Rapid Lateglacial tree population dynamics and ecosystem changes in the eastern Baltic region

Journal of Quaternary Science

Volumn 24, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 802-815

  Heikkilä, Maija ^a,b   Fontana, Sonia L ^c   Seppä, Heikki ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Lateglacial; North European trees; North eastern Europe; Rapid climate change; Vegetation dynamics

Indexed keywords

DEGLACIATION; HOLOCENE; LATE GLACIAL; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOECOLOGY; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALYNOLOGY; POSTGLACIAL; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; VEGETATION HISTORY; YOUNGER DRYAS;

BALTIC REGION; EURASIA;

BETULA; DRYAS OCTOPETALA; PICEA;

EID: 70350191531     PISSN: 02678179     EISSN: 10991417     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jqs.1254     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Alley R. 2000. Younger Dryas cold interval as viewed from central Greenland. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 213-226.
2. Ammann B, Birks HJB, Brooks SJ, Eicher U, von Grafenstein U, Hofmann W, Lemdahl G, Schwander J, Tobolski K, Wick L. 2000. Quantification of biotic responses to rapid climate changes around the Younger Dryas: a synthesis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 159: 313-347.
3. Bartish IV, Kadereit JW, Comes HP. 2006. Late Quaternary history of Hippophaë rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae) inferred from chalcone synthase intron (Chsi) sequences and chloroplast DNA variation. Molecular Ecology 15: 4065-4083.
4. Bennett KD, Tzedakis PC, Willis KJ. 1991. Quaternary refugia of North European trees. Journal of Biogeography 18: 103-115.
5. Bertsch K. 1941. Früchte und Samen: Ein Bestimmungsbuch zur Pflanzenkunde der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit. Enke: Stuttgart.
6. Bhagwat SA, Willis KJ. 2008. Species persistence in northerly glacial refugia of Europe: a matter of chance or biogeographical traits? Journal of Biogeography 35: 464-482.
7. Bialobrzeska M, Truchanowiczowna J. 1960. The variability of shape of fruits and scales of the European birches (Betula L.) and their determination in fossil materials. Monographiae Botanicae 9: 1-93.
8. Birks HH. 2000. Aquatic macrophyte vegetation development in Kråkenes Lake, western Norway, during the late-glacial and early-Holocene. Journal of Paleolimnology 23: 7-19.
9. Birks HH, Ammann B. 2000. Two terrestrial records of rapid climatic change during the glacial-Holocene transition (14,000-9,000 calendar years B.P.) from Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 1390-1394.
10. Birks HH, Birks HJB. 2008. Biological responses to rapid climate change at the Younger Dryas-Holocene transition at Kråkenes, western Norway. The Holocene 18: 19-30.
11. Birks HJB. 1986. Late-Quaternary biotic changes in terrestrial and lacustrine environments, with particular reference to north-west Europe. In Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology, Berglund BE (ed.). Wiley: Chichester; 3-65.
12. Birks HJB, Gordon AD. 1985. Numerical Methods in Quaternary Pollen Analysis. Academic Press: London.
13. Björck S. 1995. A review of the history of the Baltic Sea 13.0-8 ka BP. Quaternary International 27: 19-40.
14. Broecker WS. 2006. Abrupt climate change revisited. Global and Planetary Change 54: 211-215.
15. Bronk Ramsey C. 1995. Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy: the OxCal program. Radiocarbon 37: 425-430.
16. Bronk Ramsey C. 2001. Development of the radiocarbon calibration program OxCal. Radiocarbon 43: 355-363.
17. Bronk Ramsey C. 2008. Deposition models for chronological records. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 42-60.
18. Burkett VR, Wilcox DA, Stottlemyer R, Barrowa W, Fagre D, Baron J, Price J, Nielsen JL, Allen CD, Peterson DL, Ruggerone G, Doyle T. 2005. Nonlinear dynamics in ecosystem response to climatic change: case studies and policy implications. Ecological Complexity 2: 357-394.
19. Carrion JS, Yll EI, Walker MJ, Legaz AJ, Chain C, Lopez A. 2003. Glacial refugia of temperate, Mediterranean and Ibero-North African flora in south-eastern Spain: new evidence from cave pollen at two Neanderthal man sites. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12: 119-129.
20. Ceria A, Kalnia L. 2000. A new investigation of sections on the right bank of the Raunis River. In Zintnisks conferences Zemes un vides zintu sekcijas refertus tzes: Latvijas Universitte, Riga; 29-32.
