Mammalia from the Lutetian of Namibia

Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia

Volumn , Issue 20, 2008, Pages 465-514

  Pickford, Martin ^a,b   Senut, Brigitte ^b   Morales, Jorge ^c   Mein, Pierre ^d   Sanchez, Israel M ^c  

^a l'alimentation et l'Environnement   (France)

^b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique   (France)

^c MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES   (Spain)

^d Département Sciences de la Terre   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FAUNA; FOSSIL; GASTROPOD; LUTETIAN; MAMMAL; OSTRACOD; PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY; PALEOGENE; PALEONTOLOGY; PLANT; SNAIL; TAXONOMY;

NAMIBIA;

AVES; BASOMMATOPHORA; CROCODYLIDAE (ALL CROCODILES); DORCASIA; GASTROPODA; HYDROBIIDAE; LYMNAEIDAE; MAMMALIA; OSTRACODA; PIPIDAE; PLANORBIDAE; PUPILLIDAE; RANOIDEA; SERPENTES; SQUAMATA; STYLOMMATOPHORA; SUCCINEA; TRIGONEPHRUS; VERTEBRATA; XEROCERASTUS;

EID: 70349734749     PISSN: 10184325     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (438)

1. Abel, O. 1913. Die eocänen Sirenen der Mittelmeerregion, erster Teil: der Schädel von Eotherium aegyptiacum. Palaeontographica, 59, 289-320.
2. Adaci, M., Tabuce, R., Mebrouk, F., Bensalah, M., Fabre, P.-H., Hautier, L., Jaeger, J.-J., Lazzari, V., Mahboubi, M., Marivaux, L., Otero, O., Peigné, S. and Tong, H. 2007. Nouveaux sites à vertébrés paléogènes dans la région des Gour Lazib (Sahara nord-occidental, Algérie). C. R. Palévol, 6, 535-544.
3. Adrover, R., Hugueney, M. and Mein, P. 1977. Fauna africana oligocena y nuevas endémicas entre los micromammiferos de Mallorca (Nota preliminar). Sociedad de Historia Naturales de Baleares Boletin, 22, 137-149.
4. Anapol, F. 1983. Scapula of Apidium phiomense a small anthropoid from the Oligocene of Egypt. Folia primatologica, 40, 11-31.
5. Andrews, C.W. 1899. Fossil Mammalia of Egypt. Geological Magazine, 6, 481-484.
6. Andrews, C.W. 1900. Fossil Mammalia from Egypt. Geological Magazine, Ser. 4, 7, 401-403.
7. Andrews, C.W. 1901a. A new name for an ungulate. Nature, 64, 577.
8. Andrews, C.W. 1901b. Preliminary note on some recently discovered extinct vertebrates from Egypt. Nature, 64, 582.
9. Andrews, C.W. 1901c. Fossil vertebrates from Egypt. Zoologist, Ser. 4, 5, 318-319.
10. Andrews, C.W. 1902a. Preliminary note on some recently discovered extinct vertebrates from Egypt. I - III. Geological Magazine, NS 4, 8, 400-409, 436-444.
11. Andrews, C.W. 1902b. Über das Vorkommen von Proboscidiern in Unter tertiären Ablagerungen Aegyptens. Verhandelungen der V Internationale Zoologische Kongress, Berlin, 6, 4-5.
12. Andrews, C.W. 1902c. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1902, 228-230.
13. Andrews, C.W. 1903a. Notes on an expedition to the FayÛm, Egypt, with descriptions of some new mammals. Geological Magazine, NS 4, 10, 337-343.
14. Andrews, C.W. 1903b. On the evolution of the Proboscidea. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 71, 443-444.
15. Andrews, C.W. 1903c. On the evolution of the Proboscidea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 196 B, 99-118.
16. Andrews, C.W. 1904a. Further notes on the mammals of the Eocene of Egypt, parts I - III. Geological Magazine, NS 5, 1, 109-115, 1, 157-162, 2, 211-213.
17. Andrews, C.W. 1904b. Note on the Barypoda, a new order of ungulate mammals. Geological Magazine, NS 5, 1, 481-482.
18. Andrews, C.W. 1905. Note on the species of Palaeomastodon. Geological Magazine, NS 5, 2, 562-563.
19. Andrews, C.W. 1906. A descriptive catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayûm, Egypt, pp. 1-342, British Museum of Natural History London.
20. Andrews, C.W. 1907a. Note on some vertebrate remains collected in the Fayum, Egypt. Geological Magazine, NS 5, 4, 97-100.
21. Andrews, C.W. 1907b. The recently discovered Ter- tiary Vertébrala of Egypt. Smithsonian Report for 1906, 1757, 295-307.
22. Andrews, C.W. 1908a. On the skull, mandible and milk dentition of Palaeomastodon, with some remarks on the tooth change in the Proboscidea in general. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 199 B, 393-407.
23. Andrews, C.W. 1908b. A Guide to the Elephants (Recent and Fossil). London, British Museum, (Natural History), 46 pp.
24. Andrews, C.W. 1909. The systematic position of Moeritherium. Nature, 81, 305.
25. Andrews, C.W. 1920. A description of a new species of zeuglodont and of leathery turtles from Eocene of Southern Nigeria. In: Allie, E.P., Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 3-4, 10pp.
26. Andrews, C.W. and Beadnell, H. J.L. 1902. A preliminary note on some new mammals from the upper Eocene of Egypt. Egyptian Survey Department, Public Works Ministry, pp. 1-9.
