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1
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70350097000
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note
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We use the following phylogenetic definitions: Tyrannoraptora, the least inclusive clade containing Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905 and Passer domesticus (Linnaeus 1758); Tyrannosauroidea, the most inclusive clade containing Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905 but not Omithomimus edmontonicus Sternberg 1933, Troodon formosus Leidy 1856, Velodraptor mongoliensis Osborn 1924; Tyrannosauridae, the least inclusive clade containing Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905 and Gorgosaurus libratus Lambe 1914, Albertosaurus sarcophagus Osborn 1905.
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4
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26244452315
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D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, H. Osmdlska, Eds. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2004
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T. R. Holtz Jr., in The Dinosaurio, D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, H. Osmdlska, Eds. (Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2004), pp. 111-136.
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The Dinosaurio
, pp. 111-136
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Holtz Jr., T.R.1
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5
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6044252427
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X. Xu et al., Nature 431, 680 (2004).
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(2004)
Nature
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Xu, X.1
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7
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4043159096
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G. M. Erickson et al., Nature 430, 772 (2004).
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(2004)
Nature
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Erickson, G.M.1
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8
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32544439572
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X. Xu et al., Nature 439, 715 (2006).
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Nature
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Xu, X.1
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9
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70350115670
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10.1098/rspb.2009.0249
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D. Li, M. A. Norell, K. Q. Gao, N. D. Smith, P. J. Makovicky, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 10.1098/rspb.2009.0249 (2009).
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(2009)
Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B
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Li, D.1
Norell, M.A.2
Gao, K.Q.3
Smith, N.D.4
Makovicky, P.J.5
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10
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0035007428
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S. Hutt, D. Naish, D. M. Martill, M. J. Barker, P. Newbery, Cretac. Res. 22, 227 (2001).
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Cretac. Res.
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Hutt, S.1
Naish, D.2
Martill, D.M.3
Barker, M.J.4
Newbery, P.5
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15
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70350106314
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note
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Etymology: raptor, plunderer (Greek); rex, king (Greek); kriegsteini, after Roman Kriegstein, in whose honor the specimen was secured for scientific study. Holotype: LH PV18, partially articulated skeleton composed of disarticulated cranial bones representing most of the skull and postcranial skeleton, lacking portions of the forelimb and the distal one-half of the tail (beyond the 11th caudal). The holotype represents a young adult, as shown by fusion of the nasals and braincase elements in the skull and at least partial fusion of all neurocentral sutures. Cataloged in the collection of the Long Hao Institute of Geology and Paleontology (Hohhot, Nei Mongol Autonomous Region) and the University of Chicago (Chicago). Locality: Approximately 41°20'N and 119°40'E, collected privately in the border area between Liaoning Province and the Nei Mongol Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Horizon and associations: Lujiatun Beds of the Yixian Formation, comprising a tuffaceous fluvial fades of the Jehol Group with its well-known Jehol Biota that includes the teleost Lycoptera and pelecypods, which were found in association with the holotypic skeleton (16). The matrix around the fossil is light green, massive, poorly sorted, tuffaceous, micaceous sandstone with fibrous gypsum. The light-colored, uncrushed bones were buried for the most part in articulation. The absence of laminated, fine-grained sediment or conchostracans characterizes the Lujiatun Beds of the Yixian Formation, dated to the late Early Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian, -125 Ma) (16). Diagnosis: Basal tyrannosauroid with a narrow accessory pneumatic fossa within the antorbital fossa dorsal to the maxillary fenestra, jugal suborbital ramus of particularly narrow depth (transverse width approximately 60% of vertical depth), and absence of a vertical crest on the iliac blade dorsal to the acetabulum.
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16
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70350092123
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See supporting material on Science Online.
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See supporting material on Science Online.
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21
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0002591682
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C. Gans, Ed. Academic Press, London
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J. A. Hopson, in Biology of the Reptilia, C. Gans, Ed. (Academic Press, London, 1979), vol.9, pp. 39-146.
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Biology of the Reptilia
, vol.9
, pp. 39-146
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Hopson, J.A.1
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22
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70350096999
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University of Texas at Austin
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J. W. Franzosa, thesis, University of Texas at Austin (2004).
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(2004)
Thesis
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Franzosa, J.W.1
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28
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85041141070
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Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
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A. G. Smith, D. G. Smith, B. M. Funnell, Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Coastlines (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994), pp. 1-38.
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(1994)
Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Coastlines
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Smith, A.G.1
Smith, D.G.2
Funnell, B.M.3
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31
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70350106313
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note
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For final drafts of all figures, we thank C. Abraczinskas. For preparation of fossil material, we thank personnel of the Western Paleontological Laboratories and the Fossil Lab at the University of Chicago. For assistance with computed tomography imaging, we thank C. Straus and C. Wietholt; for preparation of pateohistologic sections, we thank E. Lamm and D. Varricchio. For examination of fossil material in their care, we thank X. Xu, M. Norell, and S. Hutt. Supported by the Whitten-Newman Foundation and the National Geographic Society (to P.C.S.). This is Publication 3 of the Chinese-American Dinosaur Expeditions.
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