A Fundamental Limitation of the Conjunctive Codes Learned in PDP Models of Cognition: Comment on Botvinick and Plaut (2006)

Psychological Review

Volumn 116, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 986-995

  Bowers, Jeffrey S ^a   Damian, Markus F ^a   Davis, Colin J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

conjunctive coding; connectionism; short term memory; symbols

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK; ATTENTION; COGNITION; HUMAN; LEARNING; LONG TERM MEMORY; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; SHORT TERM MEMORY; SYMBOLISM;

ASSOCIATION LEARNING; ATTENTION; COGNITION; GENERALIZATION (PSYCHOLOGY); HUMANS; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NEURAL NETWORKS (COMPUTER); RETENTION (PSYCHOLOGY); SERIAL LEARNING; SYMBOLISM;

EID: 70350465112     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0017097     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Baddeley A.D. Immediate memory and the "perception" of letter sequences. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 16 (1964) 364-367
2. Baddeley A.D. Working memory (1986), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England
3. Botvinick M.M., and Plaut D.C. Doing without schema hierarchies: A recurrent connectionist approach to normal and impaired routine sequential action. Psychological Review 111 (2004) 395-429
4. Botvinick M.M., and Plaut D.C. Short-term memory for serial order: A recurrent neural network model. Psychological Review 113 (2006) 201-233
5. Bowers J.S. Challenging the widespread assumption that connectionism and distributed representations go hand-in-hand. Cognitive Psychology 45 (2002) 413-445
6. Brown G.D.A., Preece T., and Hulme C. Oscillator-based memory for serial order. Psychological Review 107 (2000) 127-181
7. Burgess N., and Hitch G.J. Memory for serial order: A network model of the phonological loop and its timing. Psychological Review 106 (1999) 551-581
8. Coltheart M., Rastle K., Perry C., Langdon R., and Ziegler J. DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review 108 (2001) 204-256
9. Cooper R.C., and Shallice T. Hierarchical schemas and goals in the control of sequential behavior. Psychological Review 113 (2006) 887-916
10. Cowan N. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (2001) 87-114
11. Cowan N., Chen Z., and Rouder J.N. Constant capacity in an immediate serial-recall task: A logical sequel to Miller (1956). Psychological Science 15 (2004) 634-640
12. Davis, C. J. (1999). The self-organising lexical acquisition and recognition (SOLAR) model of visual word recognition (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
13. Davis C.J., and Bowers J.S. What do letter migration errors reveal about letter position coding in visual word recognition?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 30 (2004) 923-941
14. Davis C.J., and Bowers J.S. Contrasting five different theories of letter position coding: Evidence from orthographic similarity effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 32 (2006) 535-557
15. Elman J. Generalization, simple recurrent networks, and the emergence of structure. In: Gernsbacher M.A., and Derry S. (Eds). Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (1998), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 6
16. Farrell S., and Lewandowsky S. An endogenous model of ordering in serial recall. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 9 (2002) 59-79
17. Fodor J.A., and Pylyshyn Z.W. Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis. Cognition 28 (1988) 3-71
18. Grossberg S. Behavioral contrast in short-term memory: Serial binary memory models or parallel continuous memory models?. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 17 (1978) 199-219
19. Grossberg S. How does the brain build a cognitive code?. Psychological Review 87 (1980) 1-51
20. Grossberg S., and Pearson L. Laminar cortical dynamics of cognitive and motor working memory, sequence learning and performance: Toward a unified theory of how the cerebral cortex works. Psychological Review 115 (2008) 677-732
21. Henson, R. N. A. (1996). Short-term memory for serial order (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
22. Hulme C., Suprenant A.M., Bireta T.J., Stuart G., and Neath I. Abolishing the word-length effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30 1 (2004) 98-106
23. Hummel J.E., and Biederman I. Dynamic binding in a neural network for shape recognition. Psychological Review 99 (1992) 480-517
24. Hummel J.E., and Holyoak K.J. Distributed representations of structure: A theory of analogical access and mapping. Psychological Review 104 (1997) 427-466
25. Jefferies E., Frankish C.R., and Lambon Ralph M.A. Lexical and semantic binding in verbal short-term memory. Journal of Memory and Language 54 (2006) 81-98
26. Lee C.L., and Estes W.K. Item and order information in short-term memory: Evidence for multilevel perturbation processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 7 (1981) 149-169
27. Lewandowsky S., and Murdock B.B. Memory for serial order. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 25-57
28. Marcus G.F. Rethinking eliminative connectionism. Cognitive Psychology 37 (1998) 243-282
29. Marcus G.F., Vijayan S., Bandi Rao S., and Vishton P.M. Rule learning in seven-month-old infants. Science 283 (1999, January 1) 77-80
30. McClelland J.L., McNaughton B.L., and O'Reilly R.C. Why there are complementary learning-systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review 102 (1995) 419-457
31. McClelland J.L., and Rumelhart D.E. An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review 88 (1981) 375-407
32. McClelland J.L., Rumelhart D.E., and The PDP Research Group. Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition: Vol. 2. Psychological and biological models (1986), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
33. Miller G.A. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 63 (1956) 81-97
34. Miller G.A., and Selfridge J.A. Verbal context and the recall of meaningful material. American Journal of Psychology 63 (1951) 176-185
35. Munakata Y., and O'Reilly R.C. Developmental and computational neuroscience approaches to cognition: The case of generalization. Cognitive Studies 10 (2003) 76-92
36. Page M.P.A., and Norris D. The primacy model: A new model of immediate serial recall. Psychological Review 105 (1998) 761-781
37. Pinker S., and Prince A. On language and connectionism: Analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language-acquisition. Cognition 28 (1988) 73-193
38. Pinker S., and Ullman M. The past and future of the past tense. Trends in Cognitive Science 6 (2002) 456-463
39. Prasada S., and Pinker S. Generalisation of regular and irregular morphological patterns. Language and Cognitive Processes 8 (1993) 1-56
40. Thomas M.S.C., and McClelland J.L. Connectionist models of cognition. In: Sun R. (Ed). The Cambridge handbook of computational psychology (2008), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY 23-58
41. Wickelgren W.A. Phonemic similarity and interference in short-term memory for single letters. Journal of Experimental Psychology 71 (1966) 396-404