21. Cheddadi R, Vendramin G, Litt T, François L, Kageyama M, Lorentz S, Laurent JM, de Beaulieu JL, Sadori L, Jost A, Lunt D. 2006. Imprints of glacial refugia in the modern genetic diversity of Pinus sylvestris. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15: 271-282.
22. Cohen A. 2003. Paleolimnology: The History and Evolution of Lake Systems. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
23. Dahl E. 1998. The Phytogeography of Northern Europe (British Isles, Fennoscandia and Adjacent Areas). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
24. Danby RK, Hik DK. 2007. Variability, contingency and rapid change in recent subarctic alpine tree line dynamics. Journal of Ecology 95: 352-363.
25. Davis MB, Botkin DB. 1985. Sensitivity of cool-temperate forests and their fossil pollen record to rapid temperature-change. Quaternary Research 23: 327-340.
26. Denton GH, Alley RB, Comer GC, Broecker WS. 2005. The role of seasonality in abrupt climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 24: 1159-1182.
27. Donner J. 1995. The Quaternary History of Scandinavia. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
28. Ehlers J, Eissmann L, Lippstreu L, Stephan H-J, Wansa S. 2004. Pleistocene glaciations of North Germany. In Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology. Part I. Europe, Ehlers J, Gibbard PL (eds). Elsevier: Amsterdam; 135-143.
29. Feurdean A, Wohlfarth B, Björkman L, Tantau I, Bennike O, Willis KJ, Farcas S, Robertsson A-M. 2007. The influence of refugial population on Lateglacial and early Holocene vegetational changes in Romania. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 145: 305-320.
30. Gervais BR, MacDonald GM, Snyder JA, Kremenetski C. 2002. Pinus sylvestris treeline development and movement on the Kola Peninsula of Russia: pollen and stomate evidence. Journal of Ecology 90: 627-638.
31. Giesecke T, Bennett KD. 2004. The Holocene spread of Picea abies (L.) Karst. in Fennoscandia and adjacent areas. Journal of Biogeography 31: 1523-1548.
32. Giesecke T, Bjune AE, Chiverrell RC, Seppä H, Ojala AEK, Birks HJB. 2008. Exploring Holocene continentality changes in Fennoscandia using present and past tree distributions. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 1296-1308.
33. Goslar T, Balaga K, Arnold M, Tisneratc N, Starnawskad E, Kuzniarski M, Chróstf L, Walanus A, Wiccowski K. 1999. Climate-related variations in the composition of the Late Glacial and early Holocene sediments of Lake Perespilno (eastern Poland). Quaternary Science Reviews 18: 899-911.
34. Grosse-Brauckmann G, Streitz B. 1992. Pflanzliche Makrofossilien mitteleuropäischer Torfe III. Früchte, Samen und einige Gewebe (Fotos von fossilen Pflanzenresten). Telma 22: 53-102.
35. Hafsten U. 1992. The immigration and spread of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift 46: 121-158.
36. Heiri O, Lotter AF, Lemcke G. 2001. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology 25: 101-110.
37. Heiri O, Cremer H, Engels S, Hoek WZ, Peeters W, Lotter AF. 2007. Lateglacial summer temperatures in the Northwest European lowlands: a chironomid record from Hijkermeer, the Netherlands. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 2420-2437.
38. Hewitt GM. 1999. Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 68: 87-112.
39. Hicks S. 1994. Present and past pollen records for Lapland forests. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 82: 17-35.
40. Houmark-Nielsen M, Björck S, Wohlfarth B. 2006. Cosmogenic 10Be ages on the Pomeranian moraine, Poland: comments. Boreas 35: 600-604.
41. Huijzer B, Vandenberghe J. 1998. Climatic reconstruction of the Weichselian Pleniglacial in northwestern and central Europe. Journal of Quaternary Science 13: 391-417.
42. Huntley B, Birks HJB. 1983. An Atlas of Past and Present Pollen Maps for Europe: 0-13000 Years Ago. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
43. Ilves E, Mäemets H. 1996. Estonia: type region E-g, upper Devonian plateau. In Palaeoecological Events during the Last 15 000 years: Regional Syntheses of Palaeoecological Studies of Lakes and Mires in Europe, Berglund BE, Birks HJB, Ralskajasieviczowa M, Wright HE (eds). Wiley: Chichester; 386-392.
