Postpartum management of the perineum

British Journal of Midwifery

Volumn 17, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 571-577

  Bick, Debra ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WEST LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70350191756     PISSN: 09694900     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.12968/bjom.2009.17.9.43890     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Albers L, Garcia J, Renfrew M, McCandlish R, Elbourne D (1999) Distribution of genital tract trauma in childbirth and related postnatal pain. Birth 26: 11-15
2. Barrett G, Pendry E, Peacock J et al (2000) Women's sexual problems after childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107 (2) : 186-95
3. Bick D, MacArthur C, Knowles H, Winter H (2002) Postnatal Care. Evidence and Guidelines for Management. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
4. Briggs M, Nelson EA (2004) Topical agents or dressings for pain in venous leg ulcers (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Chichester
5. Brown S, Lumley J (1998) Maternal health after childbirth: results of an Australian based survey. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105: 156-61
6. Corkhill A, Lavender T, Walkinshaw SA, Alfirevic Z (2001). Reducing postnatal pain from perineal tears by using lignocaine gel: a double-blind randomized trial. Birth 28 (1) : 22-7
7. Dale A, Cornwall S (1994) The role of lavender oil in relieving perineal discomfort following childbirth: a blind randomized controlled trial. J Adv Nurs 19 (1) : 89-96
8. Davidson N (1974) REEDA: evaluating postpartum healing. J Nurse Midwifery 19: 6-9
9. Eason E, Labreque M, Wells G, Feldman P (2000) Preventing perineal trauma during childbirth: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 95 (3) : 464-71
10. Fenner DE, Genberg B, Brahma P, Marek L, DeLancy JO (2003) Fecal and urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery with anal sphincter disruption in an obstetrics unit in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189: 1543-50
11. Fernando R, Johanson R, Kettle C, Sultan A, Radley S (2004) Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury (Protocol for a Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester
12. Fitzpatrick M, Cassidy M, Ronan O'Connell, O'Herlihy (2002) Experience with an obstetric perineal clinic. Europ J Obstet Gynecol 100: 199-203
13. Fynes MM, Donnelley V, Cassidy M et al (1999) A prospective, randomized study comparing the effect of augmented biofeedback with sensory biofeedback alone on fecal incontinence after obstetric trauma. Dis Colon Rectum 42 (6) : 753-61
14. Glazener CMA, Abdalla A, Stroud P et al (1995) Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 102: 282-87
15. Glazener CMA (1997) Sexual function after childbirth: women's experiences, persistent morbidity and lack of professional recognition. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104: 330-35
16. Goldaber KG, Wendel PJ, McIntire DD, Wendel GD Jr (1993) Postpartum perineal morbidity
17. after fourth-degree perineal repair. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168 (2) : 489-93
18. Greenshields W, Hulme H (1993) The Perineum in Childbirth. A Survey of Women's Experiences and Midwifery Practices. The National Childbirth Trust, London
19. Greer LA, Cameron AD (1984) Topical pramoxine and hydrocortisone foam versus placebo in relief of post-partum episiotomy symptoms and wound healing. Scot Med J 29: 104-6
20. Hay-Smith EJC (2004) Therapeutic ultrasound for postpartum perineal pain and dyspareunia (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester
21. Hedayati H, Parsons J, Crowther CA (2004a) Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester
22. Hedayati H, Parsons J, Crowther CA (2004b) Topically applied anaesthetics for treatment of perineal pain after childbirth (Protocol for a Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester
23. Kamm MA (1998) Faecal incontinence. Br Med J 316: 528-32
24. Kettle C, Hills RK, Jones P, Darby L, Gray, Johanson R (2002) Continuous versus interrupted perineal repair with standard or rapidly absorbed sutures after spontaneous vaginal birth: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 359: 2217-23
25. Klein MC, Gauthier RJ, Robbins JM et al (1994) Relationship of episiotomy to perineal trauma and morbidity, sexual dysfunction and pelvic floor relaxation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171 (3) : 591-98
26. Leigh DA, Emmanuel FXS, Sedgwick J et al (1990) Post-operative urinary tract infection and wound infection in women undergoing caesarean section: a comparison of two study periods in 1985 and 1987. J Hosp Infect 15: 107-16
27. Maduma-Butshe A, Dyall A, Garner P (1998) Routine episiotomy in developing countries. Br Med J 316: 1179-80
28. McLaws ML, Caelli M (2000) Pilot testing standardized surveillance: Hospital Infection Standardised Surveillance (HISS). Am J Infect Control 28 (6) : 401-5
29. Masson F, Bilweis J, Di Lucca D, Trentsaux G, Wrube H (1988) Interest ina new suture material for 2000 episiotomy repairs: Polyglactin 410. Clinique Gynéologique et Obstétricale: 19-21
30. Metcalfe A, Tohill S, Williams A, Haldon V, Brown L, Henry L (2002) A pragmatic tool for the measurement of perineal tears. Br J Midwif 10 (7) : 412-17
31. Minassian VA, Allahyar J, Prien SD, Timmons RL, Stumbo K (2002) Randomized Trial of Lidocaine Ointment Versus Placebo for the Treatment of Postpartum Perineal Pain. Obstet Gynecol 100: 1239-43
32. Moore W, James DK (1989) A random trial of three topical analgesic agents in the treatment of episiotomy pain following instrumental vaginal delivery. J Obstet Gynaecol 10: 35-9
33. Morof D, Barrett G, Peacock J, Victor CR, Manyonda I (2003) Postnatal depression and sexual health after childbirth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 102 (6) : 1318-25
34. Morris E, Mukhophadyay S (2003) Dyspareunia in gynaecological practice. Curr Obstet Gynaecol 13: 232-8
35. Propst AM, Thorp JM Jr (1998) Traumatic vulvar hematomas: conservative versus surgical management. Southern Med J 91 (2) : 144-6
36. Ridgway L (1995) Puerperal emergency. Vaginal and vulvar haematomas. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 22 (2) : 275-82
37. Sleep J, Grant A (1987) Pelvic floor exercises in postnatal care - the report of a randomised controlled trial to compare an intensive exercise regimen with the programme in current use. Midwifery 3: 158-64
38. Sleep J, Grant A (1988) Relief of perineal pain following childbirth: a survey of midwifery practice. Midwifery 4: 118-22
39. Sleep J (1990) Postnatal perineal care. In: Alexander J, Levy V, Roch S, eds. Postnatal Care: a research based approach. Macmillan, London
40. Sleep J (1991) Perineal Care, a series of 5 randomized controlled trials. In: Robinson S, Thomson A, eds. Midwives Research and Childbirth. Chapman Hall, London: 200
41. Sharp CA, McLaws M (2004) Wound dressings for surgical sites (Protocol for a Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester
42. Steen M, Cooper K, Marchant P, Griffiths Jones, Walker J (2000) A randomised controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of icepacks and Epifoam with cooling maternity gel pads at alleviating postnatal perineal trauma. Midwifery 16: 48-55
43. Steen M, Cooper K (1997) A tool for assessing perineal trauma. J Wound Care 6 (9) : 432-6
44. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Bartram CI (1994) Third degree obstetric anal sphincter
45. tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair. Br Med J 308: 887-91
46. Sultan AH (1999) Obstetrical perineal injury and anal incontinence. Clinical Risk 5: 193-6
47. Villella J, Garry D, Levine G, Glanz S, Figueroa R, Maulik D (2001) Postpartum angiographic embolization for vulvovaginal hematoma. A report of two cases. J Reprod Med 46 (1) : 65-7
48. Wood J, Amos L, Rieger N (1998) Third degree anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 38: 414-17