Cancer-testis antigens: Potential targets for cancer immunotherapy

Archives of Iranian Medicine

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 395-404

  Ghafouri Fard, Soudeh ^a   Modarressi, Mohammad Hossein ^a,b  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b PASTEUR INSTITUTE OF IRAN   (Iran)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Cancer; Immunotherapy; Testis

Indexed keywords

CANCER TESTIS ANTIGEN; CANCER TESTIS SCP 1 ANTIGEN; CANCER TESTIS SSX ANTIGEN; CANCER TESTIS TSGA10 ANTIGEN; MELANOMA ANTIGEN 1; MELANOMA ANTIGEN 3; MESSENGER RNA; NY ESO 1 ANTIGEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; EPITOPE; TUMOR ANTIGEN;

ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; DNA LIBRARY; DNA MICROARRAY; DNA SEQUENCE; EPITOPE MAPPING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SERIAL ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION; SEROLOGY; T LYMPHOCYTE; TISSUE MICROARRAY; ANIMAL; CLASSIFICATION; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE LIBRARY; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MALE; NEOPLASM; PHYSIOLOGY; TESTIS;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; EPITOPES, T-LYMPHOCYTE; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE LIBRARY; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MALE; NEOPLASMS; TESTIS; TISSUE ARRAY ANALYSIS;

EID: 70349931779     PISSN: 10292977     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Kalejs M, Erenpreis J. Cancer/testis antigens and gametogenesis: a review and "brain-storming" session. Cancer Cell Int. 2005; 5: 4-15.
2. Zendman AJW, Ruiter DJ, van Muijen GNP. Cancer/testis-assosiated genes: identification, expression profile, and putative function. J Cell Physiol. 2003; 194: 272-288.
3. Simpson AJG, Caballero OL, Jungbluth A, Chen Y, Old LJ. Cancer/testis antigens, gametogenesis, and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005; 5: 615-625.
4. Old LJ. Cancer/testis (CT) antigens - a new link between gametogenesis and cancer. Cancer Immun. 2001; 1: 1-9.
5. Jungbluth AA, Silva WA Jr, Iversen K, Frosina D, Zaidi B, Coplan K, et al. Expression of cancer-testis (CT) antigens in placenta. Cancer Immun. 2007; 7: 15-29.
6. Scanlan MJ, Simpson AJ, Old LJ. The cancer/testis genes: review, standardization, and commentary. Cancer Immun. 2004; 4: 1-15.
7. Cronwright G, Le Blanc K, Götherström C, Darcy P, Ehnman M, Brodin B. Cancer/testis antigen expression in human mesenchymal stem cells: down-regulation of SSX impairs cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression. Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 2207-2215.
8. Costa FF, Blanc KL, Brodin B. Concise review: cancer/testis antigens, stem cells, and cancer. Stem Cell. 2007; 25: 707-711.
9. Parmigiani RB, Bettoni F, Vibranovski MD, Lopes MH, Martins WK, Cunha IW, et al. Characterization of a cancer/testis (CT) antigen gene family capable of eliciting humoral response in cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103: 18066-18071.
10. Meklat F, Li Z, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Jewell A, et al. Cancer-testis antigens in haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol. 2007; 136: 769-776.
11. Stevenson BJ, Iseli C, Panji S, Zahn-Zabel M, Hide W, Old L, et al. Rapid evolution of cancer/testis genes on the X chromosome. BMC Genomics. 2007; 8: 129-139.
12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/UniGene
13. Atanackovic D, Blum I, Cao Y, Wenzel S, Bartels K, Faltz C, et al. Expression of cancer-testis antigens as possible targets for antigen-specific immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther. 2006; 5: 1218-1225.
14. Fradet Y, Picard V, Bergeron A, LaRue H. Cancer-testis antigen expression in bladder cancer. Prog Urol. 2005; 15: 1303-1313.
