The obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus pandemic: Ii. therapeutic management of atherogenic dyslipidemia

Journal of Clinical Hypertension

Volumn 11, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 520-527

  Ginsberg, Henry N ^a   MacCallum, Paul R ^b  

^a Department of Medicine and the Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b Envision Pharma   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 METHYLPROPANETHIOIC ACID S [2 [1 (2 ETHYLBUTYL)CYCLOHEXYLCARBOXAMIDO]PHENYL] ESTER; 2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ANACETRAPIB; ATORVASTATIN; BEZAFIBRATE; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN INHIBITOR; ETC 216; EZETIMIBE; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GEMFIBROZIL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; NICOTINIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PHYTOSTEROL; PIOGLITAZONE; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; STANOL ESTER; TORCETRAPIB; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; CLOFIBRIC ACID;

ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; TREATMENT PLANNING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; DRUG COMBINATION; DYSLIPIDEMIAS;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CLOFIBRIC ACID; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPOLIPIDEMIC AGENTS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NIACIN; OBESITY;

EID: 70350066787     PISSN: 15246175     EISSN: 17517176     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-4572.2009.00060.x     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Executive summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001, 285(19):2486-2497.
2. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2008. Diabetes Care 2008, 31(suppl 1):S12-S54.
3. Buse JB, Ginsberg HN, Bakris GL. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Circulation 2007, 115(1):114-126.
4. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004, 110(2):227-239.
5. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Executive summary. Cardiol Rev. 2005, 13(6):322-327.
6. Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 366(9500):1849-1861.
7. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999, 341(6):410-418.
8. Elam MB, Hunninghake DB, Davis KB. Effect of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease: the ADMIT study: A randomized trial. Arterial Disease Multiple Intervention Trial. JAMA 2000, 284(10):1263-1270.
9. Zhao XQ, Morse JS, Dowdy AA. Safety and tolerability of simvastatin plus niacin in patients with coronary artery disease and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (The HDL Atherosclerosis Treatment Study). Am J Cardiol 2004, 93(3):307-312.
10. Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 2003, 108(4):414-419.
11. Haffner SM, Alexander CM, Cook TJ. Reduced coronary events in simvastatin-treated patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes or impaired fasting glucose levels: subgroup analyses in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Arch Intern Med 1999, 159(22):2661-2667.
12. Pyorala K, Ballantyne CM, Gumbiner B. Reduction of cardiovascular events by simvastatin in nondiabetic coronary heart disease patients with and without the metabolic syndrome: subgroup analyses of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Diabetes Care. 2004, 27(7):1735-1740.
13. Goldberg RB, Mellies MJ, Sacks FM. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: subgroup analyses in the cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) trial. The Care Investigators. Circulation 1998, 98(23):2513-2519.
14. Keech A, Colquhoun D, Best J. Secondary prevention of cardiovascular events with long-term pravastatin in patients with diabetes or impaired fasting glucose: results from the LIPID trial. Diabetes Care. 2003, 26(10):2713-2721.
15. Sever PS, Poulter NR, Dahlof B. Reduction in cardiovascular events with atorvastatin in 2,532 patients with type 2 diabetes: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-lipid-lowering arm (ASCOT-LLA). Diabetes Care. 2005, 28(5):1151-1157.
16. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994, 344(8934):1383-1389.
17. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 1996, 335(14):1001-1009.
18. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998, 339(19):1349-1357.
19. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005, 352(14):1425-1435.
20. Shepherd J, Barter P, Carmena R. Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Diabetes Care. 2006, 29(6):1220-1226.
21. Deedwania P, Barter P, Carmena R. Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: analysis of the Treating to New Targets study. Lancet 2006, 368(9539):919-928.
22. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 361(9374):2005-2016.
23. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360(9326):7-22.
24. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 361(9364):1149-1158.
25. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995, 333(20):1301-1307.
26. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004, 364(9435):685-696.
27. Knopp RH, d'Emden M, Smilde JG. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: The Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care. 2006, 29(7):1478-1485.
28. Koskinen P, Manttari M, Manninen V. Coronary heart disease incidence in NIDDM patients in the Helsinki Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 1992, 15(7):820-825.
29. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D. Diabetes, plasma insulin, and cardiovascular disease: subgroup analysis from the Department of Veterans Affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial (VA-HIT). Arch Intern Med 2002, 162(22):2597-2604.
30. Scott R, Best J, Forder P. Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study: baseline characteristics and short-term effects of fenofibrate [ISRCTN64783481]. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005, 4:13.
31. Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomised study. Lancet 2001, 357(9260):905-910.
32. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation 2000, 102(1):21-27.
