Nanomaterial-assisted signal enhancement of hybridization for DNA biosensors

Sensors

Volumn 9, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 7343-7364

  Liu, Jinhuai ^a   Liu, Jinyun ^a   Yang, Liangbao ^a   Chen, Xing ^a   Zhang, Meiyun ^a   Meng, Fanli ^a   Luo, Tao ^a   Li, Minqiang ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF INTELLIGENT MACHINES   (China)

Author keywords

Carbon nanotubes; DNA detection; Nanopaticles; Nanosemiconductors; Quantum dots; Sensitivity

Indexed keywords

DNA DETECTION; NANO-SEMICONDUCTORS; NANOPATICLES; QUANTUM-DOTS; SENSITIVITY;

CARBON NANOTUBES; DNA; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SIGNAL DETECTION;

BIOSENSORS;

EID: 70350022532     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s90907343     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. McCarty, M. Discovering genes are made of DNA. Nature 2003, 421, 406.
2. Bostick, M.; Kim, J.K.; Esteve, P.O.; Clark, A.; Pradhan, S.; Jacobsen, S.E. UHRF1 plays a role in maintaining DNA methylation in mammalian cells. Science 2007, 317, 1760-1764.
3. Kuwayama, H.; Yanagida, T.; Ueda, M. DNA oligonucleotide-assisted genetic manipulation increases transformation and homologous recombination efficiencies: Evidence from gene targeting of dictyostelium discoideum. J. Biotechnol. 2008, 133, 418-423.
4. Ainsworth, C. Disasters drive DNA forensics to reunite families. Nature 2006, 7094, 673.
5. Guo, G.; Tong, T.Y. Genetic, demographic, and socioeconomic influences on timing of first sexual intercourse: Twin and DNA data of add health. Behav. Genet. 2005, 35, 803.
6. Alt, A.; Lammens, K.; Chiocchini, C.; Lammens, A.; Pieck, J.C.; Kuch, D.; Hopfner, K.P.; Carell, T. Bypass of DNA lesions generated during anticancer treatment with cisplatin by DNA polymerase. Science 2007, 318, 967-970.
7. Borentain, P.; Gerolami, V.; Ananian, P.; Garcia, S.; Noundou, A.; Botta-Fridlund, D.; Le Treut, Y.P.; Berge-Lefranc, J.L.; Gerolami, R. DNA-repair and carcinogen-metabolising enzymes genetic polymorphisms as an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasian livertransplanted patients. Eur. J. Cancer 2007, 43, 2479-2486.
8. Ferrando, A.; Lecis, R.; Domingo-Roura, X.; Ponsa, M. Genetic diversity and individual identification of reintroduced otters (Lutra lutra) in north-eastern Spain by DNA genotyping of spraints. Conserv. Genet. 2008, 9, 129-139.
9. Douglas, C.; Ehlting, J. Arabidopsis thaliana full genome longmer microarrays: a powerful gene discovery tool for agriculture and forestry. Transgenic Res. 2005, 14, 551-561.
10. Wu, J.; Prausnitz, J. Generalizations for the potential of mean force between two isolated colloidal particles from monte carlo simulations. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 252, 326-330.
11. Wang, S.; Cheng, Q. Microarray analysis in drug discovery and clinical applications. Methods Mol. Biol. 2005, 316, 49-65.
12. Kumar, N.; Dorfman, A.; Hahm, J. Ultrasensitive DNA sequence detection using nanoscale ZnO sensor arrays. Nanotechlology 2006, 17, 2875-2881.
13. Kerman, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Tamiya, E. Recent trends in electrochemical DNA biosensor technology. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2004, 15, R1-R11.
14. Lagerqvist, J.; Zwolak, M.; Ventra, M. Fast DNA sequencing via transverse electronic transport. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 779-782.
15. Lazerges, M.; Perrot, H.; Zeghib, N.; Antoine, E.; Compere, C. In situ QCM DNA-biosensor probe modification. Sens. Actuat. B 2006, 120, 329-337.
16. Idegami, K.; Chikae, M.; Kerman, K.; Nagatani, N.; Yuhi, T.; Endo, T.; Tamiya, E. Gold nanoparticle-based redox signal enhancement for sensitive detection of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone. Electroanalysis 2008, 20, 14-21.
