Etiopathogenesis of benign prostatic hypeprlasia

Indian Journal of Urology

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 312-317

  Tang, Jie ^a   Yang, Jingchun ^a  

^a CHINESE PLA GENERAL HOSPITAL   (China)

Author keywords

Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Etiopathogenesis

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; AROMATASE; BOLDENONE; CHONDROITIN SULFATE; DERMATAN SULFATE; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 1; FINASTERIDE; INTERLEUKIN 15; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MESSENGER RNA; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PHENYLEPHRINE; STEROID 5ALPHA REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR;

AGING; AUTOIMMUNITY; BLOOD FLOW; BLOOD VESSEL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CASTRATION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ESTROGEN ACTIVITY; GENE EXPRESSION; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MACROPHAGE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PROSTATE HYPERTROPHY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; T LYMPHOCYTE; TESTIS FUNCTION;

EID: 70349838686     PISSN: 09701591     EISSN: 19983824     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.56179     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Shabbir M, Mumtaz FH. Benign prostatic hyperplasia. J R Soc Health 2004;124:222-227
2. Lee C. Role of androgen in prostate growth and regression: Stromal- epithelial interaction. Prostate Suppl 1996;6:52-56
3. Coffey DS. The molecular biology, endocrinology, and physiology of the prostate and seminal vesicles. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Stamey TA, Vaughan ED, editors. Campbell.s Urology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1992. p. 221-301.
4. Grayhack JT. Changes with aging in human seminal vesicle fluid fructose concentration and seminal vesicle weight. J Urol 1961;86:142-148
5. Cunha G, Wang YZ, Hayward SW, Risbridger GP. Estrogenic effects on prostatic differentiation and carcinogenesis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2001;13:285-296
6. Ho SM. Estrogens and anti-estrogens: Key mediators of prostate carcinogenesis and new therapeutic candidates. J Cell Biochem 2004;91:491-503.
7. Harkonen PL, Makela SI. Role of estrogens in development of prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004;92:297-305.
8. Krieg M, Bartsch W, Thomsen M, Voigt KD. Androgens and estrogens: Their interaction with stroma and epithelium of human benign prostatic hyperplasia and normal prostate. J Steroid Biochem 1983;19:155-161
9. Harper ME, Pike A, Peeling WB, Griffiths K. Steroids of adrenal origin metabolized by human prostate tissue, both in vivo and in vitro. J Endocrinol 1974;60:117-125
10. Krieg M, Nass R, Tunn S. Effect of aging on endogenous level of 5a-hihydrotestosterone, testosterone, estradiol and estrone in epithelium and stroma of normal and hyperplastic human prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:375-461
11. Shibata Y, Ito K, Suzuki K, Nakano K, Fukabori Y, Suzuki R, et al. Simultaneous quantitative analysis of prostate sex steroids and comparison with human prostatic histological composition. Prostate 2000;42:45-55.
12. Walsh PC, Wilson JD. The induction of prostatic hypertrophy in the dog with androstanediol. J Clin Invest 1976;57:1093-1098
13. Imamov O, Morani A, Shim GJ, Omoto Y, Thulin-Andersson C, Warner M, et al. Estrogen receptor â regulates epithelial cellular differentiation in the mouse ventral prostate. Proc Natl Acad 2004;101:9375-9380
14. Weihua Z, Makela S, Andersson LC, Salmi S, Saji S, Webster JI, et al. A role for estrogen receptor â in the regulation of growth of the ventral prostate. Proc Natl Acad 2001;98:6330-6335
15. Weihua Z, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptor â in the prostate. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002;193:1-5.
16. McPherson SJ, Wang H, Jones ME, Pedersen J, Iismaa TP, Wreford N, et al. Elevated androgens and prolactin in aromatase-deficient mice cause enlargement, but not malignancy, of the prostate gland. Endocrinology 2001;142:2458-2467
17. McPherson SJ, Ellem SJ, Simpson ER, Patchev V, Fritzemeier KH, Risbridger GP. Essential role for estrogen receptor b in stromal- epithelial regulation of prostatic hyperplasia. Endocrinology 2007;148:566-574