33. Tenenbaum A, Motro M, Fisman EZ. Bezafibrate for the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with metabolic syndrome. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165(10):1154-1160.
34. Ginsberg HN. Niacin in the metabolic syndrome: more risk than benefit?. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006, 2(6):300-301.
35. Canner PL, Furberg CD, McGovern ME. Benefits of niacin in patients with versus without the metabolic syndrome and healed myocardial infarction (from the Coronary Drug Project). Am J Cardiol 2006, 97(4):477-479.
36. Canner PL, Furberg CD, Terrin ML. Benefits of niacin by glycemic status in patients with healed myocardial infarction (from the Coronary Drug Project). Am J Cardiol 2005, 95(2):254-257.
37. Grundy SM, Vega GL, McGovern ME. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-daily niacin for the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes: results of the assessment of diabetes control and evaluation of the efficacy of niaspan trial. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162(14):1568-1576.
38. Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Athyrou VV. Atorvastatin and micronized fenofibrate alone and in combination in type 2 diabetes with combined hyperlipidemia. Diabetes Care. 2002, 25(7):1198-1202.
39. Grundy SM, Vega GL, Yuan Z. Effectiveness and tolerability of simvastatin plus fenofibrate for combined hyperlipidemia (the SAFARI trial). Am J Cardiol 2005, 95(4):462-468.
40. Davidson MH. Combination therapy for dyslipidemia: safety and regulatory considerations. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90(10B):50K-60K.
41. Thompson PD, Clarkson PM, Rosenson RS. An assessment of statin safety by muscle experts. Am J Cardiol 2006, 97(8A):69C-76C.
42. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2001, 345(22):1583-1592.
43. Taylor AJ, Sullenberger LE, Lee HJ. Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation 2004, 110(23):3512-3517.
44. Mackness MI, Bhatnagar D, Durrington PN. Effects of a new fish oil concentrate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994, 48(12):859-865.
45. Harris WS, Ginsberg HN, Arunakul N. Safety and efficacy of Omacor in severe hypertriglyceridemia. J Cardiovasc Risk 1997, 4(5-6):385-391.
46. Davidson MH, Stein EA, Bays HE. Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2007, 29(7):1354-1367.
47. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999, 354(9177):447-455.
48. Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2002, 112(4):298-304.
49. Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet 2007, 369(9567):1090-1098.
50. Singh IM, Shishehbor MH, Ansell BJ. High-density lipoprotein as a therapeutic target: a systematic review. JAMA 2007, 298(7):786-798.
51. Nissen SE, Tsunoda T, Tuzcu EM. Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003, 290(17):2292-2300.
52. Navab M, Anantharamaiah GM, Reddy ST. Oral D-4F causes formation of pre-beta high-density lipoprotein and improves high-density lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Circulation 2004, 109(25):3215-3220.
53. Clark RW. Raising high-density lipoprotein with cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006, 6(2):162-168.
54. Le Goff W, Guerin M, Chapman MJ. Pharmacological modulation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein, a new therapeutic target in atherogenic dyslipidemia. Pharmacol Ther 2004, 101(1):17-38.
55. Okamoto H, Yonemori F, Wakitani K. A cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor attenuates atherosclerosis in rabbits. Nature 2000, 406(6792):203-207.
56. Morehouse LA, Sugarman ED, Bourassa PA. Inhibition of CETP activity by torcetrapib reduces susceptibility to diet-induced atherosclerosis in New Zealand White rabbits. J Lipid Res 2007, 48(6):1263-1272.
57. Krishna R, Anderson MS, Bergman AJ. Effect of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, anacetrapib, on lipoproteins in patients with dyslipidaemia and on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in healthy individuals: two double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase I studies. Lancet 2007, 370(9603):1907-1914.
58. Kastelein JJ, van Leuven SI, Burgess L. Effect of torcetrapib on carotid atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 2007, 356(16):1620-1630.
59. Nissen SE, Tardif JC, Nicholls SJ. Effect of torcetrapib on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2007, 356(13):1304-1316.
60. Bots ML, Visseren FL, Evans GW. Torcetrapib and carotid intima-media thickness in mixed dyslipidaemia (RADIANCE 2 study): a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2007, 370(9582):153-160.
61. Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M. Effect of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N Engl J Med 2007, 357(21):2109-2122.
62. de Grooth GJ, Kuivenhoven JA, Stalenhoef AF. Efficacy and safety of a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, JTT-705, in humans: a randomized phase II dose-response study. Circulation 2002, 105(18):2159-2165.
63. Kuivenhoven JA, de Grooth GJ, Kawamura H. Effectiveness of inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein by JTT-705 in combination with pravastatin in type II dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol 2005, 95(9):1085-1088.
64. Clark RW, Sutfin TA, Ruggeri RB. Raising high-density lipoprotein in humans through inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein: an initial multidose study of torcetrapib. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004, 24(3):490-497.
65. Brousseau ME, Schaefer EJ, Wolfe ML. Effects of an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein on HDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 2004, 350(15):1505-1515.
66. Davidson MH, McKenney JM, Shear CL. Efficacy and safety of torcetrapib, a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, in individuals with below-average high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48(9):1774-1781.
67. McKenney JM, Davidson MH, Shear CL. Efficacy and safety of torcetrapib, a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, in individuals with below-average high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on a background of atorvastatin. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48(9):1782-1790.