27. Ankel-Simons, F., Fleagle, J. and Chatrath, P.J. 1998. Femoral anatomy of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, an early Oligocene anthropoid. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 106, 413-424.
28. Arambourg, C. 1951. La succession des faunes mammalogiques en Afrique du Nord au cours du Tertiaire et du Quaternaire. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biogéographie, 241, 49-56.
29. Arambourg, C. 1963. Continental vertebrate faunas of the Tertiary of North Africa. In: F. Howell and F. Bourlière (Eds) African Ecology and Human Evolution, pp. 55-64, Chicago, Aldine.
30. Arambourg, C., and Burrollet, P.F. 1962. Restes de vertébré s Oligocènes en Tunisie centrale. Comptes Rendus de la Société géologique de France, 1962, 42-43.
31. Arambourg, C., Kikoine, C. and Lavocat, R. 1951. Découverte du genre Moeritherium dans le Tertiaire continental du Soudan. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 233, 68-70.
32. Arambourg, C. and Magnier, P. 1961. Gisements de vertébrés dans le bassin tertiaire de Syrte (Libye). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 252, 1181-1183.
33. Arnould-Saget, S. and Magnier, P. 1962. Découverte de dents de Palaeomastodontes dans la région de Zella (Tripolitaine). Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 3, 283-286.
34. Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Gregorin, R., Schlitter, D. and Walker, A. 2003. The oldest African molossid bat cranium (Chiroptera: Molossidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 380-387. (Pubitemid 35022400)
35. Barghoorn, S.F. 1977. New material of Vespertiliavus Schlosser (Mammalia, Chiroptera) and suggested relationships of Emballonurid bats based on cranial morphology. American Museum Novitates, 2618, 1-29.
36. Batik, P. and Fejfar, O. 1990. Les vertébrés du Lutetian, du Miocène et du Pliocène de Tunisie Cen- traie. Notes du Service Géologique de Tunisie, 56, 69-80.
37. Beadnell, J. 1901. The Fayum Depression: a preliminary notice of the geology of a district in Egypt containing a new Palaeogene fauna. Geological Magazine, 8, 540-546.
38. Beadnell, J. 1902. A preliminary note on Arsinoitherium zitteli Beadnell, from the upper Eocene strata of Egypt. Survey Department, Public Works Ministry, Cairo, National Printing Department, pp 1 -4.
39. Beadnell, J. 1903. Note on Arsinoitherium. Cairo, 1902, Geological Magazine, 10, 529.
40. Beadnell, J. 1905. The topography and geology of the Fayum province of Egypt. Survey Department, Cairo, pp. 1-101.
41. Beard, K.C. 2001. Basal Anthropoids In: W.C Hartwig (Ed.) The Primate Fossil Record, pp. 133-149, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
42. Beetz, W. 1926. Die Tertiärablagerungen der Küstnamib. In: E. Kaiser (Ed.) Die Diamantenwüste Südwest-Afrikas, 2, 1-54, Berlin, D. Reimer.
43. Bellair, P., Freuion, J. and Lefranc, J. 1954. Découverte d'une formation à vertébrés et végétaux d'âge tertiaire au bord occidental du désert libyque (Sahara occidental). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 239, 1822-1824.
44. Black, C. 1978. Anthracotheriidae, In: V.J. Maglio and H.B.S. Cooke (Eds) Evolution of African Mammals, pp. 423-434, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
45. Böhm, J. 1926. Über tertiäre Versteinerungen von den Bogenfelser Diamantfeldern. In: E. Kaiser (Ed.) Die Diamantenwüste Südwest-Afrikas, 2, 55-106. Berlin, D. Reimer.
46. Bown, T., Holroyd, P. and Simons, E. 1990. A new elephant shrew from the Fayum depression, Egypt, and the origin of the Macroscelidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9 Supplements, 15 A.
47. Bown, T., Kraus, M., Wing, S., Fleagle, J., Tiffney, B., Simons, E. and Vondra, C. 1982. The Fayum forest revisited. Journal of Human Evolution, 11, 603-632.
48. Bown, T., Kraus, M., Wing, S., Fleagle, J., Tiffney, B., Simons, E. and Vondra, C. 1988. Geology and palaeoenvironment of the Jebel Qatrani Formation and adjacent rocks, Fayum Depression, Egypt. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1452, 1-64.
49. Bown, T. and Simons, E. 1984a. First record of marsupials (Metatheria: Polyprotodonta) from the Oligocene in Africa. Nature, 308, 447-449.
50. Bown, T. and Simons, E. 1984b. Reply to Jaeger and Martin: African Marsupials - vicariance or dispersion. Nature, 312, 447-449.
51. Bown, T. and Simons, E. 1987. New Oligocene Ptolemaiidae (Mammalia: ? Pantolestidae) from the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum depression, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1, 311-324.
52. Butler, P. 1948. On the evolution of the skull and teeth in the Erinaceidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 118, 446-500.
53. Butler, P. 1984. Macroscelidea, Insectivora and Chiroptera from the Miocene of East Africa. Palaeovertebrata, 14, 117-200.
54. Butler, P. 1995. Fossil Macroscelidea. Mammal Review, 25, 3-14.
55. Capetta, H., Jaeger, J.-J., Sabatier, M. and VianeyLiaud, M. 1978. Découverte au Maroc des plus anciens Euthériens d'Afrique, Geobios, 11, 257-262.
56. Cappetta, H., Jaeger, J.-J., Sigé, B., Sudre, J. and Vianey-Liaud, M. 1987. Compléments et précisions biostratigraphiques sur la faune paléocène à mammifères et sélachiens du bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc). Tertiary Research, 8 (4), 147-157.
57. Coiffait, P., Coiffait, B., Jaeger, J.-J. and Mahboubi, M. 1984. Un nouveau gisement à mammifères fossiles d'âge éocène supérieur sur le versant sud des Nementcha (Algérie orientale): découverte des plus anciens rongeurs d'Afrique. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 299, 893-898.
58. Conraux, L.-L. 2004. Les sélaciens du Lutétien de Kpogame-Hahotoé (Eocène moyen du Togo). Systématique et paléoenvironnement. Mémoire DEA Université Science et Technique de Languedoc, Montpellier, 355, 1 -46 pp.
59. Cooke, H.B.S. 1968. The fossil mammal fauna of Africa. Quarterly Revue of Biology, 43, 234-264.
60. Cooke, H.B.S. 1972. The fossil mammal fauna of Africa. In: A. Keast (Ed.) Evolution, Mammals and Southern Continents, pp. 89-139. Albany, State University of New York.
61. Cote, S., Werdelin, L., Seiffert, E., and Barry, J. 2007. Additional material of the enigmatic Early Miocene mammal Kelba and its relationship to the order Ptolemaiida. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104, 5510-5515.
62. Court, N. 1989. Morphology, Functional Anatomy and Phylogeny of Arsinoitherium (Mammalia, Embrithopoda). PhD Thesis, University of Bristol.
63. Court, N. 1990. Periotic anatomy of Arsinoitherium (Mammalia, Embrithopoda) and its phylogenetic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 10, 170-182.
64. Court, N. 1992a. A unique form of dental bilophodonty and a functional interpretation of peculiarities in the masticatory system of Arsinoitherium (Mammalia, Embrithopoda). Historical Biology, 6, 91-111.
65. Court, N. 1992b. The skull of Arsinoitherium (Mammalia, Embrithopoda) and the higher order interrelationships of ungulates. Palaeoverte- brata, 22, 1-43.
66. Court, N. 1993. An enigmatic new mammal from the Eocene of North Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 267-269.
67. Court, N. 1994. Limb posture and gait in Numidotherium koholense, a primitive proboscidean from the Eocene of Algeria. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 111, 297-338.
68. Court, N. 1995. A new species of Numidotherium (Mammalia: Proboscidea) from the Eocene of Libya and the early phylogeny of the Proboscidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 650-671.
69. Court, N. and Hartenberger, J.-L. 1992. A new species of the hyracoid mammal Titanohyrax from the Eocene of Tunisia. Palaeontology, 35, 309-317. (Pubitemid 23389312)
70. Court, N. and Mahboubi, M. 1993. Reassessment of lower Eocene Seggeurius amourensis: aspects of primitive dental morphology in the mammalian order Hyracoidea. Journal of Paleontology, 67, 889-893.
71. Crochet, J. 1984. Garatherium mahboubii nov. gen., nov. sp., marsupial de l'Eocène inférieur d'El Kohol (Sud-Oranais, Algérie). Annales de Paléontologie, 70, 275-294.
72. Crochet, J. 1986. Kasserinotherium tunisiense, nov. gen., nov. sp., troisième marsupial découvert en Afrique (Eocène inférieur de Tunisie). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 302, 923-926.
73. Crochet, J. 1988. Le plus ancien créodonte africain: Koholia atlasense nov. gen. nov. sp. (Eocène inférieur d'El Kohol, Atlas saharien, Algérie). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 307, 1795-1798.
74. Crochet, J.-Y., Peigné, S. and Mahboubi, M. 2001. Ancienneté des Carnivora (Mammalia) en Afrique. In: Denys, C., Granjon, L., and Poulet, A., (Eds) African Small Mammals, pp. 91-100, Paris, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement.
75. Crochet, J.-Y., Thomas, H., Roger, J., Sen. S. and Al-Sulaimani, Z. 1990. Première découverte d'un créodonte dans la péninsule Arabique: Masrasector ligabuei n. sp. (Oligocène inférieur de Taqah, Formation d'Ashawq, Sultanat d'Oman). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 311, 1455-1460.
76. Crochet, J.-Y., Thomas, H., Sen, S., Roger, J., Gheerbrant, E. and Al-Sulaimani, Z. 1992. Découverte d'un péradictidé (Marsupialia) dans l'Oligocène inférieur du Sultanat d'Oman: nouvelles données sur la paléobiogéographie des marsupiaux de la plaque arabo-africaine. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 314, 539-545.
77. Dagosto, M. 2001. The origin and diversification of anthropoid primates: Introduction. In: W.C. Hartwig (Ed.) The Primate Fossil Record, pp. 125-132, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
78. Dartevelle, E. 1935. Les premiers restes de Mammifères du Tertiaire du Congo: La faune Miocène de Malembe. Comptes Rendus de la 2ème Congrès Sciences Naturelles, Brussels, 1, 715-720.
79. De Blieux, D. and Simons, E. 1999. Cranial and dental anatomy of the Late Eocene hyracoid Antilohyrax pectidens (Mammalia) from the Fayum, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19 Supplement 3, 41 A.
80. De Blieux, D., Baumrind, M., Simons, E., Chatrath, P., Meyer, G. and Attia, Y. 2006. Sexual dimorphism of the internal mandibular chamber in Fayum Pliohyracidae (Mammalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 160-169.
81. De Bonis, L., Jaeger, J.-J., Coiffait, B. and Coiffait, P.-E. 1988. Découverte du plus ancien primate catarrhinien connu dans l'Eocène supérieur d'Afrique du nord. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 306, 924-934.
82. Delmer, C. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships between Paleogene proboscideans: new data and impact on Tethytherian systematics. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts, 25, 50A.
83. Delmer, C. 2006. Re-evaluation of the systematic position of Numidotherium savagei (Proboscidea, Mammalia): New data from Dor El Talha, Libya. Annual Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy, Paris, Abstracts, p. 3.
84. Delmer, C., Mahboubi, M., Tabuce, R. and Tassy, P. 2006. A new species of Moeritherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Algeria: New perspectives on the ancestral morphotype of the genus. Palaeontology, 49, 421-434.
85. Delsuc, F., Catzeflis, F., Stanhope, M. and Douzery, E. 2001. The evolution of armodillos, anteaters, and sloths as depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 268, 1605-1615. (Pubitemid 32730417)
86. Depéret, C. 1907. Sur l'âge des couches à Palaeomastodon du Fayoum. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 1, 193-194.
87. Ducrocq, S. 1998. The anthracotheriid genus Bothriogenys (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) in Africa and Asia during the Paleogene: phylogenetical and paleobiogeographical relationships. Stuttgarter Beitrage der Naturkunde, B 250, 1-44.
88. Ducrocq, S. 2001. Palaeogene anthropoid primates from Africa and Asia: new phylogenetical evidences. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 332, 351-356.
89. El Khashab, B. 1974. Review of the early Tertiary eutherian faunas of African mammals in Fayum Province, Egypt. Annals of the Geological Sur- vey of Egypt, 4, 95-114.
90. El Khashab, B. 1977. Approach on genus Arsinoitherium and the diagnosis of its closely related sympatric species, in lower Oligocene of Fayum Province, Egypt. Geological Survey Egypt and Mining Authority, 62, 29-39.
91. El Khashab, B. 1979. A brief account of Egyptian Paleogene Proboscidea. In: B. Issawi (Ed.) Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of African Geology, Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt, 9, 245-260.
92. Fejfar, O. 1987. Oligocene rodents from Zallah Oasis, Libya. Münchener Geowissenschafliche Abhandlungen, A 10, 265-268.
93. Fischer, M. 1986. Die Stellung der Schliefer (Hyracoidea) im phylogenetischen System der Eutheria. Courrier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 84, 1-132.
94. Fleagle, J. 1980. Locomotor behaviour of the earliest anthropoids: a review of the current evidence. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie, 71, 149-156.
95. Fleagle, J. 1983. Locomotor adaptations of Oligocene and Miocene hominoids and their phyletic implications. In: Ciochon, R. and Corruccini, R. (Eds) New Interpretations of Ape and Human Evolution, pp. 301-324, New York, Plenum
96. Fleagle, J. 1986a. Early anthropoid evolution in Africa and South America. In: P.C. Lee and J.G. Else (Eds) Primate Evolution, pp. 133-142. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
97. Fleagle, J. 1986b. The fossil record of early catarrhine evolution. In: B. Wood, L. Martin and P. Andrews (Eds) Major Topics in Primate and Human Evolution, pp. 130-149, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
98. Fleagle, J. 1988. Primate Adaptation and Evolution. Academic Press, New York. 486p.
99. Fleagle, J. 1994. Anthropoid Origins. In: R.S. Corruccini and R.L. Ciochon (Eds) Integrative Paths to the Past: Paleoanthropological Advances in Honour of F. Clark Howell, pp. 17-35, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall
100. Fleagle, J., Bown, T., Obradovich, J. and Simons, E. 1986a. Age of the earliest African anthropoids. Science, 234, 1247-1249. (Pubitemid 17263478)
101. Fleagle, J., Bown, T., Obradovich, J. and Simons, E. 1986b. How old are the Fayum Primates? In: J.G. Else and P.C. Lee (Eds) Primate Evolution, pp. 3-17. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
102. Fleagle, J. and Kay, R. 1983. New interpretations of the phyletic position of Oligocene hominoids. In: R. Ciochon and R. Corruccini (Eds) New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry, pp. 181-210. New York, Plenum.
103. Fleagle, J. and Kay, R. 1985. The paleobiology of catarrhines. In: E. Delson (Ed.) Ancestors: The Hard Evidence, pp. 23-36. New York, Alan Liss.
104. Fleagle, J. and Kay, R. 1988. The phyletic position of the Parapithecidae. Journal of Human Evolution, 16, 438-532.
105. Fleagle, J. and Kay, R. 1994. Anthropoid Origins. New York, Plenum Press.
106. Fleagle, J., Kay, R. and Simons, E. 1980. Sexual dimorphism in early anthropoids. Nature, 287, 328-330.
107. Fleagle, J., Richmond, B., Ankel Simons, F., Chatrath, P. and Simons, E. 1996. Aegyptopithecus zeuxis and the evolution of Old World Higher Primates. Proceedings of the Geological Survey of Egypt, Centennial Conference, pp. 547-580.
108. Fleagle, J. and Simons, E. 1979. Anatomy of the bony pelvis of parapithecid primates. Folia primatologica, 31, 176-186.
109. Fleagle, J. and Simons, E. 1980. Humeral morphology of the earliest apes. Nature, 276, 705-707.
110. Fleagle, J. and Simons, E. 1982a. The humerus of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, a primitive anthropoid. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 59, 175-194.
111. Fleagle, J. and Simons, E. 1982b. Skeletal remains of Propliopithecus chirobates from the Egyptian Oligocene. Folia primatologica, 39, 161-177.
112. Fleagle, J. and Simons, E. 1983. The tibio-fibular articulation in Apidium phiomense, an Oligocene anthropoid. Nature, 301, 238-239.
113. Fleagle, J., Simons, E. and Conroy, G. 1975. Ape limb bone from the Oligocene of Egypt. Science, 189, 135-137.
114. Ford, S. 1994. Primitive platyrrhines? Perspectives on anthropoid origins from platyrrhine, parapithecid, and preanthropoid postcrania. In: J. Fleagle and R. Kay (Eds) Anthropoid Origins, pp. 595-673. New York, Plenum.
115. Frost, D., Wozencroft, W. and Hoffmann, R. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships of hedgehogs and gymnures (Mammalia: Insectivora: Erinaceidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 518, 1-69.
116. Gagnon, M. 1992. Succession of mammalian communities in the Fayum of Egypt in relation to the age of the Jebel Qatrani Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12 (3), 29.
117. Gagnon, M. 1993. Mammalian Paleoecology of the Fayum of Egypt. PhD Thesis, Duke University.
118. Gagnon, M. 1997. Ecological diversity and community ecology in the Fayum sequence (Egypt). Journal of Human Evolution, 32, 133-160. (Pubitemid 28003581)
119. Gaudin, T. and Branham, D. 1998. The phylogeny of the Myrmecophagidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Vermilingua) and the relationship of Eurotamandua to the Vermilingua. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 5, 237-265.
120. Gebo, D. 1988. Foot morphology and locomotor adaptation in Eocene Primates. Folia primatologica, 50, 3-41.
121. Gebo, D. 1989. Locomotor and phylogenetic considerations in anthropoid evolution. Journal of Human Evolution, 18, 201-233.
122. Gebo, D. 1993. Postcranial anatomy and locomotor adaptation in early African anthropoids. In: Gebo, D. (Ed.) Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates, pp. 220-234. De Kalb, Northern Illinois University Press.
123. Gebo, D. and Rasmussen, D. 1985. The earliest fossil pangolin (Pholidota, Manidae) from Africa. Journal of Mammalogy, 66, 538-541.
124. Gebo, D. and Simons, E. 1984. Puncture marks on early African anthropoids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 65, 31-35. (Pubitemid 14016402)
125. Gebo, D. and Simons, E. 1987. Morphology and locomotor adaptations of the foot in Early Oligocene anthropoids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 74, 83-101.
126. Gebo, D., Simons, E., Rasmussen, D. and Dagosto, M. 1994. Eocene anthropoid postcrania from the Fayum, Egypt. In: J.G. Fleagle and R.F. Kay (Eds) Anthropoid Origins, pp. 203-233. Plenum, New York.
127. Gevin, P., Lavocat, R., Mongereau, N. and Sudre, J. 1975. Découverte de mammifères dans la moitié inférieure de l'Eocène continental du Nord-Ouest du Sahara. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 280, 967-968.
128. Gheerbrant, E. 1987. Les vertébrés continentaux de l'Adrar Mgorn (Maroc, Paléocène); une dispersion de mammifères transtéthysienne aux environs de la limite Mesozoïque/ Cénozoïque? Geodynamica Acta, 1 (4/5), 233-246.
129. Gheerbrant, E. 1988. Afrodon chleuhi nov. gen. nov. sp. "insectivore" (Mammalia, Eutheria) lipotyphlé (?) du Paléocène marocain: données préliminaires. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 307, 1303-1309.
130. Gheerbrant, E. 1989. Les mammifères paléocènes du bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc); étude systématique, phylogénique, paléoécologique et paléobiogé ographique des plus anciens placentaires d'Afrique. Mémoire des Sciences de la Terre. Thèse Université P. et M. Curie, 8911: 1-473.
131. Gheerbrant, E. 1990. On the early biogeographical history of the African placentals. Historical Biology, 4, 107-116.
132. Gheerbrant, E. 1991. Todralestes variabilis n.g., n.sp., nouveau proteuthérien (Eutheria, Todralestidae fam. nov.) du Palé ocène du Maroc. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 312, 1249-1255.
133. Gheerbrant, E. 1992. Les mammifères paléocènes du bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc) I. Introduction générale et Palaeoryctidae. Palaeontographica, A 224, 67-132.
134. Gheerbrant, E. 1993. Premières données sue les mammifères « insectivores » de l'Yprésien du bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc, site de N'Tagourt 2). Neues Jahrbuch der Geologie und Paläntologie Abhandlungen, 187, 225-242.
135. Gheerbrant, E. 1994. Les mammifères paléocènes du bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc). II - Todralestidae (Proteutheria, Eutheria). Palaeontographica, 231, 133-188
136. Gheerbrant, E. 1995. Les mammifères paléocènes du bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc) III. Adapisoriculidae et autres mammifères (Carnivora, ? Creodonta, Condylarthra, ?Ungulata et incertae sedis). Palaeontographica, A 237, 39-132.
137. Gheerbrant, E. 1998. The oldest known proboscidean and the role of Africa in the radiation of modern orders of placentals. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 44, 181-185.
138. Gheerbrant, E., Cappetta, H., Feist, M., Jaeger, J.-J., Sudre, J., Vianey-Liaud, M. and Sigé, B. 1993a. La succession des faunes de vertébrés d'âge paléocène supérieur et éocène inférieur dans le bassin d'Ouarzazate, Maroc. Contexte géologique, portée biostratigraphique et paléogéographique. Newsletters in Stratigraphy, 28 (1), 33-58.
139. Gheerbrant, E., Domning, D. and Tassy, P. 2005a. Paenungulata (Sirenia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and relatives). In: K.D. Rose and J.D. Archibald (Eds) The Rise of the Placental Mammals, pp. 84-105, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
140. Gheerbrant, E. and Hartenberger, J.-L. 1999. Nouveau mammifère insectivore (?Lipotyphla, ? Erinaceomorpha) de l'Eocène inférieur de Chambi (Tunisie). Paläontologische Zeitschriften, 73, 143-156.
141. Gheerbrant, E., Iarochène, M., Amaghzaz, M. and Bouya, B. 2006. Early African hyaenodont mammals and their bearing on the origin of the Creodonta. Geological Magazine, 143, 475-489. (Pubitemid 44151208)
142. Gheerbrant, E., Peigné, S. and Thomas, H. 2007. Première description du squelette d'un hyracoïde paléogène: Saghatherium antiquum de l'Oligocène inférieur de Jebel al Hasawnah, Libye. Palaeontographica, 279, 93-145.
143. Gheerbrant, E. and Russell, D. 1989. Presence of the genus Afrodon (Eutheria, Lipotyphla (?), Adapisoriculidae) in Europe; new data from the problem of trans-Tethyan relations between Africa and Europe around the K/T boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 76, 1-15.
144. Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J. and Capetta, H. 1996a. A Palaeocene proboscidean from Morocco. Nature, 383, 68-70.
145. Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J. and Capetta, H. 1996b. Oldest proboscidean from the Late Paleocene of Morocco. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 37A.
146. Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Capetta, H. and Bignot, G. 1998a. Phosphatherium escuilliei du Thanétien du bassin des Ouled Abdoun (Maroc), plus ancien proboscidien (Mammalia) d'Afrique. Geobios, 30, 247-269.
147. Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Iarochène, M. and Moumni, A. 2001. First ascertained African "condylarth" mammals (Primitive ungulates: cf. Bulbulodentata and cf. Phenacodonta) from the earliest Ypresian of the Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco. Jour- nal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21, 107-118.
148. Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Cappetta, H., larochène, M., Amaghzaz, M. and Bouya, B. 2002. A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47, 493-506.
149. Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Cappetta, H., MourerChauviré, C., Bourdon, E., larochène, M., Amaghzaz, M. and Bouya, B. 2003. Les localités à mammifères des carrières de Grand Daoui, bassin des Ouled Abdoun, Maroc, Yprésien: premier état des lieux. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 174, 279-293.
150. Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Sen, S., Abrial, C., Marandat, B., Sigé, B. and Vianey-Liaud, M. 1998b. Nouvelles données sur les mammifères du Thanétien et de l'Yprésien du bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc) et leur contexte stratigraphique. Palaeovertebrata, 27, 155-202.
151. Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Tassy, P., Amaghzaz, M., Bouya, B. and larochène, M. 2005b. Nouvelles données sur Phosphatherium escuilliei (Mammalia, Proboscidea) de l'Eocène inférieur du Maroc, apports à la phylogénie des Proboscidea et des ongulés lophodontes. Geodiversitas, 27, 239-333.
152. Gheerbrant, E., Thomas, H., Roger, J., Sen, S. and Al-Sulaimani, Z. 1993b. Deux nouveaux primates dans l'Oligocène inférieur de Taqah (Sultanat d'Oman): Premiers adapiformes (? Anchomomyini) de la péninsule arabique? Palaeovertebrata, 22, 141-196.
153. Gheerbrant, E., Thomas, H., Sen, S. and AlSulaimani, Z. 1995. Nouveau primate Oligopithecinae (Simiiformes) de l'Oligocène inférieur de Taqah, Sultanat d'Oman. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 321, 425-432. (Pubitemid 26457413)
154. Gingerich, P. 1973. Anatomy of the temporal bone in the Oligocene anthropoid Apidium and the origin of the Anthropoidea. Folia primatologica, 19, 329-337.
155. Gingerich, P. 1978. The Stuttgart collection of Oligocene primates from Fayum Province of Egypt. Zeitschrift für Paläontologie, 52, 82-92.
156. Gingerich, P. 1990. African dawn for Primates. Nature, 346, 411.
157. Gingerich, P. 1992a. Marine mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the middle Eocene of KpogaméHahotoé in Togo. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12 (3), 29.
158. Gingerich, P. 1992b. Marine mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: Stratigraphy, age, and paleoenvironments. University of Michigan Papers on Palaeontology, 30, i-ix, 1-84.
159. Gingerich, P. 1993. Oligocene age of the Gebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum, Egypt. Journal of Human Evolution, 24, 207-218.
160. Godinot, M. 1994. Early north African primates and their significance for the origin of Simiiformes (=Anthropoidea). In: J.G. Fleagle and R.F. Kay (Eds) Anthropoid Origins, pp. 235-296. New York, Plenum Press.
161. Godinot, M. 1998. The Prosimian fauna of the Fayum Eocene/Oligocene deposits of Egypt. Folia primatologica Supplement, 69, 250-285.
162. Godinot, M. and Beard, K.C. 1993. A survey of fossil primate hands. In: H. Preuschoft and D. Chivers (Eds) Hands of Primates, pp. 335-378, Wien, New York, Springer-Verlag.
163. Godinot, M. and Mahboubi, M. 1992. Earliest known simian primate found in Algeria. Nature, 357, 324-326.
164. Godinot, M. and Mahboubi, M. 1994. Les petits primates simiiformes de Glib Zegdou (Eocène Inférieur à Moyen d'Algérie). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 319, 357-364.
165. Gorodiski, A. and Lavocat, R. 1953. Première découverte de mammifères dans le Tertiaire (Lutétien) du Sénégal. Comptes Rendus de la Société géologique de France, 15, 314-316.
166. Gregory, W.K. 1910. The orders of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 27, 1-524.
167. Gunnell, G., Jacobs, B.F., Herendeen, P.S., Head, JJ., Kowalski, E., Msuya, C., Mizambwa, F.A., Harrison, T., Habersetzer, J. and Storch, G. 2003. Oldest placental mammal from Sub-Saharan Africa: Eocene Microbat from Tanzania - Evidence for Early Evolution of sophisticated echolocation. Palaeontologica Electronica, 5 (3), 1-10.
168. Gunnell, G. and Miller, E. 2001. Origin of Antropoidea: dental evidence and recognition of early anthropoids in the fossil record, with comments on the Asian anthropoid radiation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 114, 177-191. (Pubitemid 32198525)
169. Gunnell, G. and Rose, K. 2001. Tarsiiformes: Evolutionary history and adaptation In: W.C. Hartwig (Ed.) The Primate Fossil Record. pp. 45-82, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
170. Gunnell, G., Simons, E. and Seiffert, E. 2005. Paleogene bats (Chiroptera) from Fayum Province, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts, 25, 66A.
171. Harris, J. M. 1978. Deinotherioidea and Barytherioidea. In: V.J. Maglio and H.B.S. Cooke (Eds) Evolution of African Mammals, pp. 315-332. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
172. Harrison, T. 2001. Late Oligocene to middle Miocene catarrhines from Afro-Arabia. In: W.C. Hartwig (Ed.) The Primate Fossil Record, pp. 311-338, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
173. Harrison, T., Msuya, C., Fine Jacobs, B. and Baez, A. 1998. Mahenge: an early Eocene lagerstatte in Tanzania, East Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(3), 49A.
174. Harrison, T., Msuya, C., Murray, A., Jacobs, B., Baez, A., Mundil, R. and Ludwig, K. 2001. Pa- leontological investigations at the Eocene locality of Mahenge in north-central Tanzania, East Africa. In: Gunnell, G., (Ed.) Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats, pp. 39-74, New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
175. Hartenberger, J.-L. 1986. Hypothèse paléontologique sur l'origine des Macroscelidea (Mammalia). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 302, 247-249.
176. Hartenberger, J.-L. 1998. Description de la radiation des Rodentia (Mammalia) du Paléocène supérieur au Miocène; incidences phylogénétiques. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 326, 439-444.
177. Hartenberger, J.-L., Crochet, J.-Y., Martinez, C., Feist, M., Godinot, M., Mannai Tayech, B., Marandat, B. and Sigé, B. 1998a. Les mammifères de Chambi (Eocène, Tunisie). Apport à la compréhension de l'histoire du peuplement mammalien dans la région sud-téthysienne; contribution à la biochronologie des formations continentales du Maghreb. Notes du Service géologique de Tunisie, 64, 5-24.
178. Hartenberger, J.-L., Crochet, J.-Y., Martinez, C., Feist, M., Godinot, M., Mannai Tayech, B., Marandat, B. and Sigé, B. 1997a. Les mammifères de Chambi (Eocène, Tunisie). Apport à la compréhension de l'histoire du peuplement mammalien dans la région sud-téthysienne; contribution à la biochronologie des formations continentales du Maghreb. In: J.-P. Aguilar, S. Legendre and J. Michaux (Eds) Biochrom 97. Mémoires de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 21, 233-244.
179. Hartenberger, J.-L., Crochet, J.-Y., Martinez, C., Feist, M., Godinot, M., Mannai Tayech, B., Marandat, B. and Sigé, B. 1997b. Le gisement de Mammifères de Chambi (Eocène, Tunisie Centrale) dans son contexte géologique. Apport à la connaissance de l'évolution des mammifères en Afrique. Actes Congr. Biochrom'97. Mémoires et Travaux de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Institut de Montpellier, 21, 263-274.
180. Hartenberger, J.-L., Crochet, J., Martinez, C and Sigé, B. 1998b. The Eocene mammalian fauna of Chambi (Tunisia) and its geological context. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18 (3), 49A.
181. Hartenberger, J.-L. and Marandat, B. 1992. A new genus and species of an early Eocene primate from North Africa. Human Evolution, 7, 9-16.
182. Hartenberger, J.-L., Martinez, C and Said, A. Ben 1985. Découverte de mammifères d'âge Eocène inférieur en Tunisie Centrale. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 301, 649-652.
183. Holroyd, P. 1994. An Examination of Dispersal Origins for Fayum Mammalia. PhD Dissertation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 328 pp.
184. Holroyd, P. 1995. Hyaenodontine Hyaenodontid Creodonts from the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts, 15, Supplement 3, 35A.
185. Holroyd, P. 1999. New Pterodontinae (Hyaenodontidae: Creodonta) from the late Eocene-early Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt. PaleoBios, 19(2), 1-18.
186. Holroyd, P., Ciochon, R. and Gunnell, G. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships among Late Eocene to Early Oligocene Old World anthracotheriids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26 Supplement 3, 78A.
187. Holroyd, P. and Maas, M. 1994. Paleogeography, paleobiogeography, and anthropoid origins. In: J.G. Fleagle and R.F. Kay (Eds) Anthropoid Origins, pp. 297-334. Plenum Press, New York.
188. Holroyd, P. and Mussell, J.C. 2005. Origin and relationships of the Macroscelidea and Tubulidentata. In: K.D. Rose and J.D. Archibald (Eds) The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades. pp. 71-83, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
189. Holroyd, P., Simons, E., Bown, T., Polly, P. and Kraus, M. 1996. New records of terrestrial mammals from the Upper Eocene Qasr el Sagha Formation, Fayum Depression, Egypt. Palaeovertebrata, 25, 175-192.
190. Hooijer, D.A. 1963. Miocene mammals of Congo. Annales du Muséum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences géologiques, 46, 1-77.
191. Hooker, J., Sanchez-Villagra, M., Goin, F., Simons, E., Yousry, A. and Seiffert, E. 2008. The origin of Afro-Arabian 'didelphimorph' marsupials. Palaeontology, 51, 635-648.
192. Hopwood, A. 1929. New and little known mammals from the Miocene of Africa. American Museum Novitates, 344, 2-9.
193. Jaeger, J.-J., Denys, C. and Coiffait, B. 1985. New Phiomorpha and Anomaluridae from the late Eocene of North-west Africa: Phylogenetic implications. In: W.P. Luckett and J.L. Hartenberger (Eds) Evolutionary Relationships Among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis, NATO ASI Series, 92, 567-588.
194. Jeddi, S., Pickford, M., Tassy, P. and Coppens, Y. 1991. Discovery of mammals in the Tertiary of Central Tunisia: biostratigraphic and paleogeographic implications. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 312, 543-548.
195. Kaiser, E. 1926. Die Diamantenwüste SüdwestAfrikas, Berlin, D. Reimer, 2 vols.
196. Kalbskopf, S. 1977. The Klinghardt Breccia Pipes and Freshwater Limestone Depressions. Unpublished Report, Consolidated Diamond Mines of South West Africa (Pty) Ltd. Sperrgebiet Geological Investigation, pp. 1-35 (Namdeb archives ref. 78125).
197. Kälin, J. 1960. Sur la morphologie et l'interprétation phylètique de Parapithecus fraasi Schlosser. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Perm, 250, 3359-3361.
198. Kälin, J. 1961. Sur les primates de l'Oligocène inférieur d'Egypte. Annales de Paléontologie, 47, 3-48.
199. Kappelman, J., Rasmussen, T., Sanders, W., Feseha, M., Bown, T., Copeland, P., Crabaugh, J., Fleagle, J., Glantz, M., Gordon, A., Jacobs, B., Maga, M., Muldoon, K., Pan, A., Pyne, L., Richmond, B., Ryan, T., Seiffert, E., Sen, S., Todd, L., Wiemann, M. and Winkler, A. 2003. Oligocene mammals from Ethiopia and faunal exchange between Afro-Arabia and Eurasia Nature, 426, 549-552.
200. Kappelman, J., Simons, E. and Swisher, C. 1992. New age determinations for the EoceneOligocene boundary sediments in the Fayum Depression. Journal of Geology, 100, 647-668.
201. Kay, R., Williams, B., Ross, C., Takai, M. and Shigehara, N. 2004. Anthropoid origins : A phylogenetic analysis. In: C. Ross and R.F. Kay (Eds) Anthropoid Origins : New Visions. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 91-135.
202. Kowalski, K. and Rzebik-Kowalska, B. 1991. Evolution of Mammal Fauna. Mammals of Algeria. Polish Academy of Sciences, Insitute of Systematic Evolution of Animals, 1991, 3-35
203. Lange-Badré, B. 1979. Les Créodontes (Mammalia) d'Europe Occidentale de l'Eocène supérieur a l'Oligocène supérieur. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, C 42, 3-249.
204. Lavocat, R. 1950. Sur l'âge de la Hammada du Drâ. Comptes Rendus Sommaires de la Société géologique de France, 9, 141-142.
205. Lavocat, R. 1953a. Présence de quelques restes de mammifères dans le bone-bed Eocène de Tamaguilelt (Soudan Français). Comptes Rendus de la Société géologique de France, 7, 109-110.
206. Lavocat, R. 1953b. Sur diverses découvertes récentes de gisements de vertébrés africains et leurs consequences géologiques. Comptes Rendus Sommaires de la Société géologique de France, 14, 284-286.
207. Lavocat, R. 1954. Vue d'ensemble sur la géologie et la paléontologie des Hammadas du Guir et du Dra. 19ème Congrès géologique International Alger, Section 13, 59-63.
208. Lavocat, R. and Radier, H. 1953. Sur la présence au Soudan français d'importantes gisements de vertébrés fossiles. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 237, 1100.
209. Leakey, M.G., Ungar, P. and Walker, A. 1995. A new genus of large primate from the Late Oligocene of Lothidok, Turkana District, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution, 28, 519-531.
210. Lewis, P. and Simons, E. 2007. Morphological trends in the molars of fossil rodents from the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Palaeontologia africana, 42, 37-42.
211. Liddle, R.S. 1971. The Cretaceous deposits of the North West Sperrgebiet. