Data; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; available at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/crttst.htm (accessed June 20, 2007).
47. Gonçalves, G.A.; Farias, T.L. On-Road Measurements of Emissions and Fuel Consumption of Gasoline Fuelled Light-Duty Vehicles. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Energy for a Clean Environment - Clean Air; Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation: Lisbon, Portugal, 2005.
48. Frey, H.C.; Rouphail, N.M.; Unal, A.; Colyar, J. Emissions Reduction through Better Traffic Management: an Empirical Evaluation based upon On-Road Measurements; FHWY/NC/2002-001; Prepared by North Carolina State University for North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC, 2001.
49. Wang, M. GREET 1.5 Transportation Fuel-Cycle Model Volume 1: Methodology, Development, Use, and Results; ANL/ESD-39; Center for Transportation Research; Argonne National Laboratory: Argonne, IL, 1999.
50. Berry, G.D. In Encyclopedia of Energy, Vol. 3; Cleveland, C.J., Ed.; Elsevier: San Diego, CA, 2004; pp 253-265.
51. Jiménez-Palacios, J. Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1999.
52. Wang, M. Development and the Use of GREET 1.6 Fuel-Cycle Model for Transportation Fuels and Vehicle Technologies; ANL/ESD/TM-163; Argonne National Laboratory; Center for Transportation Research: Argonne, IL, 2001.
53. Searchinger, T.; Heimlich, R.; Houghton, R.A.; Dong, F.; Elobeid, A.; Fabiosa, J.; Tokgoz, S.; Hayes, D.; Uu. T.-H. Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases through Emissions from Land-Use Change; Science 2008, 319, 1238-1240.