18. Ellem SJ, Schmitt JF, Pedersen JS, Frydenberg M, Risbridger GP. Local aromatase expression in human prostate is altered in malignancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2434-2441
19. Shappell SB, Thomas GV, Roberts RL, Herbert R, Ittmann MM, Rubin MA, et al. Prostate pathology of genetically engineered mice: definitions and classification: The consensus report from the Bar Harbor meeting of the Mouse Models of Human Cancer Consortium Prostate Pathology Committee. Cancer Res 2004;64:2270-2305
20. Cunha GR, Ricke W, Thomson A, Marker PC, Risbridger G, Hayward SW, et al. Hormonal, cellular, and molecular regulation of normal and neoplastic prostatic development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004:92:221-236
21. Cunha GR, Chung LW, Shannon JM, Taguchi O, Fujii H. Hormone induced morphogenesis and growth: Role of mesenchymal epithelial interactions. Recent Prog Horm Res 1983;39:559-598
22. Yan G, Fukabori Y, McBride G, Nikolaropoulos S, McKeehan WL. Exon switching and activation of stromal and embryonic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-FGF receptor genes in prostate epithelial cells accompany stromal independence and malignancy. Mol Cell Biol 1993;13:4513-4522
23. Lee C, Sensibar JA, Dudek SM, Hiipakka RA, Liao ST. Prostatic ductal system in rats: Regional variation in morphological and functional activities. Biol Reprod 1990;43:1079-1086
24. Isaacs JT, Cussenot O, Jankevicius F, et al. Growth regulation of normal and malignant prostatic cells. In: Murphy G, Denis L, Chatelain C, Griffiths K, Khoury S, Cockett AT, editors. First International Consultation on Prostate Cancer. Paris: S.C.I.; 1997. p. 31-81.
25. Wilson MJ, Sellers RG, Wiehr C, Melamud O, Pei D, Peehl DM. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and -2, in primary cultures of human prostatic stromal and epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2002;191:208-216
26. Goulas A, Hatzichristou DG, Karakiulakis G, Mirtsou-Fidani V, Kalinderis A, Papakonstantinou E. Benign hyperplasia of the human prostate is associated with tissue enrichment in chondroitin sulphate of wide size distribution. Prostate 2000; 44:104-110
27. Sorensen BS, Torring N, Bor MV, Nexo E. Quantitation of the mRNA expression of the epidermal growth factor system: Selective induction of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor and amphiregulin expression by growth factor stimulation of prostate stromal cells. J Lab Clin Med 2000;136:209-217
28. Kohnen PW, Drach GW. Patterns of inflammation in prostatic hyperplasia: A histologic and bacterial study. J Urol 1979;121:755-760
29. Theyer G, Kramer G. Assmann I, Sherwood E, Preinfalk W, Marberger M, et al. Phenotypic characterization of infiltrating leukocytes in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lab Invest 1992;66:96-107.
30. Steiner G, Gessl A, Kramer G, Schöllhammer A, Förster O, Marberger M. Phenotype and function of peripheral and prostatic lymphocytes in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1994;151:480-484
31. Moore RA. Inflammation of the prostate gland. J Urol 1937;38:173-182
32. McNeal J. Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia: Insight into etiology. Urol Clin North Am 1990;17:477-486
33. Kohnen PW, Drach GW. Patterns of inflammation in prostatic hyperplasia: A histologic and bacteriologic study. J Urol 1979;121:755-760
34. Schaeffer AJ, Wendel EF, Dunn JK, Grayhack JT. Prevalence and significance of prostatic inflammation. J Urol 1981;125:215-219
35. Robinette CL. Sex-hormone-induced inflammation and fibromuscular proliferation in the rat lateral prostate. Prostate 1988;12:271-286
36. Naslund MJ, Strandberg JD, Coffey DS. The role of androgens and estrogens in the pathogenesis of experimental nonbacterial prostatitis. J Urol 1988;140:1049-1053
37. Taguchi O, Kojima A, Nishizuka Y. Experimental autoimmune prostatitis after neonatal thymectomy in the mouse. Clin Exp Immunol 1985;60:123-129
38. Taguchi O, Nishizuka Y. Self tolerance and localised autoimmunity; Mouse models of autoimmune disease that suggest tissue-specific suppressor T cells are involved in self tolerance. J Exp Med 1987;165:146-156
39. Lee Keith L, Peehl Donna M. Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2004;172:1784-1791
40. Untergasser G, Madersbacher S, Berger P. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Age-related tissueremodeling. Exp Gerontol 2005;40:121-128
