Phenotypic population divergence in terrestrial vertebrates at macro scales

Ecology Letters

Volumn 12, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 1137-1146

  Jetz, Walter ^a,b   Ashton, Kyle G ^b   La Sorte, Frank A ^a,b  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Amphibians; Birds; Body size; Environment; Gene flow; Intraspecific variation; Mammals; Population variability; Range size; Reptiles; Vertebrates

Indexed keywords

BODY SIZE; COEXISTENCE; DIVERGENCE; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; GENE FLOW; GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION; INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; RANGE SIZE; SPECIATION (BIOLOGY); TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT; VERTEBRATE;

ADAPTATION; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BODY SIZE; FEMALE; GENE FLOW; GEOGRAPHY; HISTOLOGY; MALE; PHENOTYPE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; VERTEBRATE;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; BODY SIZE; FEMALE; GENE FLOW; GEOGRAPHY; MALE; PHENOTYPE; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; VERTEBRATES;

AMPHIBIA; AVES; MAMMALIA; REPTILIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 70350068394     PISSN: 1461023X     EISSN: 14610248     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01369.x     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Alexander, R.M. (1998). When is migration worthwhile for animals that walk, swim or fly? J. Avian Biol., 29, 387 394.
2. Ashton, K.G. (2002). Patterns of within-species body size variation of birds: strong evidence for Bergmann's rule. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 11, 505 523.
3. Ashton, K.G. Feldman, C.R. (2003). Bergmann's rule in nonavian reptiles: turtles follow it, lizards and snakes reverse it. Evolution, 57, 1151 1163.
4. Bergmann, C. (1847). Über die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Grösse. Göttinger Studien, 3, 595 708.
5. Berven, K.A. (1982). The genetic basis of altitudinal variation in the wood frog Rana sylvatica. 2. An experimental analysis of larval development. Oecologia, 52, 360 369.
6. Bolnick, D.I., Svanback, R., Araujo, M.S. Persson, L. (2007). Comparative support for the niche variation hypothesis that more generalized populations also are more heterogeneous. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 10075 10079.
7. Brown, J.H. Maurer, B.A. (1989). Macroecology: the division of food and space among species on continents. Science, 243, 1145 1150.
8. Brown, W.L.J. Wilson, E.O. (1956). Character displacement. Syst. Zool., 5, 49 64.
9. Buckley, L.B. Jetz, W. (2008). Linking global turnover of species and environments. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 17836 17841.
10. Burnham, K.P. Anderson, D.R. (2002). Model Selection and Multimodel Inference. Springer, New York.
11. Calder, W.A. (1984). Size, Function and Life History. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA; London.
12. Damuth, J. (1981). Population density and body size in mammals. Nature, 290, 699 700.
13. Davies, J.T., Meiri, S., Barraclough, T.G. Gittleman, J.L. (2007). Species co-existence and character divergence across carnivores. Ecol. Lett., 10, 146 152.
14. Ehrlich, P.R. Daily, G.C. (1993). Population extinction and saving biodiversity. Ambio, 22, 64 68.
15. Ellison, G.T.H., Taylor, P.J., Nix, H.A., Bronner, G.N. McMahon, J.P. (1993). Climatic adaptation of body size among pouched mice (Saccostomus campestris: Cricetidae) in the Southern African subregion. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. Lett., 3, 41 47.
16. Endler, J.A. (1973). Gene Flow and Population Differentiation. Science, 179, 243 250.
17. Endler, J.A. (1977). Geographic Variation, Speciation, and Clines. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
18. Felsenstein, J. (1976). The theoretical population genetics of variable selection and migration. Annu. Rev. Genet., 10, 253 280.
19. Freckleton, R.P., Harvey, P.H. Pagel, M. (2002). Phylogenetic analysis and comparative data: a test and review of evidence. Am. Nat., 160, 712 726.
20. Freckleton, R.P., Harvey, P.H. Pagel, M. (2003). Bergmann's rule and body size in mammals. Am. Nat., 161, 821 825.
21. Gould, S.J. Johnston, R.F. (1972). Geographic variation. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 3, 457 498.
