Self-employment among Italian female graduates

Education and Training

Volumn 51, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 526-540

  Rosti, Luisa ^a   Chelli, Francesco ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Gender; Graduates; Italy; Self employed workers; Tertiary education

Indexed keywords

EID: 70350322179     PISSN: 00400912     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/00400910910992736     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Alesina, A., Lotti, F. and Mistrulli, P.E. (2008), Do women pay more for credit? Evidence from Italy, NBER Working Paper 14202, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
2. Arum, R. and Muller, W. (Eds) (2004), The Reemergence of Self-employment: A Comparative Study of Self-employment Dynamics and Social Inequality, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
3. Blanchflower, D. (2000), Self-employment in OECD countries, Labour Economics, Vol. 9, pp. 471-505.
4. Blanchflower, D.G. (2004), Self-employment: more may not be better, Swedish Economic Policy Review, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 15-73.
5. Blanchflower, D.G. and Meyer, B.D. (1994), A longitudinal analysis of the young self-employed in Australia and the United States, Small Business Economics, Vol. 6, pp. 1-9.
6. Burke, A., FitzRoy, F.R. and Nolan, M.A. (2008), What makes a die-hard entrepreneur? Beyond the 'employee or entrepreneur' dichotomy, Small Business Economics, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 93-115.
7. Buttner, E.H. and Moore, D.P. (1997), Women's organizational exodus to entrepreneurship: self-reported motivations and correlates with success, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 34-46.
8. Carter, S. and Rosa, P. (1998), The financing of male and female owned-business, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 225-41.
9. Cavalluzzo, K.S., Cavalluzzo, L.C. and Wolken, J.D. (2002), Competition, small business financing, and discrimination: evidence from a new survey, Journal of Business, Vol. 75 No. 4, pp. 641-80.
10. Chaganti, R. (1986), Management in women-owned enterprises, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 18-29.
11. Chaganti, R. and Parasuraman, S. (1996), A study of the impact of gender on business performance and management patterns in small businesses, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 73-5.
12. Clain, S.H. (2000), Gender differences in full-time self-employment, Journal of Economics and Business, Vol. 52 No. 6, pp. 499-513.
13. Coate, S.E. and Tennyson, S. (1992), Labor market discrimination, imperfect information and self employment, Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 44 No. 2, pp. 272-88.
14. Coleman, S. (2000), Access to capital and terms of credit: a comparison of men- and women-owned small businesses, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 37-52.
15. Devine, T. (1994), Characteristics of self-employed females versus other workers in the United States, Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 117 No. 3, pp. 20-34.
16. du Rietz, A. and Henrekson, M. (2000), Testing the female underperformance hypothesis, Small Business Economics, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 1-10.
17. Eurostat (2002), The entrepreneurial gap between women and men, Statistics in Focus, Population and Social Conditions, Eurostat, Luxembourg, November.
18. Eurostat (2004), EU labour force survey: principal results, Statistics in Focus, Population and Social Conditions, Eurostat, Luxembourg, September 2005.
19. Evans, D.S. and Leighton, L.S. (1989), Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship, American Economic Review, Vol. 79 No. 3, pp. 519-35.
20. Fagenson, E.A. and Marcus, E.C. (1991), Perceptions of the sex-role stereotypic characteristics of entrepreneurs: women's evaluations, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 33-47.
21. Fasci, M.A. and Valdez, J. (1998), A performance contrast of male- and female-owned small accounting practices, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 36 No. 3, pp. 1-7.
22. Fay, M. and Williams, L. (1993), Gender bias and the availability of business loans, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 8, pp. 363-76.
23. Istat (2004), Survey on Labor Market Transition of University Graduates, Italian Institute of Statistics, Rome.
24. Istat (2005), Labor Force Survey, Italian Institute of Statistics, Rome.
25. Kemeny, J.G. and Snell, L.J. (1960), Finite Markov Chains, Springer, New York, NY.
26. Le, A.T. (1999), Empirical studies of self-employment, Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 381-416.
27. Lucas, R.E. Jr (1978), On the size distribution of business firm, Bell Journal of Economics, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 508-23.
28. Matthews, C.H. and Moser, S.B. (1996), A longitudinal investigation of the impact of family background and gender on interest in small firm ownership, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 34 No. 2, pp. 29-43.
29. Moore, R.L. (1983), Employer discrimination: evidence from self-employed workers, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 65 No. 3, pp. 496-501.
30. Muravyev, A., Talavera, O. and Schafer, D. (2009), Entrepreneurs' gender and financial constraints: evidence from international data, Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 270-86.
31. Nabi, G. and Holden, R. (2008), Graduate entrepreneurship: intentions, education and training, Education {thorn} Training, Vol. 50 No. 7, pp. 545-51.
32. Orhan, M. (2001), Women business owners in France: the issue of financing discrimination, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 39 No. 1, pp. 95-102.
33. Riding, A.L. and Swift, C.S. (1990), Women business owners and terms of credit: some empirical findings of the Canadian experience, Journal of Venturing, Vol. 5, pp. 327-40.
34. Rosa, P., Carter, S. and Hamilton, D. (1996), Gender as a determinant of small business performance: insights from a British study, Small Business Economics, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 463-78.
35. Scherer, R.F., Brodzinski, J.D. and Wiebe, F.A. (1990), Entrepreneur career selection and gender: a socialization approach, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 37-44.
36. Scott, C.E. (1986), Why more women are becoming entrepreneurs, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 37-44.
37. van der Sluis, J., van Praag, C.M. and Vijverberg, W. (2003), Entrepreneurship selection and performance: a meta-analysis of the impact of education in industrialized countries, discussion paper, Tinbergen Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
38. van Gelderen, M., van de Sluis, L. and Jansen, P. (2005), Learning opportunities and learning behaviours of small business starters: relations with goal achievement, skill development and satisfaction, Small Business Economics, Vol. 25, pp. 97-108.
39. Watson, J. (2003), Failure rates for female controlled businesses: are they any different?, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 41 No. 3, pp. 262-77.