Brain Injury in Boxing

Clinics in Sports Medicine

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 561-578

  Jordan, Barry D ^a,b,c  

^a BURKE REHABILITATION HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^c New York State Athletic Commission   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute traumatic brain injury; Alheimer's disease; Boxing injuries; Chronic traumatic brain injury; Dementia pugilistica; Second impact syndrome; Sports concussion

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; BOXING; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONCUSSION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; KINESIOTHERAPY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SECOND IMPACT SYNDROME; SPORT INJURY; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; TREATMENT PLANNING; BRAIN INJURIES; BRAIN INJURY, CHRONIC; INJURIES; RISK FACTOR; SPORTS MEDICINE;

BOXING; BRAIN INJURIES; BRAIN INJURY, CHRONIC; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; SPORTS MEDICINE;

EID: 70349764695     PISSN: 02785919     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2009.07.005     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Blonstein J.L., and Clarke E. Further observations on the medical aspects of amateur boxing. Br Med J 1 (1957) 362-364
2. Estwanik J.J., Boitano M., and Ari N. Amateur boxing injuries at the 1981 and 1982 USA/ABF national championships. Phys Sports Med 12 (1984) 123-128
3. Porter M., and O'Brien. Incidence and severity of injuries resulting from amateur boxing in Ireland. Clin J Sport Med 6 (1996) 97-101
4. Jordan B.D., Voy R.O., and Stone J. Amateur boxing injuries at the United States Olympic Training Center. Phys Sports Med 18 2 (1990) 80-90
5. Schmidt-Olsen S., Jensen S.K., and Mortensen V. Amateur boxing in Denmark: the effect of some preventive measures. Am J Sports Med 18 (1990) 98-100
6. Welch M.J., Sitler M., and Kroeten H. Boxing injuries from an instructional program. Phys Sports Med 14 (1986) 81-89
7. Jordan B.D., and Campbell E. Acute boxing injuries among professional boxers in New York State: a two-year survey. Phys Sports Med 16 (1988) 87-91
8. Jordan B.D., Jahre C., Hauser W.A., et al. CT of 338 active professional boxers. Radiology 185 (1992) 509-512
9. Jordan B.D. Professional boxing: experience of the New York State athletic commission. In: Cantu R.C. (Ed). Boxing and medicine (1995), Human Kinetics, Champaign (IL) 177-185
10. Zazryn T.R., Finch C.F., and McCrory P.A. 16 year study of injuries to professional boxers in the state of Victoria, Australia. Br J Sports Med 37 (2003) 321-324
11. Bianco M., Pannozzo A., Fabbricatore C., et al. Medical survey of female boxing in Italy 2002-2003. Br J Sports Med 39 (2005) 532-536
12. Bledsoe G.H., Guohua L., and Levy F. Injury risk in professional boxing. South Med J 98 (2005) 994-998
13. Matser E.J.T., Kessels A.G.H., Lezak M.D., et al. Acute traumatic brain injury in amateur boxing. Phys Sports Med 28 1 (2000) 87-92
14. Larson L.W., Melin K.A., Nordstrom-Ohrberg G., et al. Acute head injuries in boxing. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 95 Suppl (1954) 1-42
15. McCunney R.J., and Russo P.K. Brain injuries in boxers. Phys Sports Med 12 (1984) 53-67
16. Critchley M. Medical aspects of boxing, particularly from a neurological standpoint. Br Med J 1 (1957) 357-362
17. Sercl M., and Jaros O. The mechanisms of cerebral concussion in boxing and their consequences. World Neurol 3 (1962) 351-357
18. Windle W.F., and Groat R.A. Disappearance of nerve cells after concussion. Anat Rec 93 (1945) 201-209
19. Oppenheimer D.R. Microscopic lesions in the brain following injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 31 (1968) 299-306