15. Mischo A, Kubuschok B, Ertan K, Preuss KD, Romeike B, Regitz E, et al. Prospective study on the expression of cancer-testis genes and antibody responses in 100 consecutive patients with primary breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2006; 118: 696-703.
16. Luo G, Huang S, Xie X, Stockert E, Chen YT, Kubuschok B, et al. Expression of cancer-testis genes in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Cancer Immun. 2002; 2: 11.
17. Türeci O, Sahin U, Koslowski M, Buss B, Bell C, Ballweber P, et al. A novel tumour-associated leucine zipper protein targeting to sites of gene transcription and splicing. Oncogene. 2002; 21: 3879-3888.
18. Adams S, O'Neill DW, Nonaka D, Hardin E, Chiriboga L, Siu K, et al. Immunization of malignant melanoma patients with full-length NY-ESO-1 protein using TLR7 agonist imiquimod as vaccine adjuvant. J Immunol. 2008; 181: 776-784.
19. Woloszynska-Read A, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Yu J, Odunsi K, Karpf AR. Intertumor and intratumor NY-ESO-1 expression heterogeneity is associated with promoter-specific and global DNA methylation status in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008; 14: 3283-3290.
20. Oba-Shinjo SM, Caballero OL, Jungbluth AA, Rosemberg S, Old LJ, Simpson AJ, et al. Cancer-testis (CT) antigen expression in medulloblastoma. Cancer Immun. 2008; 8: 7.
21. Sugita Y, Wada H, Fujita S, Nakata T, Sato S, Noguchi Y, et al. NY-ESO-1 expression and immunogenicity in malignant and benign breast tumors. Cancer Res. 2004; 64: 2199-2204.
22. Konishi J, Toyooka S, Aoe M, Omura Y, Washio K, Tsukuda K, et al. The relationship between NY-ESO-1 mRNA expression and clinicopathological features in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep. 2004; 11: 1063-1067.
23. Korangy F, Ormandy LA, Bleck JS, Klempnauer J, Wilkens L, Manns MP, et al. Spontaneous tumor-specific humoral and cellular immune responses to NY- ESO-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2004; 10: 4332-4341.
24. Peng LP, Liu HY, Ran YL, Sun LX, Yu L, Yang ZH. Expression of NY-ESO-1 gene in human esophageal carcinoma and its cloning. Ai Zheng. 2002; 21: 469-472.
25. Yang XA, Dong XY, Qiao H, Wang YD, Peng JR, Li Y, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of FATE/BJ-HCC-2 antigen in normal and malignant tissues. Lab Invest. 2005; 85: 205-213.
26. Dong XY, Su YR, Qian XP, Yang XA, Pang XW, Wu HY, et al. Identification of two novel CT antigens and their capacity to elicit antibody response in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Br J Cancer. 2003; 89: 291-297.
27. Mou DC, Leng XS, Peng JR, Zhao L, Wang WX, Wang Y, et al. Expression of MAGE-B genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2004; 26: 40-42.
28. Nagashima H, Sadanaga N, Mashino K, Yamashita K, Inoue H, Mori M, et al. Expression of MAGE-B genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res. 2001; 92: 167-173.
29. Atanackovic D, Blum I, Cao Y, Wenzel S, Bartels K, Faltz C, et al. Expression of cancer-testis antigens as possible targets for antigen-specific immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther. 2006; 5: 1218-1225.
30. Westbrook VA, Schoppee PD, Diekman AB, Klotz KL, Allietta M, Hogan KT, et al. Genomic organization, incidence, and localization of the SPAN-x family of cancer-testis antigens in melanoma tumors and cell lines. Clin Cancer Res. 2004; 10: 101-112.
31. Slebos RJ, Yi Y, Ely K, Carter J, Evjen A, Zhang X, et al. Gene expression differences associated with human papillomavirus status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2006; 12: 701-709.
32. Loriot A, Boon T, De Smet C. Five new human cancergermline genes identified among 12 genes expressed in spermatogonia. Int J Cancer. 2003; 105: 371-376.