17. He, Y.; Wang, H.F.; Yan, X.P. Self-assembly of Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots/octa(3- aminopropyl)octasilsequioxane octahydrochloride nanohybrids for optosensing DNA. Chem. Eur. J. 2009, 15, 5436-5440.
18. Malic, L.; Cui, B.; Veres, T.; Tabrizian, M. Enhanced surface plasmon resonance imaging detection of DNA hybridization on periodic gold nanoposts. Optics Lett. 2007, 32, 3092-3094.
19. Negulyaev, N.N.; Stepanyuk, V.S.; Niebergall, L.; Bruno, P.; Hergert, W.; Repp, J.; Rieder, K.H.; Meyer, G. Direct evidence for the effect of quantum confinement of surface-state electrons on atomic diffusion. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 101, 226601.
20. Cheregi, F.S.; Vinattieri, A.; Feltin, E.; Simeonov, D.; Levrat, J.; Carlin, J.F.; Butte, R.; Grandjean, N.; Gurioli, M. Impact of quantum confinement and quantum confined Stark effect on biexciton binding energy in GaN/AlGaN quantum wells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 152105.
21. Li, C.C.; Du, Z.F.; Yu, H.C.; Wang, T.H. Low-temperature sensing and high sensitivity of ZnO nanoneedles due to small size effect. Thin Solid Films 2009, 517, 5931-5934.
22. Fagas, G.; Tkachov, G.; Pfund, A.; Richter, K. Geometrical enhancement of the proximity effect in quantum wires with extended superconducting tunnel contacts. Phys. Rev. B 2005, 71, 224510.
23. Shevchenko, E.V.; Bodnarchitk, M.I.; Kovalenko, M.V.; Talapin, D.V.; Smith, R.K.; Aloni, S.; Heiss, W.; Alivisatos, A.P. Gold/iron oxide core/hollow-shell nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 4323-4329.
24. Wang, C.C.; Yu, C.Y.; Kei, C.C.; Lee, C.T.; Perng, T.P. The formation of TiO2 nanowires directly from nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 285601.
25. Yuen, M.Y.; Roy, V.A.L.; Lu, W.; Kui, S.C.F.; Tong, G.S.M.; So, M.H.; Chui, S.S.Y.; Muccini, M.; Ning, J.Q.; Xu, S.J.; Che, C.M. Semiconducting and electroluminescent nanowires selfassembled from organoplatinum(II) complexes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 9895-9899.
26. Tran, M.L.; Centeno, S.P.; Hutchison, J.A.; Engelkamp, H.; Liang, D.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Sels, B.F.; Hofkens, J.; Uji, I.H. Control of surface plasmon localization via self-assembly of silver nanoparticles along silver nanowires. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 17240-17241.
27. Soci, C.; Bao, X.Y.; Aplin, D.P.R.; Wang, D.L. A systematic study on the growth of GaAs nanowires by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4275-4282.
28. Maciel, I.O.; Delgado, J.C.; Silva, E.C.; Pimenta, M.A.; Sumpter, B.G.; Meunier, V.; Urias, F.L.; Sandoval, E.M.; Terrones, H.; Terrones, M.; Jorio, A. Synthesis, electronic structure, and raman scattering of phosphorus-doped single-wall carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 2267-2272.
29. Li, W.Y.; Camargo, P.H.C.; Lu, X.M.; Xia, Y.N. Dimers of silver nanospheres: facile synthesis and their use as hot spots for surface-enhanced raman scattering. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 485-490.
30. Lin, Y.W.; Huang, M.F.; Chang, H.T. Nanomaterials and chip-based nanostructures for capillary electrophoretic separations of DNA. Electrophoresis 2005, 26, 320-330.
31. Healy, K. Nanopore-based single-molecule DNA analysis. Nanomedicine 2007, 2, 459-481.
32. Wang, Z.D.; Lu, Y. Functional DNA directed assembly of nanomaterials for biosensing. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 1788-1798.
33. Wang, H.; Yang, R.H.; Yang, L.; Tan W.H. Nucleic acid conjugated nanomaterials for enhanced molecular recognition. ACS NANO Article ASAP. DOI: 10.1021/nn9006303.