20. Lampert P.W., and Hardman J.M. Morphological changes in brains of boxers. JAMA 251 (1984) 2676-2679
21. Unterharnsheidt F. About boxing: review of historical and medical aspects. Tex Rep Biol Med 28 (1970) 421-495
22. Viano D.C., Casson I.R., Pellman E.J., et al. Concussion in professional football: comparison with boxing head impacts - part 10. Neurosurgery 57 (2005) 1154-1172
23. Parkinson D. The biomechanics of concussion. Clin Neurosurg 29 (1982) 131-145
24. Waliko TJ, Viano DC, Bir CA. Biomechanics of the head for Olympic boxer punches to the face.
25. Miller L.P., and Hayes R.L. Head trauma: basic, preclinical, and clinical directions (2001), Wiley-Liss, New York
26. Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Neurology 48 (1997) 581-585
27. Cantu R.C. Guidelines for return to contact sports after a cerebral concussion. Phys Sports Med 14 10 (1986) 75-83
28. McCrory P., Meeuwisse W., Johnston K., et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport 3rd International Conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich, November 2008. Clin J Sport Med 19 3 (2009) 185-200
29. Jordan B.D. Increasing medical safety in boxing. In: Jordan B.D. (Ed). Medical aspects of boxing (1993), CRC Press, Boca Raton (FL) 17-21
30. Saunders R.L., and Harbaugh R.E. The second impact in catastrophic contact: sports head trauma. JAMA 252 (1984) 538-539
31. Cantu R.C., and Voy R. Second impact syndrome: a risk in any sport. Phys Sports Med 23 (1995) 27-31
32. Mcrory P.R., and Berkovic S.F. Second impact syndrome. Neurology 50 (1998) 677-683
33. Laurer H.L., Scherbel U., Raghupathi R., et al. Second impact syndrome: myth of pathologic sequelae?. J Neurotrauma 16 (1999) 956
34. Martland H.A.S. Punch drunk. JAMA 91 (1928) 1103-1107
35. Roberts A.H. Brain damage in boxers (1969), Pitman Publishing, London
36. McCrory P., Zazryn T., and Cameron P. The evidence for chronic traumatic encephalopathy in boxing. Sports Med 37 (2007) 467-476
37. Loosemore M., Knowles C.H., and Whyte G.P. Amateur boxing and risk of chronic traumatic brain injury: systemic review of observational studies. Br J Sports Med 42 (2008) 564-567
38. Jordan B.D., Matser E., Zimmerman R.D., et al. Sparring and cognitive function in professional boxers. Phys Sports Med 24 5 (1996) 87-98
39. Jordan B.D., Jahre C., and Hauser W.A. Serial computed tomography in professional boxers. J Neuroimaging 2 (1992) 181-185
40. Orrison W.W., Hanson E.H., Alamo T., et al. Traumatic brain injury: a review and high-field MRI findings in 100 unarmed combatants using a literature-based checklist approach. J Neurotrauma 26 (2009) 1-13
41. Mendez M.F. The neuropsychiatric aspects of boxing. Int J Psychiatry 25 (1995) 249-262
42. LaCava G. Boxer's encephalopathy. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 168 3 (1963) 87-92
43. Casson I.R., Siegel O., Sham R., et al. Brain damage in modern boxers. JAMA 251 (1984) 2663-2667
44. Casson I.R., Sham R., Campbell E.A., et al. Neurological and CT evaluation of knocked-out boxers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 45 (1982) 170-174
45. Sironi V.A., Scotti G., Ravagnati L., et al. CT scan and EEG findings in professional pugilists: early detection of cerebral atrophy in young boxers. J Neurosurg Sci 26 (1982) 165-168
46. Ross R.J., Cole M., Thompson J.S., et al. Boxers - computed tomography, EEG and neurosurgical evaluation. JAMA 249 (1983) 211-213
47. Jordan B.D., and Zimmerman R.D. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging comparisons in boxers. JAMA 263 (1990) 1670-1674