44. Isarin RFB. 1997. Permafrost distribution and temperatures in Europe during the Younger Dryas. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 8: 313-333.
45. Isarin RFB, Bohncke SJP. 1999. Mean July temperatures during the Younger Dryas in northwestern and central Europe as inferred from climate indicator plant species. Quaternary Research 51: 158-173.
46. Iversen J. 1954. The late-glacial flora of Denmark and its relation to climate and soil. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse II 80: 87-119.
47. Iversen J. 1958. The bearings of glacial and interglacial epochs on the formation and extinction of plant taxa. Uppsala Universitets Årsskrift 6: 210-215.
48. Juggins S. 2007. C2: Software for ecological and palaeoecological data analysis and visualisation. Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne.
49. Kabailien M. 1998. Vegetation history and climate changes in Lithuania during the Late Glacial and Holocene according to pollen and diatom data. PACT 54: 13-30.
50. Kalm V. 2006. Pleistocene chronostratigraphy in Estonia, southeastern sector of the Scandinavian glaciations. Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 960-975.
51. Kim S, Crowley TJ, Erickson DJ, Govindasamy B, Duffy PB, Lee BY. 2008. High-resolution climate simulation of the last glacial maximum. Climate Dynamics 31: 1-16.
52. Kultti S, Mikkola K, Virtanen T, Timonen M, Eronen M. 2006. Past changes in the Scots pine forest line and climate in Finnish Lapland: a study based on megafossils, lake sediments, and GIS-based vegetation and climate data. The Holocene 16: 381-391.
53. Larocque I, Finsinger W. 2008. Late-glacial chironomid-based temperature reconstructions for Lago Piccolo di Avigliana in the southwestern Alps (Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 257: 207-223.
54. Latalowa M, Borówka RK. 2006. The Allerod/Younger Dryas transition in Wolin Island, northwest Poland, as reflected by pollen, macrofossils, and chemical content of an organic layer separating two aeolian series. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 15: 321-331.
55. Latalowa M, van der Knaap WO. 2006. Late Quaternary expansion of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. in Europe according to pollen data. Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 2780-2805.
56. Lie Ø, Paasche Ø. 2006. How extreme was northern hemisphere seasonality during the Younger Dryas? Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 404-407.
57. Liiva A, Ilves E, Punning J-M. 1966. List of the radiocarbon datings of the Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Academy of Sciences. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences Biology 1: 112-121.
58. Liu H, Wei F, Liu K, Zhu J, Wang H. 2008. Determinants of pollen dispersal in the East Asian steppe at different spatial scales. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 149: 219-228.
59. Loehle C. 2000. Forest ecotone response to climate change: sensitivity to temperature response functional forms. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30: 1632-1645.
60. Magny M, Guiot J, Schoellammer P. 2001. Quantitative reconstruction of Younger Dryas to mid-Holocene paleoclimates at Le Locle, Swiss Jura, using pollen and lake-level data. Quaternary Research 56: 170-180.
61. Makhnach N, Zernitskaja V, Kolosov I, Simakova G. 2004. Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in Late Glacial-Holocene freshwater carbonates from Belarus and their palaeoclimatic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 209: 73-101.
62. Maliouchenko O, Palmé AE, Buonamici A, Vendramin GG, Lascoux M. 2007. Comparative phylogeography and population structure of European Betula species, with particular focus on B. pendula and B. pubescens. Journal of Biogeography 34: 1601-1610.
63. Marshall JD, Jones RT, Crowley SF, Oldfield F, Nash S, Bedford A. 2002. A high resolution Late-Glacial isotopic record from Hawes Water, Northwest England Climatic oscillations: calibration and comparison of palaeotemperature proxies. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 185: 24-40.
64. Miller PA, Giesecke T, Hickler T, Bradshaw RHW, Smith B, Seppä H, Valdes PJ, Sykes MT. 2008. Exploring climatic and biotic controls on Holocene vegetation change in Fennoscandia. Journal of Ecology 96: 247-259.
65. Moore PD, Webb JA, Collinson ME. 1991. Pollen Analysis. Blackwell: London.
66. Morin X, Viner D, Chuine I. 2008. Tree species range shifts at a continental scale: new predictive insights from a process-based model. Journal of Ecology 96: 784-794.
67. North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) members. 2004. High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature 431: 147-151.
68. Oswald WW, Anderson PM, Brown TA, Brubaker LB, Hu FS, Lozhkin AV, Tinner W, Kaltenrieder P. 2005. Effects of sample mass and macrofossil type on radiocarbon dating of arctic and boreal lake sediments. Holocene 15: 758-767.