34. Letuta, S.N.; Ketsle, G.A.; Levshin, L.V.; Nikiyan, A.N.; Davydova, O.K. A study of the interaction of rhodamine 6G with DNA by spectrophotometry and probe microscopy. Opt Spectrosc. 2002, 933, 844-847.
35. Sadik, A.O.; Turner, J.L.H.; Kilgore, T.M.; Farkas, A.M.; Lotze, M.T. Comparative analysis of biolayer interferometry, small-volume spectrophotometry, and intercalating fluorometric assays for the detection of DNA in serum. J. Leukocyte Biol. 2008, 84, A34.
36. Matsumoto, Y.; Terui, N.; Tanaka, S. Electrochemical detection and control of interactions between DNA and electroactive intercalator using a DNA-Alginate complex film modified electrode. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 4240-4244.
37. Ferreyra, N.F.; Rivas, G.A. Self-assembled multilayers of polyethylenimine and DNA: spectrophotometric and electrochemical characterization and application for the determination of acridine orange interaction. Electroanalysis 2009, 21, 1665-1671.
38. Nawaz, H.; Rauf, S.; Akhtar, K.; Khalid, A.M. Electrochemical DNA biosensor for the study of ciprofloxacin-DNA interaction. Anal. Biochem. 2006, 354, 28-34.
39. Li, F.; Chen, W.; Zhang, S.S. Development of DNA electrochemical biosensor based on covalent immobilization of probe DNA by direct coupling of sol-gel and self-assembly technologies. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2008, 24, 781-786.
40. Zhang, X.Z.; Jiao, K.; Liu, S.F.; Hu, Y.W. Readily reusable electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensor based on the interaction of DNA with single-walled carbon nanotubes. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 6006-6012.
41. Zhao, J.W.; Wu, L.Z.; Zhi, J.F. Fabrication of micropatterned ZnO/SiO2 core/shell nanorod arrays on a nanocrystalline diamond film and their application to DNA hybridization detection. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 2459-2465
42. Lee, D.; Yoo, M.; Seo, H.; Tak, Y.; Kim, W.; Yong, K.; Rhee, S.; Jeon, S. Enhanced mass sensitivity of ZnO nanorod-grown quartz crystal microbalances. Sens. Actuat. B 2009, 135, 444-448.
43. Gu, C.P.; Huang J.R.; Ni, N.; Li, M.Q.; Liu, J.H. Detection of DNA hybridization based on SnO2 nanomaterial enhanced fluorescence. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2008, 41, 175103.
44. Mathur, S.; Erdemc, A.; Cavelius, C.; Bartha, S.; Altmayer, J. Amplified electrochemical DNA- sensing of nanostructured metal oxide films deposited on disposable graphite electrodes functionalized by chemical vapor deposition. Sens. Actuat. B 2009, 136, 432-437.
45. Xu, Y.; Cai, H.; He, P.G.; Fang, Y.Z. Probing DNA hybridization by impedance measurement based on CdS-Oligonucleotide nanoconjugates. Electroanalysis 2004, 16, 150-155.
46. Xia, Q.; Chen, X.; Liu, J.H. Cadmium sulfide-modified GCE for direct signal-amplified sensing of DNA hybridization. Biophys. Chem. 2008, 136, 101-107.
47. Hohng, S.; Ha, T. Single-molecule quantum-dot fluorescence resonance energy transfer. ChemPhysChem 2005, 6, 956-960.
48. Willard, D.M.; Van Orden, A. Quantum dots: resonant energy-transfer sensor. Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 575-576.
49. Wang, Y.; Zou, J.; Zhao, Z.M.; Hao, Z.; Wang, K.L. High quality InAs quantum dots grown on patterned Si with a GaAs buffer layer. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 305301.
50. Sun, J.; Wang, L.W.; Buhro, W.E. Synthesis of cadmium telluride quantum wires and the similarity of their effective band gaps to those of equidiameter cadmium telluride quantum dots. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7997-8005.
51. Ko, M.H.; Kim, S.; Kang, W.J.; Lee, J.H.; Kang, H.; Moon, S.H.; Hwang, D.W.; Ko, H.Y.; Lee, D.S. In vitro derby imaging of cancer biomarkers using quantum dots. Small 2009, 5, 1207-1212.