48. Zhang L., Heier L.A., Zimmerman R.D., et al. Diffusion anisotropy changes in the brains of professional boxers. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 (2006) 2000-2004
49. Kemp P.M., Houston A.S., Macleod M.A., et al. Cerebral perfusion and psychometric testing in military amateur boxers and controls. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 59 (1995) 368-374
50. Jordan B.D., Dane S.D., Rowen A.J., et al. SPECT scanning in professional boxers. J Neuroimaging 9 (1999) 59-60
51. Provenzano F., Jordan B.D., Alderson P., et al. Mapping chronic traumatic brain injury in boxers: an SPM analysis of FDG PET scans. J Nucl Med 48 Suppl 2 (2007) 259
52. Vagnozzi R., Signoretti S., Tavazzi B., et al. Temporal window of metabolic brain vulnerability to concussion: a pilot 1H- magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in concussed athletes - part III. Neurosurgery 62 (2008) 1286-1296
53. Thomassen A., Juul-Jensen P., Olivarius B., et al. Neurological electroencephalographic and neuropsychological examination of 53 former amateur boxers. Acta Neurol Scand 60 (1979) 352-362
54. Brookler K.H., Itil T., and Jordan B.D. Electrophysiologic testing in boxers. In: Jordan B.D. (Ed). Medical aspects of boxing (1993), CRC Pres, Boca Raton (FL) 207-214
55. Corsellis J.A.N., Bruton C.J., and Freeman-Browne C. The aftermath of boxing. Psychol Med 3 (1973) 270-303
56. Corsellis J.A.N. Posttraumatic dementia in Alzheimer's disease. In: Jatzman R., Terry R.D., and Bick K. (Eds). Senile dementia and related disorders (1978), Raven Press, New York 125-133
57. Roberts G.W., Allsop D., and Bruton C. The occult aftermath of boxing. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 53 (1990) 373-378
58. Tokuda T., Ikeda S., Yanugesa N., et al. Re-examination of ex-boxer's brain using immunohistochemistry with antibodies to amyloid beta protein and tau protein. Acta Neuropathol 82 (1991) 280-285
59. Dale G.E., Leigh P.N., Luthert P., et al. Neurofibrillary tangles in dementia pugilistica are ubiquinated. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 54 (1991) 116-118
60. Uhl G.R., McKinney M., Hedreen J.C., et al. Dementia pugilistic: loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and cortical cholinergic markers. Ann Neurol 12 (1982) 99
61. Uryu K., Chen X.H., Martinez D., et al. Multiple proteins implicated in neurodegenerative diseases accumulate in axons after brain trauma in humans. Exp Neurol 208 (2007) 185-192
62. Saija A., Hayes R.L., Lyeth B.G., et al. The effects of concussive head injury on central cholinergic neurons. Brain Res 452 (1988) 303-311
63. Smith C.M., and Swash M. Possible biochemical basis of memory disorder in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 3 (1978) 471-473
64. Nicoll J.A.R., Roberts G.W., and Graham D.I. Apolipoprotein Ee4 allele is associated with deposition of amyloid beta protein following head injury. Nat Med 1 (1995) 135-137
65. Mayeaux R., Ottoman R., Maestre G., et al. Synergistic effects of traumatic head injury and apoplipoprotein e4 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 45 (1995) 555-557
66. Katzman R., Galosko D.R., Saitoh T., et al. Apolipoprotein e4 and head trauma: synergistic or additive risks?. Neurology 46 (1996) 889-892
67. Jordan B.D., Kanick A.B., Horwich M.S., et al. Apolipoprotein e4 and fatal cerebral amyloid angiopathy associated with dementia puglistica. Ann Neurol 38 (1995) 698-699
68. Jordan B.D., Relkin N.R., Ravdin L.D., et al. Apolipoprotein Ee4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing. JAMA 278 (1997) 136-140
69. Jordan B.D. Genetic susceptibility to brain injury in sports. A role for genetic testing in athletes. Phys Sports Med 28 2 (1998) 25-26