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In this paper we assume that the total atom number N is even. For N being odd, the AFM ground state is of total spin S=1 and thus not strictly isotropic. However, that makes little difference or difficulty to our proposal; see discussions below.
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In this paper we assume that the total atom number N is even. For N being odd, the AFM ground state is of total spin S=1 and thus not strictly isotropic. However, that makes little difference or difficulty to our proposal; see discussions below.
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In contrast to many experiments (e.g., Refs.), here the D1 line is preferred to the D2 line. The reason is that under the same detuning, the D1 scheme yields the same coupling with the magnetization as the D2 scheme, while the coupling with the density is only one half, so the disturbance introduced is smaller.
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Experimentally the total atom number N cannot be determined precisely, so we cannot distinguish the AFM and FM ground states just by the shift of the spectra.
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Experimentally the total atom number N cannot be determined precisely, so we cannot distinguish the AFM and FM ground states just by the shift of the spectra.
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The condition that we do not resolve the hyperfine structure of the D1 line allows us to take a common denominator.
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