52. Stopa, M.; Marcus, C.M. Magnetic field control of exchange and noise immunity in double quantum dots. Nano Lett. 2009, 8, 1778-1782.
53. Dayal, S.; Burda, C. Semiconductor quantum dots as two-photon sensitizers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2890-2891.
54. Lu, S.; Madhukar, A. Nonradiative resonant excitation transfer from nanocrystal quantum dots to adjacent quantum channels. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 3443-3451.
55. Wang, C.H.; Chen, T.T.; Tan, K.W.; Chen, Y.F.; Cheng, C.T.; Chou, P.T. Photoluminescence properties of CdTe/CdSe core-shell type-II quantumdots. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 99, 123521.
56. Doose, S. Optical amplification from single excitons in collodial quantum dots. Small 2007, 3, 1856-1858.
57. Duan, H.W.; Nie, S.M. Cell-penetrating quantum dots based on multivalent and endosome-disrupting surface coatings. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 3333-3338.
58. Gopar, V.A.; Mendez-Bermudez, J.A.; Aly, A.H. Effects of Andreev reflection on the conductance of quantum chaotic dots. Phys. Rev. B 2009, 79, 245412.
59. Dyadyusha, L.; Yin, H.; Jaiswal, S.; Brown, T.; Baumberg, J.J.; Booye F.P.; Melvin, T. Quenching of CdSe quantum dot emission, a new approach for biosensing. Chem. Commun. 2005, 3201-3203.
60. Robelek, R.; Niu, L.F.; Schmid, E.L.; Knoll, W. Multiplexed hybridization detection of quantum dot-conjugated DNA sequences using surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence microscopy and spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 6160-6165.
61. Ma, L.; Wu, S.M.; Huang, J.; Ding, Y.; Pang, D.W.; Li, L.J. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on maize metaphase chromosomes with quantum dot-labeled DNA conjugates. Chromosoma 2008, 117, 181-187.
62. Ho, Y.P.; Kung, M.C.; Yang, S.; Wang, T.H. Multiplexed hybridization detection with multicolor colocalization of quantum dot nanoprobes. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1693-1697.
63. Zhang, C.Y.; Yeh, H.C.; Kuroki, M.; Wang, T.H. Single-quantum-dot-based DNA nanosensor. Nature Mater. 2005, 4, 826-831.
64. Ko, S.H.; Grant, S.A. A novel FRET-based optical fiber biosensor for rapid detection of Salmonella typhimurium. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2006, 21, 1283-1290.
65. Willemse, M.; Janssen, E.; de Lange, F.; Wieringa, B.; Fransen, J. ATP and FRET-a cautionary note. Nature Biotechnol. 2007, 25, 170-172.
66. Liu, C.C.; Hang, H.Y. A progress in detection of interactions between macromolecules: Linked FRET using three color fluorophore. Progr. Biochem. Biophys. 2006, 33, 292-296.
67. Attar, H.A.; Monkman, A.P. Effect of surfactant on FRET and quenching in DNA sequence detection using conjugated polymers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 2498-2509.
68. Padilla-Parra, S.; Auduge, N.; Coppey-Moisan, M.; Tramier, M. Quantitative FRET analysis by fast acquisition time domain FLIM at high spatial resolution in living cells. Biophys. J. 2008, 95, 2976-2988.
69. Koukiekolo, R.; Jakubek, Z.J.; Cheng, J.; Sagan, S.M. Pezacki, J.P. Studies of a viral suppressor of RNA silencing p19-CFP fusion protein: a FRET-based probe for sensing double-stranded fluorophore tagged small RNAs. Biophys. Chem. 2009, 143, 166-169.
70. Miyake-Stoner, S.J.; Miller, A.M.; Hammill, J.T.; Peeler, J.C.; Hess, K.R.; Mehl, R.A.; Brewer, S.H. Probing protein folding using site-specifically encoded unnatural amino acids as FRET donors with tryptophan. Biochemistry 2009, 48, 5953-5962.
71. Peng, H.; Zhang, L.j.; Kjallman, T.H.M.; Soeller, C.; Sejdic, J.T. DNA hybridization detection with blue luminescent quantum dots and dye-labeled single-stranded DNA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 3048-3049.
72. Wu, C.S.; Cupps, J.M.; Fan, X.D. Compact quantum dot probes for rapid and sensitive DNA detection using highly efficient fluorescence resonant energy transfer. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 305502.