33. Sahota SS, Goonewardena CM, Cooper CD, Liggins AP, Ait-Tahar K, Zojer N, et al. PASD1 is a potential multiple myeloma-associated antigen. Blood. 2006; 108: 3953-3955.
34. Liggins AP, Brown PJ, Asker K, Pulford K, Banham AH. A novel diffuse large B-cell lymphoma-associated cancer-testis antigen encoding a PAS domain protein. Br J Cancer. 2004; 91: 141-149.
35. Scanlan MJ, Altorki NK, Gure AO, Williamson B, Jungbluth A, Chen YT, et al. Expression of cancer-testis antigens in lung cancer: definition of bromodomain testis-specific gene (BRDT) as a new CT gene, CT9. Cancer Lett. 2000; 150: 155-164.
36. Atanackovic D, Arfsten J, Cao Y, Gnjatic S, Schnieders F, Bartels K, et al. Cancer-testis antigens are commonly expressed in multiple myeloma and induce systemic immunity following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2007; 109: 1103-1112.
37. Ross MT, Grafham DV, Coffey AJ, Scherer S, McLay K, Muzny D, et al. The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome. Nature. 2005; 434: 325-337.
38. Sahin U, Türeci O, Chen YT, Seitz G, Villena-Heinsen C, Old LJ, et al. Expression of multiple cancer/testis (CT) antigens in breast cancer and melanoma: basis for polyvalent CT vaccine strategies. Int J Cancer. 1998; 78: 387-389.
39. Yang F, Yang XF. New concepts in tumor antigens: their significance in future immunotherapies for tumor. Cell Mol Immunol. 2005; 2: 331-341.
40. van der Bruggen P, Traversari C, Chomez P, Lurquin C, De Plaen E, van den Eynde B, et al. A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Science. 1991; 254: 1643-1647.
41. Boël P, Wildmann C, Sensi ML, Brasseur R, Renauld JC, Coulie P, et al. BAGE: a new gene encoding an antigen recognized on human melanomas by cytolytic T lymphocytes. Immunity. 1995; 2: 167-175.
42. van den Eynde B, Peeters O, De Backer O, Gaugler B, Lucas S, et al. A new family of genes coding for an antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. J Exp Med. 1995; 182: 689-698.
43. Sahin U, Tureci O, Schmitt H, Cochlovius B, Johannes T, Schmits R, et al. Human neoplasms elicit multiple specific immune responses in the autologous host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995; 92: 11810-11813.
44. Li G, Miles A, Line A, Rees RC. Identification of tumor antigens by serological analysis of cDNA expression cloning. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2004; 53: 139-143.
45. Chen YT, Scanlan MJ, Sahin U, Tureci O, Gure AO, Tsang S, et al. A testicular antigen aberrantly expressed in human cancers detected by autologous antibody screening. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997; 94: 1914-1918.
46. Chen YT, Gure AO, Tsang S, Stockert E, Jagar E, Knuth A, et al. Identification of multiple cancer/testis antigens by allogenic antibody screening of a melanoma cell line library. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998; 95: 6919-6923.
47. Tureci O, Sahin U, Zwick C, Koslowski M, Seitz G, Pfreundschuh M. Identification of a meiosis-specific protein as a member of the class of cancer/testis antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998; 95: 5211-5216.
48. Eichmuller S, Usener D, Dummer R, Stein A, Thiel D, Schadendorf D. Serological detection of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-associated antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98: 629-634.
49. Ono T, Kurashige T, Harda N, Noguchi Y, Saika T, Niikawa N, et al. Identification of proacrosin binding protein sp32 precursor as a human cancer/testis antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98: 3282-3287.
50. Tureci O, Sahin U, Koslowski M, Buss B, Bell C, Ballweber P, et al. A novel tumor-associated leucine zipper protein targeting to sites of gene transcription and splicing. Oncogene. 2002; 21: 3879-3888.
51. Cho B, Lim Y, Lee DY, Park SY, Lee H, Kim WH, et al. Identification of a novel cancer/testis antigen gene CAGE. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002; 292: 715-726.
52. Lee SY, Obata Y, Yoshida M, Stockert E, Willamson B, Jungbluth AA, et al. Immunomic analysis of human sarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003; 100: 2651-2665.
53. Modarressi MH, Taylor KE, Wolfe J. Cloning, characterization, and mapping of the gene encoding the human G protein gamma 2 subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000; 272: 610-615.
54. Chen YT, Scanlan MJ, Venditti CA, Chua R, Theiler G, Stevenson BJ, et al. Identification of cancer/testis antigens by massively parallel signature sequencing. PNAS. 2005; 102: 7940-7945.
55. Manning AT, Garvin JT, Shahbazi RI, Miller N, McNeill RE, Kerin MJ. Molecular profiling techniques and bioinformatics in cancer research. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007; 33: 255-265.
56. Yokoe T, Tanaka F, Mimori K, Inoue H, Ohmachi T, Kusunoki M, et al. Efficient identification of a novel cancer/testis antigen for immunotherapy using three-step microarray analysis. Cancer Res. 2008; 68: 1074-1082.
57. Murray D, Doran P, MacMathuna P, Moss AC. In silico gene expression analysis - an overview. BioMed Central. 2007; 6: 50-59.
58. Modarressi MH, Cameron J, Taylor KE, Wolfe J. Identification and characterization of a novel gene, TSGA10, expressed in testis. Gene. 2001; 262: 249-255.
59. Modarressi MH, Behnam B, Cheng M, Taylor KE, Wolfe J, van der Hoorn FA. Tsga10 encodes a 65-kilodalton protein that is processed to the 27-kilodalton fibrous sheath protein. Biol Reprod. 2004; 70: 608-615.
60. Behnam B, Modarressi MH, Conti V, Taylor KE, Puliti A, Wolfe J. Expression of Tsga10 sperm tail protein in embryogenesis and neural development: from cilium to cell division. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006; 344: 1102-1110.
61. Mobasheri MB, Jahanzad I, Mohagheghi MA, Aarabi M, Farzan S, Modarressi MH. Expression of two testisspecific genes, TSGA10 and SYCP3, in different cancers regarding to their pathological features. Cancer Detect Prev. 2007; 31: 296-302.
62. Mobasheri MB, Modarressi MH, Shabani M, Asgarian H, Sharifian RA, Vossough P, et al. Expression of the testis-specific gene, TSGA10, in Iranian patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Leuk Res. 2006; 30: 883-889.
63. Türeci O, Sahin U, Schobert I, Koslowski M, Scmitt H, Schild HJ, et al. The SSX-2 gene, which is involved in the t(X;18) translocation of synovial sarcomas, codes for the human tumor antigen HOM-MEL-40. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 4766-4772.
64. Wang Y, Han KJ, Pang XW, Vaughan HA, Qu W, Dong XY, et al. Large scale identification of human hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigens by autoantibodies. J Immunol. 2002; 169: 1102-1109.
65. Pointud, JC, Mengus G, Brancorsini S, Monaco L, Parvinen M, Sassone-Corsi P, et al. The intracellular localization of TAF7L, a paralogue of transcription factor TFIID subunit TAF7 is developmentally regulated during male germ-cell differentiation. J Cell Sci. 2003; 116: 1847-1858.
66. Madsen B, Tarsounas M, Burchell JM, Hall D, Poulsom R, Taylor-Papadimitriou J. PLU-1, a transcriptional repressor and putative testis-cancer antigen, has a specific expression and localization pattern during meiosis. Chromosoma. 2003; 112: 124-132.
67. Loukinov DI, Pugacheva E, Vatolin S, Pack SD, Moon H, Chernukhin I, et al. BORIS, a novel male germ-line specific protein associated with epigenetic reprogramming events, shares the same 11-zinc-finger domain with CTCF, the insulator protein involved in reading imprinting marks in the soma. Proc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002; 99: 6806-6811.
