Future directions in neoadjuvant therapy of rectal cancer: Maximizing pathological complete response rates

Cancer Treatment Reviews

Volumn 35, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 547-552

  Mohiuddin, Mohammed ^a   Mohiuddin, Majid M ^b   Marks, John ^c   Marks, Gerald ^c  

^a GEISINGER HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c LANKENAU INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemoradiation; Neoadjuvant; Rectal cancer

Indexed keywords

BEVACIZUMAB; CAPECITABINE; CELECOXIB; CETUXIMAB; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; GEFITINIB; IRINOTECAN; K RAS PROTEIN; OXALIPLATIN; PANITUMUMAB; UFT;

CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER RESISTANCE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON TUMOR; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DISTANT METASTASIS; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PREOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY; RADIATION DOSE FRACTIONATION; RECTUM CANCER; RECTUM TUMOR; REVIEW; TUMOR RECURRENCE;

FORECASTING; HUMANS; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; RECTAL NEOPLASMS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 70350399887     PISSN: 03057372     EISSN: 15321967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.05.002     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Carlomagno C, Farella A, Buccci L, et al. Neo-adjuvant treatment of rectal cancer with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy: a phase II study. Ann Oncol 10.1093/annonc.2009.719.
2. Rosenthal D.I., Catalano D.J., Haller D., et al. Phase I study of preoperative radiation therapy with concurrent infusional 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin followed by surgery and postoperative 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin for T3/T4 rectal adenocarcinoma: ECOG E1297. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72 (2008) 108-113
3. Shivnani A.T., Small Jr. W., Stryker S.J., et al. Preoperative chemoradiation for rectal cancer: results of multimodality management and analysis of prognostic factors. Am J Surg 193 (2007) 389-393
4. Rodel C., Liersch T., et al. Multicenter phase II trial of chemoradiation with oxaliplatin for rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 110-117
5. Aschele C, Friso ML, Pucciarelli S, et al. A phase I-II study of weekly oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil continuous infusion and preoperative radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Ann Oncol 10.1093/annonc.2005.212.
6. Glynne-Jones R, Sebag-Montefiore D, Samuel L, et al. Socrates phase II study results: capecitabine (CAP) combined with oxaliplat (OX) and preoperative radiation (RT) in patients (pts) with locally advanced rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;16(June 1 Suppl.):S 3527.
7. Rodel C., Martus P., Papadoupolos T., et al. Prognostic significance of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 8688-8696
8. Crane C.H., Skibber J.M., Feig B.W., et al. Response to preoperative chemoradiation increases the use of sphincter-preserving surgery in patients with locally advanced low rectal carcinoma. Cancer 97 (2003) 517-524
9. Roh MS, Colangelo L, Wieand S, et al. Response to preoperative multimodality therapy predicts survival in patients with carcinoma of the rectum. J Clin Oncol 2004;22(July 15 Suppl.):14S [abstr 3505].
10. Czito B.G., Bendell J.C., Willett C., et al. Bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, capecitabine with radiation therapy in rectal cancer: phase I trial results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68 (2007) 472478
11. Horisberger K, Treschl A, Mai S, et al. Cetuximab in combination with capecitabine, irinotecan, and radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: results of a phase II MARGIT trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10.1016/ijrobp2008.10.014.
12. Jakobsen A., Mortensen J.P., Bisgaard C., et al. A COX-2 inhibitor combined with chemoradiation of locally advanced rectal cancer: a phase II trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 23 (2007) 251-255
13. Valentini V., De Paoli A., Gambacorta M.A., et al. Infusional 5-fluorouracil and ZD1839 (Gefitinib-Iressa) in combination with preoperative radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: a phase I and II trial (1839IL/0092). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72 (2008) 644-649
