Mid-infrared ethene detection using difference frequency generation in a quasi-phase-matched LiNbO3 waveguide

Applied Optics

Volumn 48, Issue 30, 2009, Pages 5696-5703

  Grilli, Roberto ^a   Ciaffoni, Luca ^b   Hancock, Gus ^b   Peverall, Robert ^b   Ritchie, Grant A D ^b   Orr Ewing, Andrew J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; ETHYLENE; INFRARED DEVICES; MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY; PHASE MATCHING; PUMPING (LASER); WAVEGUIDES;

CAVITY ENHANCED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; DIFFERENCE-FREQUENCY GENERATION; NEAR-INFRARED DIODE LASER; NONLINEAR OPTICAL CRYSTAL; PERIODICALLY POLED LINBO; QUASI-PHASE-MATCHED; TRACE GAS DETECTION; WAVELENGTH MODULATION SPECTROSCOPY;

OPTICAL FREQUENCY CONVERSION;

EID: 70350307000     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 15394522     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.48.005696     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. D. E. Vogler and M.W. Sigrist, "Near-infrared laser based cavity ringdown spectroscopy for applications in petrochemical industry," Appl. Phys B 85, 349-354 (2006).
2. J. J. Giovannoni, "Genetic regulation of fruit development and ripening," Plant Cell Physiol. 16, S170-S180 (2004).
3. S. M. Cristescu, R. Berkelmans, S. te Lintel Hekkert, B. H. Timmerman, D. H. Parker, and F. J. M. Harren, "Photoacoustic trace gas detection of ethene released by UV-induced lipid peroxidation in humans," Proc. SPIE 4162, 101-107 (2000).
4. 9 band of ethene measured by diode laser cavity ring down spectroscopy," Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6, 5313-5317 (2004).
5. R. G. Derwent, T. J. Davies, M. Delaney, G. J. Dollard, R. A. Field, P. Dumitrean, P. D. Nason, B. M. R. Jones, and S. A. Pelper, "Analysis and interpretation of the continuous hourly monitoring data for 26C2 -C8 hydrocarbons at 12 United Kingdom sites during 1996," Atmos. Environ. 34, 297-312 (2000).
6. L. Hagerman, W. J. Lonneman, and V. P. Aneja, "Characterization of non-methane hydrocarbons in the rural southeast United States," Atmos. Environ. 31, 4017-4038 (1997).
7. A. M. Parkes, R. E. Lindley, and A. J. Orr-Ewing, "Combining preconcentration of air samples with cavity ring-down spectroscopy for detection of trace volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere," Anal. Chem. 76, 7329-7335 (2004).
8. S. Y. Zhang, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, K. Kennedy, A. B. Krysa, and M. Hopkinson, "? ~ 3:1 μm room temperature InGaAs/AlAsSb/InP quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 031106 (2009).
9. R. Q. Yang, C. J. Hill, K. Mansour, Y. M. Qiu, A. Soibel, R. E. Muller, and P. M. Echternach, "Distributed feedback mid-IR Interband cascade lasers at thermoelectric cooler temperatures," IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13, 1074-1078 (2007).
10. W. Chen, J. Cousin, E. Poullet, J. Burie, D. Boucher, X. Gao, M.W. Sigrist, and F. K. Tittel, "Continuous-wave mid-infrared laser sources based on difference frequency generation" ["Sources lasers continues dans l'infrarouge par generation de différence de fréquences" ], Compt. Rend. Phys. 8, 1129-1150 (2007).
11. L. H. Deng, X. M. Gao, Z. S. Cao, W. D. Chen, Y. Q. Yuan, W. J. Zhang, and Z. B. Gong, "Widely phase-matched tunable difference-frequency generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal," Opt. Commun. 281, 1686-1692 (2008).
12. P.-M. Flaud and J. Orphal, "A continuous-wave differencefrequency generation laser operating in the mid-infrared (3-5 μm) region for accurate line intensity measurements," Infrared Phys. Technol. 51, 322-331 (2008).
13. O. Tadanaga, T. Yanagawa, Y. Nishida, K. Magari, T. Umeki, M. Asobe, and H. Suzuki, "Widely tunable 2:3 μm-band difference frequency generation in quasiphase-matched LiNbO3 ridge waveguide using index dispersion control," J. Appl. Phys. 102, 033102 (2007).
14. L. Ciaffoni, R. Grilli, G. Hancock, A. J. Orr-Ewing, R. Peverall, and G. A. D. Ritchie, "3:5 μm high-resolution gas sensing employing a LiNbO3 QPM-DFG waveguide module," Appl. Phys. B 94, 517-525 (2009).
15. Z. Cao, X. Gao, L. Deng, W. D. Chen, Y. Yuan, W. Zhang, and Z. Gong, "A difference frequency generation spectrometer and its detection of atmospheric N2O," Spectrochim. Acta Part A 68, 74-77 (2007).