69. Overpeck JT, Cole JE. 2006. Abrupt change in Earth's climate system. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 31: 1-31.
70. Palmé AE, Su Q, Rautenberg A, Mann IF, Lascoux M. 2003. Postglacial recolonization and cpDNA variation of silver birch. Betula pendula. Molecular Ecology 12: 201-212.
71. Palmé AE, Su Q, Palsson S, Lascoux M. 2004. Extensive sharing of chloroplast haplotypes among European birches indicates hybridization among Betula pendula, B. pubescens and B. nana. Molecular Ecology 13: 167-178.
72. Parsons RW, Prentice IC, Saarnisto M. 1980. Statistical studies on pollen representation in Finnish lake sediments in relation to forest inventory data. Annales Botanici Fennici 17: 379-393.
73. Payette S. 2007. Contrasted dynamics of northern Labrador tree lines caused by climate change and migrational lag. Ecology 88: 770-780.
74. Payette S, Fortin M-J, Gamache I. 2001. The subarctic forest-tundra: the structure of a biome in a changing climate. Bioscience 51: 709-718.
75. Peyron O, Bégeot C, Brewer S, Heiri O, Magny M, Millet L, Ruffaldi P, Van Campo E, Yu G. 2005. Late-Glacial climatic changes in Eastern France (Lake Lautrey) from pollen, lake-levels, and chironomids. Quaternary Research 64: 197-211.
76. Pirrus R. 1969. New information about stratigraphic subdivision of Late Glacial deposits by means of pollen analyses. ENSV TA Toimetised Keemia Geoloogia 18: 181-190.
77. Post E. 2003. Climate-vegetation dynamics in the fast lane. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 551-553.
78. Prentice CI, Helmisaari HH. 1991. Silvics of north European trees: compilation, comparisons and implications for forest succession modelling. Forest Ecology and Management 42: 79-93.
79. Punning J-M, Raukas A, Serebryanny LR, Stelle V. 1968. Paleogeographical peculiarities and absolute age of the Luga stage of the Valdaian glaciation on the Russian plain. Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, Geologiya 178: 916-918.
80. Pyhäjärvi T, Salmela M, Savolainen O. 2008. Colonization routes of Pinus sylvestris inferred from distribution of mitochondrial DNA variation. Tree Genetics and Genomes 4: 247-254.
81. Rasmussen SO, Andersen KK, Svensson AM, Steffensen JP, Vinther BM, Clausen HB, Siggaard-Andersen M-L, Johnsen SJ, Larsen LB, Dahl-Jensen D, Bigler M, Röthlisberger R, Fischer H, Goto-Azuma K, Hansson ME, Ruth U. 2006. A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 111: DO6102.
82. Raukas A, Aboltin O, Gaigalas A. 1995. Current state and new trends in the Quaternary geology of the Baltic states. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology 44: 1-14.
83. Reimer PJ, Baillie MGL, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck JW, Bertrand CJH, Blackwell PG, Buck CE, Burr GS, Cutler KB, Damon PE, Edwards RL, Fairbanks RG, Friedrich M, Guilderson TP, Hogg AG, Hughen KA, Kromer B, McCormac G, Manning S, Ramsey CB, Reimer RW, Remmele S, Southon JR, Stuiver M, Talamo S, Taylor F, van der Plicht J, Weyhenmeyer CE. 2004. IntCal04 Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0-26 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46: 1029-1059.
84. Renssen H, Isarin R. 2001. The two major warming phases of the last deglaciation at 14.7 and 11.5 kyr cal BP in Europe: climate reconstructions and AGCM experiments. Global and Planetary Change 30: 117-154.
85. Renssen H, Isarin RFB, Jacob D, Podzun R, Vandenberghe J. 2001. Simulation of the Younger Dryas climate in Europe using a regional climate model nested in an AGCM: preliminary results. Global and Planetary Change 30: 41-57.
86. Rinterknecht VR, Clark PU, Raisbeck GM, Yiou F, Bitinas A, Brook EJ, Marks L, Zelcs V, Lunkka J-P, Pavlovkaya IE, Piotrowski JA, Raukas A. 2006. The last deglaciation of the southeastern sector of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet. Science 311: 1449-1452.
87. Saarse L, Poska A, Veski S. 1999. The spread of Alnus and Picea in Estonia. Proceedings of Estonian Academy of Sciences Geology 48: 170-186.