14. Peeters K.C., Marijnen C.A., Nagtegaal E.R., et al. The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. Ann Surg 246 (2007) 693-701
15. Visser O., Bakx R., Zoetmulder F.A.N., et al. The influence of total mesorectal excision on local recurrence and survival in rectal cancer patients: a population-based study in Greater Amsterdam. J Surg Oncol 95 (2007) 447-454
16. Sauer R., Becker H., Hohenberger W., et al. Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. New Engl J Med 351 (2004) 1731-1740
17. Collette L., Bosset J.F., den Dulk M., et al. Patients with curative resection of cT3-4 rectal cancer after preoperative radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy: does anybody benefit from adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy? A trial of the European organisation for research and treatment of cancer radiation oncology group. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 4379-4386
18. Lefebvre JL, Rolland F, Tesselaar E, et al. Phase 3 randomized trial on larynx preservation comparing sequential vs. alternating chemotherapy and radiotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 10.1093/JNCI.2009.460.
19. Posner M., and Vermorken J.B. Induction therapy in the modern era of combined-modality therapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Semin Oncol 35 (2008) 221-228
20. Nagai K., Tsuchiya R., Mori T., et al. Lung cancer surgical study group of the Japan clinical oncology group. A randomized trial comparing induction chemotherapy followed by surgery with surgery alone for patients with stage IIIA N2 non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125 (2003) 254-260
21. Vokes E.E., Herndon II J.E., Kelley M.J., et al. Cancer and leukemia group B. Induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy compared with chemoradiotherapy alone for regionally advanced unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: cancer and leukemia group B. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 1698-1704
22. Ajani J.A., Winter K.A., Gunderson L.L., et al. Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs. fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299 (2008) 1914-1921
23. Chau I., Brown G., Cunningham D., et al. Neoadjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin followed by synchronous chemoradiation and total mesorectal excision in magnetic resonance imaging-defined poor-risk rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 668-674
24. Glynne-Jones R., Grainger J., Harrison M., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to preoperative chemoradiation or radiation in rectal cancer: should we be more cautious?. Brit J Cancer 94 (2006) 363-371
25. Curran W, Scott C, Langer C, et al. Phase III comparison of sequential vs. concurrent chemoradiation for patients with unresected stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Initial report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG). In: 9th world conference on lung cancer (IASCLC). Tokyo, Japan; 2000 [abstr 9410].
26. Glynne-Jones R., and Hoskins P. Neoadjuvant cisplatin chemotherapy before chemoradiation: a flawed paradigm?. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 5281-5286
27. NSABP R-04: Phase III randomized study of preoperative chemoradiotherapy comprising radiation therapy and either capecitabine or fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin in patients with resectable rectal cancer. NSABP protocol. Protocol ID, NCT00058474, CALGB-NSABP-R-04.
28. Higgins C.A., Humphrey E.W., Dwight R.W., et al. Preoperative radiation, surgery for cancer of the rectum: Veterans Administration Surgical Oncology Group trial 11. Cancer 58 (1986) 352
29. Medical Research Council Working Party. Randomized trial of surgery alone versus radiotherapy followed by surgery for potentially operable locally advanced rectal cancer. Lancet 348 (1996) 1605-1610
30. James R.D. The Northwest of England rectal cancer trial. Recent results in Cancer Res 110 (1988) 104-110
31. Gerard A., Buyse M., Nordinger B., et al. Preoperative radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment in rectal carcinoma. Ann Surg 208 (1988) 606-614
32. Withers H.R., Taylor J.M., Maciejewski B., et al. The hazard of accelerated tumor clonogen repopulation during radiotherapy. Acta Oncol 27 (1988) 131-146
33. Willet C., Warland G., and Hagan M. Tumor proliferation in rectal cancer following preoperative irradiation. J Clin Oncol 113 (1995) 1417-1424
