Life expectancy in relation to cardiovascular risk factors: 38 year follow-up of 19 000 men in the Whitehall study

BMJ (Online)

Volumn 339, Issue 7725, 2009, Pages 848-

  Clarke, Robert ^a   Emberson, Jonathan ^a   Fletcher, Astrid ^b   Breeze, Elizabeth ^c   Marmot, Michael ^c   Shipley, Martin J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; EMPLOYMENT STATUS; FOLLOW UP; HAZARD RATIO; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCORING SYSTEM; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; UNITED KINGDOM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LONDON; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 70349854735     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17561833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b3513     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Davey Smith G, Marmot MG. Trends in mortality in Britain: 1920-1986. Ann Nutr Metab 1991;35:53-63.
2. O Flaherty M, Ford E, Allender S, Scarborough P, Capewell S. Coronary heart disease trends in England and Wales. Health Stat Q 2003;18:5-17.
3. McGovern PG, Pankow JS, Shahar ED, Doliszny K, Folsom AR, Blackburn H, et al. Recent trends in acute coronary heart disease - mortality, morbidity, medical care, and risk factors. N Engl J Med 1996;334:884-890 (Pubitemid 26107346)
4. Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000. Circulation 2004;109:1101-1110
5. Hardoon SL, Whincup PH, Lennon LT, Wannamethee SG, Capewell S, Morris RW. How much of the recent decline in the incidence of myocardial infarction in British men can be explained by changes in cardiovascular risk factors? Evidence froma prospective population-based study. Circulation 2008;117:598-604.
6. Reid DD, Brett GZ, Hamilton PJS, Jarrett, RJ, Keen H, Rose G. Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male civil servants: a study of screening and intervention. Lancet 1974;i:469-473
7. Rose G, Reid DD, Hamilton PJS, McCartney P, Keen H, Jarrett RJ. Myocardial ischaemia, risk factors and death from coronary heart disease. Lancet 1977;i:105-109 (Pubitemid 8015500)
8. Rose G. Strategy of preventive medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
9. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years observations on male British doctors. BMJ 1994;309:901-910 (Pubitemid 2140439)
10. Clarke R, Breeze E, Sherliker P, Shipley M, Youngman L, Fletcher A, et al. Design, objectives and lessons from a 25 year follow-up resurvey of survivors in the Whitehall study of London Civil Servants. J Epidemiol Community Health 1998;52:364-369 (Pubitemid 28438521)
11. Clarke R, Breeze E, Youngman L, Sherliker P, Linksted P, Shah S, et al. Re-survey of the Whitehall study of London civil servants: changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease during 29 years of follow-up. J Cardiovasc Risk 2000;7:251-257 (Pubitemid 30703499)
12. Clarke R, Emberson JR, Parish S Palmer A, Shipley M, Linksted P, et al. Cholesterol fractions and apolipoproteins as risk factors for heart disease mortality in older men. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1373-1378 (Pubitemid 47052435)
13. Kivimäki M, Ferrie JE, Batty GD, Davey Smith G, Elovainio M, Marmot M, et al. Optimal form of characterising BMI in relation to all-cause and cause specific mortality: the original Whitehall study. Obesity 2008;16:1926-1932
14. Lewington S, Whitlock G, Clarke R, Sherliker P, Emberson J, Halsey J, et al. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet 2007;370:1829-1839
15. National Statistics. Inequalities in life expectancy at 65 in UK. London: Office for National Statistics, 2007. www.statistics.gov.uk.
16. Allender S, Peto V, Scarborough P, Boxer A, Rayner M. Coronary heart disease statistics 2006. London: British Heart Foundation, 2006.
17. Driver JA, Djousse L, Logroscino G, Gaziano JM, Kurth T. Incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer in advanced age: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008;337:A2467.
18. Yates LB, Djousse L, Kurth T, Buring JE, Gaziano JM. Exceptional longevity in men: modifiable factors associated with survival and function up to age 90 years. Arch Intern Med 2009;168:284-290 (Pubitemid 351281674)
19. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 2004;328:1519-1528 (Pubitemid 38850305)
20. Capewell S, Morrison CE, McMurray JJ. Contributions of modern cardiovascular treatment and risk factors changes to the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Scotland between 1975 and 1994. Heart 1999;81:380-386
21. Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, Critchley JA, Labarthe DR, Kottke TE, et al. Explaining the decrease in US deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2388-2398
22. Emberson J, Whincup P, Morris R, Walker M, Ebrahim S. Evaluating the impact of population and high-risk strategies for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2004;25:484-491 (Pubitemid 38524273)
23. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1887-1898 (Pubitemid 351620109)
24. Blood Pressure Lowering Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood pressure lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events; results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003;362:1527-1535
25. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2006;366:1267-1278
26. Oeepen J, Vaupel JW. Broken limits to life expectancy. Science 2002;296:1029-1030