88. Saarse L, Rajamäe R. 1997. Holocene vegetation and climatic change on the Haanja Heights, SE Estonia. Proceedings of Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology 46: 75-92.
89. Sandgren P, Hang T, Snowball I. 1997. A late Weichselian geomagnetic record from Lake Tamula, SE Estonia. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 119: 279-284.
90. Sawada M, Viau AE, Gajewski K. 2003. The biogeography of aquatic macrophytes in North America since the Last Glacial Maximum. Journal of Biogeography 30: 999-1017.
91. Selås V, Piovesan G, Adams JM, Bernabei M. 2002. Climatic factors controlling reproduction and growth of Norway spruce in southern Norway. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32: 217-225.
92. Seppä H, Nyman M, Korhola A, Weckström J. 2002. Changes of tree-lines and arctic-alpine vegetation in relation to post-glacial climate dynamics in northern Fennoscandia based on pollen and chironomid records. Journal of Quaternary Science 17: 287-301.
93. Seppä H, Birks HJB, Odland A, Poska A, Veski S. 2004. A modern pollen-climate calibration set from northern Europe: developing and testing a tool for palaeoclimatological reconstructions. Journal of Biogeography 31: 251-267.
94. Seppä H, Birks HJB, Giesecke T, Hammarlund D, Alenius T, Antonsson K, Bjune AE, Heikkilä M, MacDonald GM, Ojala AEK, Telford RJ, Veski S. 2007. Spatial structure of the 8200 cal yr BP event in northern Europe. Climate of the Past 3: 225-236.
95. Severinghaus JP, Sowers T, Brook EJ, Alley RB, Bender ML. 1998. Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the Younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice. Nature 391: 141-146.
96. Sinclair WT, Morman JD, Ennos RA. 1999. The postglacial history of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Western Europe: evidence from mitochondrial DNA variation. Molecular Ecology 8: 83-88.
97. Stancikaite M, Kisieliene D, Strimaitiene A. 2004. Vegetation response to the climatic and human impact changes during the Late Glacial and Holocene: case study of the marginal area of Baltija Upland, NE Lithuania. Baltica 17: 17-33.
98. Stanikait M, inknas P, eirien V, Kisielien D. 2008. Patterns and chronology of the Lateglacial environmental development at Pamerkiai and Kauiai, Lithuania. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 127-147.
99. Stelle V, Savvaitov A. 2002. Palynostratigraphical and palaeogeographical signs for identification of interstadial terms during recession of the last ice sheet in Latvia. In 5th Baltic Stratigraphical Conference Basin Stratigraphy: Modern Methods and Problems, Vilnius; 185-187.
100. Stelle V, Savvaitov AS, Veksler VS. 1975. Absolute age of chronostratigraphical stages and boundaries of late-glacial and postglacial in the territory of central Baltic. In Sostoyaniye metodischeskikh issledovaniy v oblasti absolyutnoy geokhronologii, Afanasyev GD (ed.). Nauka: Moscow; 187-191.
101. Stewart JR, Lister AM. 2001. Cryptic northern refugia and the origins of the modern biota. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 608-613.
102. Sugita S, Gaillard MJ, Broström A. 1999. Landscape openness and pollen records: a simulation approach. The Holocene 9: 409-421.
103. Svendsen JI, Alexanderson H, Astakhov VI, Demidov I, Dowdeswelle JA, Funder S, Gataulling V, Henriksen M, Hjort C, Houmark-Nielsen M, Hubberten HW, Ingólfsson Ó, Jakobsson M, Kjæri KH, Larsen E, Lokrantzo H, Lunkka JP, Lyså A, Mangerud J, Matiouchkov A, Murray A, Möller P, Niessen F, Nikolskaya O, Polyak L, Saarnisto M, Siegert C, Siegert MJ, Spielhagen RF, Stein R. 2004. Late Quaternary ice sheet history of northern Eurasia. Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 1229-1271.
104. Sweeney C. 2004. A key for the identification of stomata of the native conifers of Scandinavia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 128: 281-290.
105. Tarasov PE, Peyron O, Guiot J, Brewer S, Volkova VS, Bezusko LG, Dorofeyuk NI, Kvavadze EV, Osipova IM, Panova NK. 1999. Last Glacial Maximum climate of the former Soviet Union and Mongolia reconstructed from pollen and plant macrofossil data. Climate Dynamics 15: 227-240.