34. Fleckenstein K., Zgonjanin L., Chen L., et al. Temporal onset of hypoxia and oxidative stress after pulmonary irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68 (2007) 196-204
35. Goldie J.H., and Coldman A.J. A mathematical model for relating the drug sensitivity of tumors to the spontaneous mutation rate. Cancer Treat Rep 63 (1979) 1727-1733
36. Fisher B., Bryant J., Wolmark N., et al. Effect of preoperative chemotherapy on the outcome of women with operable breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 16 (1998) 2672-2685
37. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. New Engl J Med 336 (1997) 980-987
38. Bujko K., Nowacki M.P., Nasierowska-Guttmejer A., et al. Sphincter preservation following preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: report of a randomised trial comparing short-term radiotherapy vs. conventionally fractionated radiochemotherapy. Radiother Oncol 72 (2004) 15-24
39. Bujko K., Nowacki M.P., Nasierowska-Guttmejer A., et al. Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Brit J Surg 93 (2006) 1215-1223
40. Habr-Gama A., Perez R.O., Proscurshim I., et al. Interval between surgery and neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy for distal rectal cancer: does delayed surgery have an impact on outcome?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 71 (2008) 1181-1188
41. Habr-Gama A, Perez RO. Can we increase the rates of complete response by adding chemotherapy to neoadjuvant CRT regimen for distal rectal cancer? Results of a prospective study using additional chemotherapy during the resting period of neoadjuvant CRT: personal communication. Abstract submitted for presentation at annual meeting of American society of colon and rectal surgeons, May 2-6, 2009.
42. Fietkau R., and Rodel C. Rectal cancer delivery of radiotherapy in adequate time and with adequate dose is influenced by treatment center, treatment schedule, and gender and is prognostic parameter for local control: results of study CAO/ARO/AIO-94. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68 (2007) 1580-1581
43. Suwinski R., Taylor J.M., and Withers H.R. Rapid growth of microscopic rectal cancer as a determinant of response to preoperative radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42 (1998) 943-951
44. Overgaard M., Overgaard J., and Sell A. Dose-response relationship for radiation therapy of recurrent, residual, and primarily inoperable colorectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 1 (1984) 217-225
45. Valentini V., Morganti A.G., Gambacorta M.A., et al. Preoperative hyperfractionated chemoradiation for locally recurrent rectal cancer in patients previously irradiated to the pelvis: a multicentric phase II study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64 (2006) 1129-1139
46. Mohiuddin M., Lingareddy V., Rakinic J., et al. Re-irradiation for rectal cancer and surgical resection after ultra high doses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 27 (1993) 1159-1163
47. Mohiuddin M., Winter K., Mitchell E., et al. Randomized phase II study of neoadjuvant combined-modality chemoradiation for distal rectal cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 0012. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 650-655
48. Wiltshire K.L., Ward I.G., Swallow C., et al. Preoperative radiation with concurrent chemotherapy for resectable rectal cancer: effect of dose escalation on pathologic complete response, local recurrence-free survival, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64 (2006) 709-716
49. Mohiuddin M., Regine W.F., John W.J., et al. Preoperative chemoradiation in fixed distal rectal cancer: dose time factors for pathological complete response. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46 (2000) 883-888
50. Chan A.K., Wong A.O., Langevin J., et al. Preoperative chemotherapy and pelvic radiation for tethered or fixed rectal cancer: a phase II dose escalation study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48 (2000) 843-856
51. Choi J.H., et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery in rectal cancer: improved local control using a moderately high pelvic radiation dose. Jpn J Clin Oncol 38 (2008) 12-21
52. Wong S.J., Winter K., Meropol N.J., et al. RTOG 0247: a randomized phase II study of neoadjuvant capecitabine and irinotecan versus capecitabine and oxaliplat with concurrent radiation therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) [Suppl; abstr 4021]