68. Herold A, Suyama M, Rodrigues JP, Braun IC, Kutay U, Carmo-Fonseca M, et al. TAP (NXF1) belongs to a multigene family of putative RNA export factors with a conserved modular architecture. Mol Cell Biol. 2000; 20: 8996-9008.
69. Scanlan MJ, Gordon CM, Williamson B, Lee SY, Chen YT, Stockert E, et al. Identification of cancer/testis genes by database mining and mRNA expression analysis. Int J Cancer. 2002; 98: 485-492.
70. Krupnik VE, Sharp JD, Jiang C, Robison K, Chickering TW, Amaravadi L, et al. Functional and structural diversity of the human Dickkopf gene family. Gene. 1999; 238: 301-313.
71. Laduron S, Deplus R, Zhou S, Kholmanskikh O, Godelaine D, De Smet C, et al. MAGE-A1 interacts with adaptor SKIP and the deacetylase HDAC1 to repress transcription. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004; 32: 4340-4650.
72. Martelange V, De Smet C, De Plaen E, Lurquin C, Boon T. Identification on a human sarcoma of two new genes with tumor-specific expression. Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 3848-3855.
73. De Jong A, Buchli R, Robbins D. Characterization of sperm protein 17 in human somatic and neoplastic tissue. Cancer Lett. 2002; 186: 201-209.
74. Krätzschmar J, Haendler B, Eberspaecher U, Roosterman D, Donner P, Schleuning WD. The human cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) family. Primary structure and tissue distribution of CRISP-1, CRISP-2, and CRISP-3. Eur J Biochem. 1996; 236: 827-836.
75. Shan J, Yuan L, Xiao Q, Chiorazzi N, Budman D, Teichberg S, et al. TSP50, a possible protease in human testes, is activated in breast cancer epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 290-294.
76. Koslowski M, Türeci O, Bell C, Krause P, Lehr HA, Brunner J, et al. Multiple splice variants of lactate dehydrogenase C selectively expressed in human cancer. Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 6750-6755.
77. Cilensek ZM, Yehiely F, Kular RK, Deiss LP. A member of the GAGE family of tumor antigens is an antiapoptotic gene that confers resistance to Fas/CD95/APO-1, Interferon-gamma, taxol, and gamma-irradiation. Cancer Biol Ther. 2002; 1: 380-387.
78. Pousette A, Leijonhufvud P, Arver S, Kvist U, Pelttari J, Höög C. Presence of synaptonemal complex protein 1 transversal filament-like protein in human primary spermatocytes. Hum Reprod. 1997; 12: 2414-2417.
79. Keeney S, Giroux CN, Kleckner N. Meiosis-specific DNA double-strand breaks are catalyzed by Spo11, a member of a widely conserved protein family. Cell. 1997; 88: 375-384.
80. Glynn SA, Gammell P, Heenan M, O'Connor R, Liang Y, Keenan J, et al. A new superinvasive in vitro phenotype induced by selection of human breast carcinoma cells with the chemotherapeutic drugs paclitaxel and doxorubicin. Br J Cancer. 2004; 91: 1800-1807.
81. Bertram J, Palfner K, Hiddemann W, Kneba M. Elevated expression of S100P, CAPL, and MAGE 3 in doxorubicin-resistant cell lines: comparison of mRNA differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and subtractive suppressive hybridization for the analysis of differential gene expression. Anticancer Drugs. 1998; 9: 311-317.
82. Shim H, Lee H, Jeoung D. Cancer/testis antigen cancerassociated gene (CAGE) promotes motility of cancer cells through activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Biotechnol Lett. 2006; 28: 2057-2063.
83. Hägele S, Behnam B, Borter E, Wolfe J, Paasch U, Lukashev D, et al. TSGA10 prevents nuclear localization of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha. FEBS Lett. 2006; 580: 3731-3738.