22. Grant, P.R. (1972). Convergent and divergent character displacement. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 4, 39 68.
23. Haldane, J.B. (1948). The theory of a cline. Genetics, 48, 277 284.
24. Hallgrimsson, B. Maiorana, V. (2000). Variability and size in mammals and birds. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 70, 571 595.
25. Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand. J. Stat., 6, 65 70.
26. Hutchinson, G.E. (1959). Homage to Santa Rosalia or why are there so many kinds of animals. Am. Nat., 93, 145 159.
27. Hutchison, D.W. Templeton, A.R. (1999). Correlation of pairwise genetic and geographic distance measures: inferring the relative influences of gene flow and drift on the distribution of genetic variability. Evolution, 53, 1898 1914.
28. James, F.C. (1970). Geographic size variation in birds and its relationship to climate. Ecology, 51, 365 390.
29. Jenkins, D.G., Brescacin, C.R., Duxbury, C.V., Elliott, J.A., Evans, J.A., Grablow, K.R. et al. (2007). Does size matter for dispersal distance? Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 16, 415 425.
30. Jetz, W., Carbone, C., Fulford, J. Brown, J.H. (2004). The scaling of animal space use. Science, 306, 266 268.
31. Jetz, W., Freckleton, R.P. McKechnie, A.E. (2008). Environment, migratory tendency, phylogeny and basal metabolic rate in birds. PLoS ONE, 3, e3261.
32. Lande, R. (1980). Genetic variation and phenotypic evolution during allopatric speciation. Am. Nat., 116, 463.
33. Legendre, P. Legendre, L. (1998). Numerical Ecology (2nd English edition). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
34. Lewontin, R.C. (1966). On the measurement of relative variability. Syst. Zool., 15, 141 142.
35. Manel, S., Schwartz, M.K., Luikart, G. Taberlet, P. (2003). Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics. Trends Ecol. Evol., 18, 189 197.
36. Mayr, E. (1963). Animal Species and Evolution. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA.
37. McNab, B.K. (1971). On the ecological significance of Bergman's rule. Ecology, 52, 845 854.
38. Meiri, S. Dayan, T. (2003). On the validity of Bergmann's rule. J. Biogeogr., 30, 331 351.
39. Meiri, S., Yom-Tov, Y. Geffen, E. (2007). What determines conformity to Bergmann's rule? Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 16, 788 794.
40. New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M. Makin, I. (2002). A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas. Climate Res, 21, 1 25.
41. Ramachandran, S., Deshpande, O., Roseman, C.C., Rosenberg, N.A., Feldman, M.W. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. (2005). Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 15942 15947.
42. Rutledge, J.J., Eisen, E.J. Legates, J.E. (1973). An experimental evaluation of genetic correlation. Genetics, 75, 709 726.
43. Scholander, P.F. (1955). Evolution of climatic adaptation in homeotherms. Evolution, 9, 15 26.
44. Sebens, K.P. (1987). The ecology of indeterminate growth in animals. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 18, 371 407.
45. Sinervo, B. Adolph, S.C. (1994). Growth plasticity and thermal opportunity in Sceloporus lizards. Ecology, 75, 776 790.
46. Slatkin, M. (1985). Gene flow in natural populations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 16, 393 430.
47. Sokal, R.R. (1983). Analyzing character variation in geographic space. In : Numerical Taxonomy (ed. Felsenstein, J.). Springer, New York, pp. 383 403.
48. Soule, M. Stewart, B.R. (1970). The "niche-variation" hypothesis: a test and alternatives. Am. Nat., 104, 85 97.
49. Storz, J.F. (2002). Contrasting patterns of divergence in quantitative traits and neutral DNA markers: analysis of clinal variation. Mol. Ecol., 11, 2537 2551.
50. Sutherland, G.D., Harestad, A.S., Price, K. Lertzman, K.P. (2000). Scaling of natal dispersal distances in terrestrial birds and mammals. Conserv. Ecol., 4, 16.
51. Van Valen, L. (1965). Morphological variation and width of ecological niche. Am. Nat., 99, 377 390.
52. Wikelski, M. Thom, C. (2000). Marine iguanas shrink to survive El Nino - changes in bone metabolism enable these adult lizards to reversibly alter their length. Nature, 403, 37 38.
53. Wilcox, R.R. (2005). Introduction to Robust Estimation and Hypothesis Testing. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
54. Yablokov, A.V. (1966). Variability of Mammals. Amerind, New Delhi.