106. ter Braak CJF. 1995. Ordination. In Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology, Jongman RHG, ter Braak CJF, van Tongeren OFR (eds). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; 91-173.
107. ter Braak CJF, Smilauer P. 1998. CANOCO Reference Manual and User's Guide to Canoco for Windows: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4). Microcomputer Power: Ithaca, NY.
108. Terhürne-Berson R. 2005. Changing distribution patterns of selected conifers in the Quaternary of Europe caused by climatic variations. PhD thesis, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn.
109. Tinner W, Kaltenrieder P. 2007. Rapid responses of high-mountain vegetation to early Holocene environmental changes in the Swiss Alps. Journal of Ecology 93: 936-947.
110. Tomlinson P. 1985. An aid to the identification of fossil buds, bud-scales and catkin-scales of British trees and shrubs. Circaea 3: 45-130.
111. Turney CSM, Coope R, Harkness DD, Lowe JJ, Walker MJ. 2000. Implications for the dating of Wisconsinan (Weichselian) Late- Glacial events of systematic radiocarbon age differences between terrestrial plant macrofossils from a site in SW Ireland. Quaternary Research 53: 114-121.
112. Tzedakis PC, Lawson IT, Frogley MR, Hewitt GM, Preece RC. 2002. Buffered tree population changes in a Quaternary refugium: evolutionary implications. Science 297: 2044-2047.
113. Väliranta M. 2006. Long-term changes in aquatic plant species composition in north-eastern European Russia and Finnish Lapland, as evidenced by plant macrofossil analysis. Aquatic Botany 85: 224-232.
114. Van Dinter M, Birks HH. 1996. Distinguishing fossil Betula nana and B. pubescens using their wingless fruits: implications for the late-glacial vegetational history of western Norway. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 5: 229-240.
115. Velichko AA, Faustova MA. 1986. Glaciations in the east European region of the USSR. Quaternary Science Reviews 5: 447-461.
116. Velichko AA, Andreev AA, Klimanov VA. 1997. Climate and vegetation dynamics in the tundra and forest zone during the late Glacial and Holocene. Quaternary International 41-42: 71-96.
117. Velichko AA, Catto N, Drenova AN, Klimanov VA, Kremenetski KV, Nechaev VP. 2002. Climate changes in East Europe and Siberia at the Late glacial-Holocene transition. Quaternary International 91: 75-99.
118. Veski S, Seppä H, Ojala AEK. 2004. Cold event at 8200 yr B.P. recorded annually laminated lake sediments in eastern Europe. Geology 32: 681-684.
119. Warner BG, Kubiw HJ, Karrow PF. 1991. Origin of a postglacial kettle-fill sequence near Georgetown, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28: 1965-1974.
120. Williams JW, Post DM, Cwynar LC, Lotter AF, Levesque AJ. 2002. Rapid and widespread vegetation responses to past climate change in the North Atlantic region. Geology 30: 971-974.
121. Willis KJ, van Andel TH. 2004. Trees or no trees? The environments of central and eastern Europe during the Last Glaciation? Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 2369-2387.
122. Wohlfarth B, Schwark L, Bennike O, Filimonova L, Tarasov P, Björkman L, Brunnberg L, Demidov I, Possnert G. 2004. Unstable early- Holocene climatic and environmental conditions in northwestern Russia derived from a multidisciplinary study of a lake-sediment sequence from Pichozero, southeastern Russian Karelia. The Holocene 14: 732-746.
123. Wohlfarth B, Lacourse T, Bennike O, Subetto DA, Demidov I, Filimonova L, Tarasov P, Sapelko T. 2007. Climatic and environmental changes in NW Russia between 15,000 and 8000 cal yr BP: a review. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 1871-1883.
124. Wu H, Guiot J, Brewer S, Guo Z. 2007. Climatic changes in Eurasia and Africa at the last glacial maximum and mid-Holocene: reconstruction from pollen data using inverse vegetation modelling. Climate Dynamics 29: 211-229.
125. Yu Z. 2000. Ecosystem response to Lateglacial and early Holocene climate oscillations in the Great Lakes region of North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 1723-1747.
126. Zels V, Markots A. 2004. Deglaciation history of Latvia. In Quaternary glaciations: Extent and Chronology. Part I. Europe, Ehlers J, Gibbard PL (eds). Elsevier: Amsterdam; 225-243.
127. Zelikson EM. 1997. The flora and vegetation in Europe during the Alleröd. Quaternary International 41-42: 97-101.