73. Kim, J.H.; Chaudhary, S.; Ozkan, M. Multicolour hybrid nanoprobes of molecular beacon conjugated quantum dots: FRET and gel electrophoresis assisted target DNA detection. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 195105.
74. Kim, Y.S.; Kim, B.C.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, J.B.; Gu, M.B. Specific detection of DNA using quantum dots and magnetic beads for large volume samples. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 2006, 11, 449-454.
75. Feng, C.L.; Zhong, X.H.; Steinhart, M.; Caminade, A.M.; Majoral, J.P.; Knoll, W. Graded-bandgap quantum-dot-modified nanotubes: a sensitive biosensor for enhanced detection of DNA hybridization. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 1933-1936.
76. Li, J.; Liu, Q.; Liu, Y.J.; Liu, S.C.; Yao, S.Z. DNA biosensor based on chitosan film doped with carbon nanotubes. Anal. Biochem. 2005, 346, 107-114.
77. Corgier, B.J.; Li, F.; Blum, L.J.; Marquette, C.A. On-chip chemiluminescent signal enhancement using nanostructured gold-modified carbon microarrays. Langmuir 2007, 23, 8619-8623.
78. Shang, L.; Chen, H.J.; Deng, L.; Dong, S.J. Enhanced resonance light scattering based on biocatalytic growth of gold nanoparticles for biosensors design. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2008, 23, 1180-1184.
79. Wang, J.L.; Zhou, H.S. Aptamer-based Au nanoparticles-enhanced surface plasmon resonance detection of small molecules. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 7174-7178.
80. Chen, C.C.; Ko, F.H.; Chang, E.Y. Hybridization sensing by electrical enhancement with nanoparticles in nanogap. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 2008, 26, 2572-2577.
81. Nie, L.B.; Yang, Y.; Li, S.; He, N.Y. Enhanced DNA detection based on the amplification of gold nanoparticles using quartz crystal microbalance. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 305501.
82. Lu, W.; Jin, Y.; Wang, G.; Chen, D.; Li, J.H. Enhanced photoelectrochemical method for linear DNA hybridization detection using Au-nanopaticle labeled DNA as probe onto titanium dioxide electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2008, 23, 1534-1539.
83. Liu, S.F.; Li, Y.F.; Li, J.R.; Jiang, L. Enhancement of DNA immobilization and hybridization on gold electrode modified by nanogold aggregates. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2005, 21, 789-795.
84. Das, J.; Yang, H. Enhancement of electrocatalytic activity of DNA-conjugated gold nanoparticles and its application to DNA detection. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 6093-6099.
85. Liu, T.; Tang, J.; Jiang, L. The enhancement effect of gold nanoparticles as a surface modifier on DNA sensor sensitivity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 313, 3-7.
86. Wang, C.J.; Huang, J.R.; Wang, J.; Gu, C.P.; Wang, J.H.; Zhang B.C.; Liu, J.H. Fabrication of the nanogapped gold nanoparticles film for direct electrical detection of DNA and EcoRI endonuclease. Colloids Surf. B 2009, 69, 99-104.
87. Tang, D.P.; Yuan, R.; Chai, Y. Magnetic core-shell Fe3O4@Ag nanoparticles coated carbon paste interface for studies of carcinoembryonic antigen in clinical immunoassay. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 11640-11646.
88. Miao, L.; Ina, Y.; Tanemura, S.; Jiang, T.; Taneura, M.; Kaneko, K.; Toh, S.; Mori, Y. Fabrication and photochromic study of titanate nanotube loaded with silver nanoparticles. Sur. Sci. 2007, 601, 2792-2799.
89. Zhang, J.; Malicka, J.; Gryczynski, I.; Lakowicz, J.R. Oligonucleotide-displaced organic monolayer-protected silver nanoparticles and enhanced luminescence of their salted aggregates. Anal. Biochem. 2004, 330, 81-86.
90. Zhang, J.; Malicka, J.; Gryczynski, I.; Lakowicz, J.R. Surface-enhanced fluorescence of fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotides capped on silver nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 7643-7648.
91. Sabanayagam, C.R.; Lakowicz, J.R. Increasing the sensitivity of DNA microarrays by metalenhanced fluorescence using surface-bound silver nanoparticles. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007, 35, doi: 10.1093/nar/gkl1054.