41. Kramer G, Marberger M. Could Inflammation be a key component in the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia? Curr Opin in Urol 2006;16:25-29
42. Kramer G, Steiner GE, Handisurya A, Stix U, Haitel A, Knerer B, et al. Increased expression of lymphocyte-derived cytokines in benign hyperplastic prostate tissue, identification of the producing cell types and effect of differentially expressed cytokines on stromal cell proliferation. Prostate 2002;52:43-48
43. Lee KL, Peehl D. Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2004;172:1784-1791
44. Handisurya A, Steiner GE, Stix U, Ecker RC, Pfaffeneder-Mantai S, Langer D, et al. Differential expression of interleukin- 15, a pro-inflammatory cytokine and T-cell growth factor, and its receptor in human prostate. Prostate 2001;49:251-262
45. Steiner G, Stix U, Handisurya A, Willheim M, Haitel A, Reithmayr R, et al. Cytokine expression pattern in benign prostatic hyperplasia infiltrating T cells and impact of lymphocytic infiltration on cytokine mRNA profile in prostatic tissue. Lab Invest 2003;83:1131-1146
46. Konig JE, Senge T, Allhoff EP, Konig W. Analysis of the inflammatory network in benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Prostate 2004;58:121-129
47. Wang W, Bergh A, Damber JE. Chronic inflammation in benign prostate hyperplasia is associated with focal upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2, Bcl-2, and cell proliferation in the glandular epithelium. Prostate 2004;61:60-72.
48. Kakehi Y, Segawa T, Wu XX, Kulkarni P, Dhir R, Getzenberg RH. Down- regulation of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1/prostate derived factor in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 2004;59:351-356
49. Vykhovanets EV, Resnick MI, Marengo SR. The healthy rat prostate contains high levels of natural killer-like cells and unique subsets of CD4+ helperinducer T cells: Implications for prostatitis. J Urol 2005;173:1004-1010
50. Kramer G, Mitteregger, Marberger M. Is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) an immune inflammatory disease? Europ Urol 2007;51:1202-1216
51. Lekas E, Johansson M, Widmark A, Bergh A, Damber JE. Decrement of blood flow precedes the involution of the ventral prostate in the rat after castration. Urol Res 1997;25:309-314
52. Shabsigh A, Chang DT, Heitjan DF, Kiss A, Olsson CA, Puchner PJ, et al. Rapid reduction in blood flow to the rat ventral prostate gland after castration: Preliminary evidence that androgens influence prostate size by regulating blood flow to the prostate gland and prostatic endothelial cell survival. Prostate 1998;36:201-206
53. Shabsigh A, Tanji N, D.Agati V, Burchardt M, Rubin M, Goluboff ET, et al. Early effects of castration on the vascular system of the rat ventral prostate gland. Endocrinology 1999;140:1920-1926 (Pubitemid 29149266)
54. Hayek OR, Shabsigh A, Kaplan SA, Kiss AJ, Chen MW, Burchardt T, et al. Castration induces acute vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the rat prostate concomitant with a reduction of prostatic nitric oxidesynthase activity. J Urol 1999;162:1527-1531
55. Ghafar MA, Shabsigh A, Anastasiadis AG. The effects of castration on the production of vaso-regulatory substances in the rat prostate gland. J Urol 2001;165:875.
56. Meigs JB, Mohr B, Barry MJ, Collins MM, McKinlay JB. Risk factors for clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia in a community-based population of healthy aging men. J Clin Epidemiol 2001;54:935-944
57. Weisman KM, Larijani GE, Goldstein MR, Goldberg ME. Relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia and history of coronary artery disease in elderly men. Pharmacotherapy 2000;20:383-386
58. Golomb E, Rosenzweig N, Eilam R, Abramovici A. Spontaneous hyperplasia of the ventral lobe of the prostate in aging genetically hypertensive rats. J Androl 2000;21:58-64.
59. Golomb E, Kruglikova A, Dvir D, Parnes N, Abramovici A. Induction of atypical prostatic hyperplasia in rats by sympathomimetic stimulation. Prostate 1998;34:214-221
60. Luo J, Dunn T, Ewing C, Sauvageot J, Chen Y, Trent J, et al. Gene expression signature of benign prostatic hyperplasia revealed by cDNA microarray analysis. Prostate 2002;51:189-200.
61. Prakash K, Pirozzi G, Elashoff M, Munger W, Waga I, Dhir R, et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: Molecular differentiation by using microarrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:7598-7603