16. H. Y. Clark, L. Corner, W. Denzer, G. Hancock, A. Hutchinson, M. Islam, R. Peverall, and G. A. D. Ritchie, "Difference frequency generation in periodically poled lithium niobate and its use in the detection of atmospheric methane," Chem. Phys. Lett. 399, 102-108 (2004).
17. P. Maddaloni, G. Gagliardi, P. Malara, and P. De Natale, "A 3:5mW continuous-wave difference-frequency source around 3 μm for sub-Doppler molecular spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. B 80, 141-145 (2005). (Pubitemid 40135994)
18. R. Barron-Jimenez, J. A. Caton, T. N. Anderson, R. P. Lucht, T.Walther, S. Roy, M. S. Brown, and J. R. Gord, "Application of a difference- frequency-mixing based diode-laser sensor for carbon monoxide detection in the 4:4-4:8 μm spectral region," Appl. Phys. B 85, 185-197 (2006).
19. W. Denzer, G. Hancock, A. Hutchinson, M. Munday, R. Peverall, and G. A. D. Ritchie, "Mid-infrared generation and spectroscopy with a PPLN ridge waveguide," Appl. Phys. B 86, 437-442 (2007).
20. D. Halmer, S. Thelen, P. Hering, and M. Mürtz, "Online monitoring of ethane traces in exhaled breath with a difference frequency generation spectrometer," Appl. Phys. B 85, 437-443 (2006).
21. O. Tadanaga, Y. Nishida, T. Yanagawa, H. Miyazawa, K. Magari, T. Umeki, K. Yoshino, M. Asobe, and H. Suzuki, "Diode-laser based 3mWDFG at 3:4 μm from wavelength conversion module using direct-bonded QPM-LN ridge waveguide," Electron. Lett. 42, 988-989 (2006).
22. R. Engeln, G. Berden, R. Peeters, and G. Meijer, "Cavity enhanced absorption and cavity enhanced magnetic rotation spectroscopy," Rev. Sci. Intrum. 69, 3763-3769 (1998).
23. G. Berden, R. Peeters, and G. Meijer, "Cavity ring-down spectroscopy: experimental schemes and applications," Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 19, 565-607 (2000).
24. J. B. Paul, L. Lapson, and J. G. Anderson, "Ultrasensitive absorption spectroscopy with a high-finesse optical cavity and off-axis alignment," Appl. Opt. 40, 4904-4910 (2001).
25. M. Mazurenka, A. J. Orr-Ewing, R. Peverall, and G. A. D. Ritchie, "Cavity ring-down and cavity enhanced spectroscopy using diode lasers," Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem. Sect. C 101, 100-142 (2005).
26. L. E. Myers, R. C. Eckardt, M. M. Fejer, and R. L. Byer, "Quasiphase-matched optical parametric oscillators in bulk periodically poled LiNbO3," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 12, 2102-2116 (1995).
27. M. Asobe, Y. Nishida, O. Tadanaga, H. Miyazawa, and H. Suzuki, "Wavelength conversion using quasi-phase matched LiNbO3 waveguides," IEICE Trans. Electron. E88-C, 335-341 (2005).
28. O. Tadanaga, T. Yanagawa, Y. Nishida, H. Miyazawa, K. Magari, M. Asobe, and H. Suzuki, "Efficient 3 μmdifference frequency generation using direct-bonded quasi-phasematched LiNbO3 ridge waveguides," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 061101 (2006).
29. D. Mazzotti, P. De Natale, G. Giusfredi, C. Fort, J. A. Mitchell, and L.W. Hollberg, "Difference-frequency generation in PPLN at 4:25 μm: an analysis of sensitivity limits for DFG spectrometers," Appl. Phys. B 70, 747-750 (2000).
30. D. H. Jundt, "Temperature-dependent Sellmeier equation for the index of refraction, ne, in congruent lithium niobate," Opt. Lett. 22, 1553-1555 (1997).
31. Y. Nishida, NTT Electronics Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato- Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, 243-10198 Japan (personal communication, 2009).
32. L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, A. Barbe, D. C. Benner, P. F. Bernath, M. Birke, V. Boudon, L. R. Brown, A. Campargue, J.-P. Champion, K. Chance, L. H. Couderi, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, S. Fally, J.-M. Flaudi, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, D. Jacquemart, I. Kleiner, N. Lacome, W. J. Lafferty, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, S. N. Mikhailenko, C. E. Miller, N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, O. V. Naumenko, A. V. Nikitin, J. Orphal, V. I. Perevalov, A. Perrin, A. Predoi-Cross, C. P. Rinsland, M. Rotger, M. Šimecková, M. A. H. Smith, K. Sung, S. A. Tashkun, J. Tennyson, R. A. Toth, A. C. Vandaele, and J. Vander Auwera, "The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database," J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 110, 533-572 (2009).
33. The HITRAN database is available from http://www .hitran.com.
34. J. Henningsen and H. Simonsen, "Quantitative wavelengthmodulation spectroscopy without certified gas mixtures," Appl. Phys. B 70, 627-633 (2000).