Distribution of coastal cliffs in Kerala, India: Their mechanisms of failure and related human engineering response

Environmental Geology

Volumn 58, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 815-832

  Kumar, Avinash ^a   Seralathan, P ^b   Jayappa, K S ^a  

^a MANGALORE UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b Department of Physics   (India)

Author keywords

Coastal cliffs; India; Lithology; Profiles; Protective measures; Recession

Indexed keywords

COASTAL CLIFFS; INDIA; PROFILES; PROTECTIVE MEASURES; RECESSION;

AGRICULTURE; BEACHES; BREAKWATERS; CRYSTALLINE ROCKS; HUMAN ENGINEERING; LITHOLOGY; ROCK BURSTS; SAFETY ENGINEERING; SHORE PROTECTION; SOILS;

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

CLIFF; CRYSTALLINE ROCK; FIELD METHOD; GIS; LITHOLOGY; SHORELINE; SOFTWARE; WAVE FIELD;

ASIA; EURASIA; INDIA; KERALA; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 70349991917     PISSN: 09430105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00254-008-1558-8     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Allison RJ (1989) Rates and mechanisms of change on hard rock coastal cliffs. Z Geomorphologie N.F. Suppl Band 73:125-138.
2. Amin SMN, Davidson-Arnott RGD (1995) Toe erosion of glacial till bluffs: lake Erie south shore. Can J Earth Sci 32:829-837.
3. Baba M, Joseph PS (1988) Deepwater wave climate off Cochin and Trivandrum. In: Baba M, Kurian NP (eds) Ocean waves and beach processes of south west coast of India and their prediction. Centre for Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum, pp 129-139.
4. Bell FG (1999) Geological hazards: their assessment, avoidance and mitigation. 7:293-336.
5. Bird ECF (2000) Coastal geomorphology: an introduction. Wiley, Chichester, p 322.
6. Bray MJ, Hooke JM (1997) Prediction of soft cliff retreat with accelerating sea-level rise. J Coast Res 13:453-467.
7. Bromhead EN (1979) Factors affecting the transition between the various types of mass movement in coastal cliffs consisting largely of over-consolidated clay, with special reference to southern England. Q J Eng Geol 12(4):291-300.
8. Bromhead EN (1986) The stability of slopes. Surrey University Press, Guildford.
9. Brunsden D, Jones DKC (1980) Relative time scales and formative events in coastal landslide systems. Zeitschrift Geomorph N.F. Suppl Band 34:1-19.
10. Buckler WR, Winters HA (1983) Lake Michigan bluff recession. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 73:89-110.
11. Cambers G (1976) Temporal scales in coastal erosion systems. Trans Inst Br Geogr Ser 1(2):246-256.
12. Denness B (1971) The reservoir principle of mass movement. Report Inst Geol Sci 72\7:13.
13. Dias JMA, Neal WJ (1992) Sea cliff retreat in southern Portugal: profiles, processes and problems. J Coast Res 8:641-654.
14. Dickson ME, Kennedy DM, Woodroffe CD (2004) The influence of rock resistance on coastal morphology around Lord Howe Island, southwest Pacific. Earth Surf Proc Land 29:629-643.
15. Emery KO, Kuhn GG (1982) Sea cliffs: their processes, profiles and classification. Geol Soc Am Bull 93:644-654.
16. Greenwood RO, Orford JD (2007) Factors controlling the retreat of Drumlin coastal cliffs in a low energy marine environment--Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. J Coast Res 23:285-297.
17. Hall JW, Lee EM, Meadowcroft IC (2000a) Risk-based benefit assessment of coastal cliff recession. ICE J Water Marit Energy 142:127-139.
18. Hall JW, Walkden MJ, Lee EM, Meadowcroft IC, Stripling SS (2000b) Probabilistic simulation of the coastal cliff recession process. In: Proceedings of 35th MAFF conference of river and coastal engineers, MAFF, London, pp 7.4.1-7.4.12.
19. Headland J, Gray Smith W, Kotulak P, Alfageme S (1999) Coastal protection methods. In: Herrch JB (ed) Handbook of coastal engineering, vol 8, pp 8.1-8.66.
20. Hutchinson JN, Chandler MP, Bromhead EN (1981) Cliff recession on the Isle of Wight, SW coast. In: Proceeding of 10th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Stockholm, vol 1, pp 429-434.
21. Hutchison J, Lee EM, Meadowcroft IC (1998) Recession of soft cliffs: prediction and control. In: Proceedings of 33rd MAFF conference on river and coastal engineers, Keele, pp 3.1.1-3.1.10.
22. Jutson JT (1939) Shore platforms near Sydney. J Geomorphol 2:237-250.
23. King (1882) The Warkallai beds and associated deposits at Quilon in Travancore. Rec Geol Surv India 15:93-102.
24. Komar PD, Shih SM (1993) Cliff erosion along the Oregon coast; a tectonic sea level imprint plus local controls by beach processes. J Coast Res 9:747-765.
25. Krishanan MS (1982) Geology of India and Burma, 6th edn. Higginbotham Publications, pp 536.
26. Lakshmanan S, Padmalal D (1990) Sedimentary structures from the Warkallai beds at Puliyur, Alleppey district, Kerala. In: Proceedings of the 77th Indian science congress, pp 57-58.
27. Lee EM (1997) The investigation and management of soft rock cliffs. In: Proceedings of the 32nd MAFF conference of river and coastal engineers. MAFF, London, pp B.1.1-B.1.12.
28. Lee EM, Clark AR (2002) Soft cliffs: prediction of recession rates and erosion control techniques. DEFRA flood management division, London, SW1P 3JR, pp 12-13.
29. Malcolm JB, Janet MH (1997) Prediction of soft-cliff retreat with accelerating sea-level rise. J Coast Res 13:453-467.
30. Manson GK (2002) Sunannual erosion and retreat of cohesive till bluffs, McNab's Island, Nova Scotia. J Coast Res 18(3):421-432.
31. Mascarenhas A (2006) Coastal archaeological heritage in relation to geomorphology of cliffs, west coast of India. In: Gaur AS, Vora KH (eds) Glimpses of marine archaeology in India, Soc Marine Arch, pp 87-93.
32. Mathew J, Kerry B, Baba M, Kurian NP, Thomas KV (2003) Offshore, submerged reef on the southwest coast of India for coastal protection, recreation and public amenity. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international surfing reef symposium, pp 241-256.
33. May VJ (1977) Earth cliffs. In: Barnes RSK (ed) The coastline. Wiley, New York, vol 11, pp 215-235.
34. May V (2002) Softer solutions to coastal erosion: making the transition from resistance to resilience. In: Patra G, Goudas CL et al (eds) Proc conf soft shore protection, 2000. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 19-28.
35. McGreal WS (1979) Cliffline recession near Kilkeel. N. Ireland: an example of a dynamic coastal system. Geogr Ann 61A:211-219.
36. Moon VG, Healy T (1994) Mechanisms of coastal cliff retreat and hazard zone delineation in soft flysch deposits. J Coast Res 10:663-680.
37. Nair ASK (2005) Cliff slumping of the permeable cliffed shorelines. In: Rajamanickam GV (ed) Landslides. SASTRA, Tanjavur, pp 81-88.
38. Nair MM, Vidyadharan KT (1982) Rapakivi granite of Ezhimala complex and its significance. J Geol Soc India 23:46-51.
39. Padmalal D, Santhosh S, Babu DSS (1995) Trace metal contents of iron sulphide minerals in the tertiary carbonaceous clays of Kerala. J Geol Soc India 46:263-268.
40. Paulose KV, Narayanaswamy S (1968) The tertiaries of Kerala coast. Mem Geol Soc India 2:300-308.
41. Pethick JS, Burd F (1993) Coastal defence and the environment. MAFF Publications.
42. Quigley RM, Di Nardo LR (1980) Cyclic instability modes of eroding clay bluffs, Lake Erie, Northshore bluffs at Port Bruce, Ontarion, Canada. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie Suppl Band 34:39-47.
43. Richards KS, Lorriman NR (1987) Basal erosion and mass movement. In: Anderson MG, Richards KS (eds) Slope stability. Wiley, New York.
44. Seralathan P, Padmalal D (1991) Geochemistry of the tertiary formations at Pozhikara, Kerala, its paleo-environmental significance. J Geol Soc India 38:277-281.
45. Soman K, Machado T (1986) Origin and depositional environment of the china clay deposits of south Kerala. Proc Indian Academy Sci (Earth and Planetary Science) 95:285-292.
46. Soman K, Terry M, Ancy J (1992) Geology and mineralogical characterization of the china clay deposits of Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Technical report no. 58, CESS, p 31.
47. Soman K, Terry M, Ancy J, Sreelatha RK (1993) Genetic types of china clays in south Kerala. In: Proceedings of the Kerala science congress, Kottayam, pp 37-40.
48. Stephenson WJ (2000) Shore platforms: remain a neglected coastal feature. Prog Phys Geogr 24:311-327.
49. Stephenson WJ, Kirk RM (2000) Development of shore platforms on Kaikoura Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand Part One: the role of waves. Geomorphology 32:21-41.
50. Sunamura T (1983) Processes of sea cliff and platform erosion. In: Komar PD (ed) Handbook of coastal processes and erosion. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 305.
51. Sunamura T (1991) The elevation of shore platforms--a laboratory approach to the unsolved problem. J Geol 99:761-766.
52. Sunamura T (1992) Geomorphology of rocky coasts. Wiley, Chichester, p 302.
53. Suwardi A, Rosengren NJ (1983) Coastal changes on Anak Krakatau and Sertung Island. In: Bird ECF, Soegiarto A. Proceedings, workshop Krakatau and Sunda Strait, Lambaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia and United Nations University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
54. Thomas KV (1988) Waves and nearshore processes in relation to beach development at Valiathura. In: Baba M, Kurian NP (eds) Ocean waves and beach processes of south west coast of India and their prediction. Centre for Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum, pp 47-66.
55. Thomas D, Lalithambika M, Soman K (1987) Clay mineral transformation in the weathering crust: Evidence from the Kundara clay mine, Kerala. J Geol Soc India 30:239-243.
56. Trenhaile AS (1971) Lithological control of high water rock ledges in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. Geogr Ann 56A:59-69.
57. Trenhaile AS (2000) Modeling the development of wave cut shore platforms. Mar Geol 166:163-178.
58. Trenhaile AS (2002) Rock coasts, with particular emphasis on shore platforms. Geomorphology 48:7-22.
59. Tsujimoto H (1987) Dynamic conditions for shore platform initiation. Science reports, University of Tsukuba, Institute of Geoscience, Section A, vol 8, pp 45-93.
60. Vaidyanadhan R, Ramakrishanan M (2008) Geology of India. Geol Soc India Publ 2:830-831.
61. Whalley WB (1984) Rockfalls. In: Brunsden D, Prior DB (eds) Slope instability. Wiley, Chichester, pp 217-256.
62. Woodroffe CD (2002) Coast: form, process and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 623.