92. Chen, Z.P.; Peng, Z.F.; Luo, Y.; Qu, B.; Jiang, J.H.; Zhang, X.B.; Shen, G.L.; Yu, R.Q. Successively amplified electrochemical immunoassay based on biocatalytic deposition of silver nanoparticles and silver enhancement. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2007, 23, 485-491.
93. Zhang, D.; Chen, Y.; Chen, H.Y.; Xia, X.H. Silica-nanoparticle-based interface for the enhanced immobilization and sequence-specific detection of DNA. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2004, 379, 1025-1030.
94. Iijima, S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 1991, 354, 56-58.
95. Rivas, G.A.; Pedano, M.L. Adsorption and electrooxidation of nucleic acids at carbon nanotubes paste electrodes. Electrochem. Commun. 2004, 6, 10-16.
96. Erdem, A.; Papakonstantinou, P.; Murphy, H.; Direct DNA hybridization at disposable graphite electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 6656-6659.
97. Wang, J.; Liu, G.D.; Jan, M.R. Ultrasensitive electrical biosensing of proteins and DNA: carbonnanotube derived amplification of the recognition and transduction events. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 3010-3011.
98. Niu, S.Y.; Zhao, M.; Hu, L.Z.; Zhang, S.S. Carbon nanotube-enhanced DNA biosensor for DNA hybridization detection using rutin-Mn as electrochemical indicator. Sens. Actuat. B 2008, 135, 200-205.
99. Zhang, W.; Yang, T.; Huang, D.; Jiao, K.; Li, G.C. Synergistic effects of nano-ZnO/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan nanocomposite membrane for the sensitive detection of sequence- specific of PAT gene and PCR amplification of NOS gene. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 325, 245-251.
100. Gu, C.P.; Huang, J.R.; Wang, J.H.; Wang, C.J.; Li, M.Q.; Liu, J.H. Enhanced electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on Au/MWCNTs nanocomposites. Anal. Lett. 2007, 40, 1-11.
101. Pappaert, K.; Vanderhoeven, J.; Van Hummelen, P.; Duttab, B.; Clicqa, D.; Barona, G.V.; Desmet, G. Enhancement of DNA micro-array analysis using a shear-driven micro-channel flow system. J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 1014, 1-9.
102. Bynum, M.A.; Gordon, G.B. Hybridization enhancement using microfluidic planetary centrifugal mixing. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 7039-7044.
103. Brousseau, L.C. Label-free "digital detection" of single-molecule DNA hybridization with a single electron transistor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 11346-11347.
104. Yang, D.K.; Huang, J.L.; Chen, C.C.; Su, H.J.; Wu, J.C. Enhancement of target-DNA hybridization efficiency by pre-hybridization on sequence-orientated micro-arrayed probes. J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Eng. 2008, 39, 187-193.
105. Kojima, N.; Sugino, M.; Mikami, A.; Nonaka, K.; Fujinawa, Y.; Muto, I.; Matsubara, K.; Ohtsuka, E.; Komats, Y. Enhanced reactivity of amino-modified oligonucleotides by insertion of aromatic residue. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 16, 5118-5121.
106. Ren, X.S.; Xu, Q.H. Label-free DNA sequence detection with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity using cationic conjugated polymers and PicoGreen. Langmuir 2009, 25, 43-47.
107. Woodyear, T.L.; Campbell, C.N.; Heller, A. Direct enzyme-amplified electrical recognition of a 30-base model oligonucleotide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 5504-5505.
108. Domiinguez, E.; Rincon, O.A.A.; Narvaez, A. Electrochemical DNA sensors based on enzyme dendritic architectures: an approach for enhanced sensitivity. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 3132-3138.
109. Roth, L.; Zagon, J.; Ehlers, A.; Kroh, L.W.; Broll, H. A novel approach for the detection of DNA using immobilized peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes and signal enhancement by real-timeimmuno-polymerase chain reaction (RT-iPCR). Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2009, 394, 529-537.
110. Li, X.M.; Zhan, Z.M.; Zhang, S.S.; Chen, H.Y. Enzyme enhanced quantitative determination of multiple DNA targets based on capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 2567-2573.