84. Old LJ. Cancer is a somatic cell pregnancy. Cancer Immun. 2007; 7: 19.
85. Koslowski M, Bell C, Seitz G, Lehr HA, Roemer K, Muntefering H, et al. Frequent nonrandom activation of germ-line genes in human cancer. Cancer Res. 2004; 64: 5988-5993.
86. De Smet C, Lurquin C, Lethe B, Martelange V, Boon T. DNA methylation is the primary silencing mechanism for a set of germ line- and tumor-specific genes with a CpG-rich promoter. Mol Cell Biol. 1999; 19: 7327-7335.
87. De Smet C, Loriot A, Boon T. Promoter-dependent mechanism leading to selective hypomethylation within the 5′ region of gene MAGE-A1 in tumor cell. Mol Cell Biol. 2004; 24: 4781-4790.
88. Hong JA, Kang Y, Abdullaev Z, Flanagan PT, Pack SD, Fischette MR, et al. Reciprocal binding of CTCF and BORIS to the NY-ESO-1 promoter coincides with derepression of this cancer-testis gene in lung cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 7763-7774.
89. Sigalotti L, Fratta E, Coral S, Tanzarella S, Danielli R, Colizzi F, et al. Intratumor heterogeneity of cancer/testis antigens expression in human cutaneous melanoma is methylation-regulated and functionally reverted by 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Cancer Res. 2004; 64: 9167-9171.
90. Dave DS, Leppert JT, Rajfer J. Is the testis a chemoprivileged site? Is there a blood-testis barrier? Rev Urol. 2007; 9: 28-32.
91. Dym M, Fawcett DW. The blood-testis barrier in the rat and the physiological compartmentation of the seminiferous epithelium. Biol Reprod.1970; 3: 308-326.
92. Fawcett DW, Leak LV, Heidger PM Jr. Electron microscopic observations on the structural components of the blood-testis barrier. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1970; 10: 105-122.
93. Pelletier RM, Byers SW. The blood-testis barrier and Sertoli cell junctions: structural considerations. Microsc Res Tech. 1992; 20: 3-33.
94. Fiszer D, Kurpisz M. Major histocompatibility complex expression on human, male germ cells: a review. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1998; 40: 172-176.
95. Wadle A, Kubuschok B, Imig J, Wuellner B, Wittig C, Zwick C, et al. Serological immune responses to cancer testis antigens in patients with pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer. 2006; 119: 117-125.
96. Mischo A, Kubuschok B, Ertan K, Preuss K, Romeike B, Regitz E, et al. Prospective study on the expression of cancer testis genes and antibody responses in 100 consecutive patients with primary breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2006; 118: 696-703.
97. Tanaka R, Ono T, Sato S, Nakada T, Koizumi F, Hasegawa K, et al. Over-expressin of the testis-specific gene TSGA10 in cancers and its immunogenicity. Microbiol Immunol. 2004; 48: 339-345.
98. Atanackovic D, Arfsten J, Cao Y, Gnjatic S, Schnieders F, Bartels K, et al. Cancer-testis antigens are commonly expressed in multiple myeloma and induce systemic immunity following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2007; 109: 1103-1112.
99. Chiriva-Internati M, Wang Z, Salati E, Wroblewski D, Lim SH.Successful generation of sperm protein 17 (Sp17)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes from normal donors: implication for tumour-specific adoptive immunotherapy following allogeneic stem cell transplantation for Sp17-positive multiple myeloma. Scand J Immunol. 2002; 56: 429-433.
100. Davis ID, Chen W, Jackson H, Parente P, Shackleton M, Hopkins W, et al. Recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant induces broad integrated antibody and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101: 10697- 10702.
101. Old LJ. Cancer vaccines: an overview. Cancer Immun. 2008; 8 (suppl 1): 1.
102. Bahadori M. Proteomics in human disease: awareness of new biomedical opportunities. Arch Irn Med. 2001; 4: 144-149.