53. Lingareddy V., Mohiuddin M., and Marks G. The importance of patient selection for adjunctive postoperative radiation therapy for cancer of the rectum. Cancer 73 7 (1994) 805-1810
54. Allee P.E., Tepper J.E., Gunderson L.L., et al. Postoperative radiation therapy for incompletely resected colorectal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 17 (1989) 1171-1176
55. Wu X., Gu J., Swisher S.G., et al. Genetic variations in radiation and chemotherapy drug action pathways predict clinical outcomes in esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 3789-3798
56. Amando R.G., Wolf M., Peeters M., et al. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 1626-1634
57. Cervantes A., Macarulla T., Martinelli E., et al. Correlation of KRAS status (wild type (wt) vs. mutant >) with efficacy to first-line cetuximab + FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 4129
58. Cohn A., Smith D., Neubauer M., et al. Panitumumab (pmab) regimen evaluation in colorectal cancer to estimate primary response to treatment (PRECEPT); effect of KRAS mutation status on second-line treatment with pmab and FOLFIRI. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 4127
59. Bokemeyer C., Bondarenko I., Hartmann J., et al. KRAS status and efficacy of first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with FOLFOX with or without cetuximab: The OPUS experience. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 400
60. Van Cutsem E, Lang I, D'Haens G, et al. KRAS status and efficacy in the CRYSTAL study: 1st-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) receiving FOLFIRI with or without cetuximab. Ann Oncol 2008;19(Suppl. 8):710.
61. Gillies W., McKenna R., Muschel J., et al. The RAS signal transduction pathway and its role in radiation sensitivity. Oncogene 22 (2008) 5866-5875
62. Toulany M., Kittmann K., Kruger M., et al. Radioresistance of K-Ras mutated human tumor cells is mediated through EGFR-dependent activation of PI13K-AKT pathway. Radiother Oncol 36 (2005) 143-150
63. Li S., Kim J.S., Kim J.M., et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor as a prognostic factor in locally advanced rectal-cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65 (2006) 705-712
64. Bengala C, Bettelli S, Bertolini F, et al. Predictive value of EGFR gene copy number and K-ras mutation for pathological response to preoperative cetuximab, 5FU, and radiation therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). J Clin Oncol 2008;26(No. 15S, May 20 Suppl.):4125.
65. Wang Y.B., Cummings B., Cotton P., et al. Primary radical external beam radiotherapy of rectal adenocarcinoma: long term outcome of 271 patients. Radiother Oncol 77 (2005) 126-132
66. Derdel J., Mohiuddin M., Kramer S., and Marks G. Is dose/time fractionation important in treating rectal cancer?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11 (1985) 579-582
67. Haveman J., Castro-Kreder N., Rodermond H.M., et al. Cellular response of X-ray sensitive hamster mutant cell lines to gemcitabine, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. Oncol Rep 12 (2004) 187-192
68. Mohiuddin M., Chendil D., Dey S., et al. Influence of p53 status on radiation and 5-flourouracil synergy in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res 22 (2002) 825-830
69. Stockholm Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Randomized study on preoperative radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 3 (1996) 423-430
70. Papillon J., and Gerard J.P. Role of radiotherapy in anal preservation for cancers of the lower third of the rectum. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19 (1990) 1219-1220
71. Gerard J.P. The use of radiotherapy for patients with low rectal cancer: an overview of the Lyon experience. Aust NZ J Surg 64 (1994) 457-463
72. Yano H., and Moran B.J. The incidence of lateral pelvic side-wall nodal involvement in low rectal cancer is the same in Japan and the West. Brit J Surg 95 (2008) 33-48
73. Yu T.K., Bhosale P.R., Crane C., et al. Patterns of locoregional recurrence after surgery and radiotherapy or chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 71 (2008) 1175-1180
74. Kusters M., Van de Velde C.J., Beets-Tan R.G., et al. Patterns of local recurrence in rectal cancer: a single-center experience. Ann Surg Oncol 16 (2009) 289-296
75. Syk E., Torkzad M., Blomqvist M., et al. Local recurrence in rectal cancer: anatomic localization and effect on radiation target. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 3 (2008) 1658-1664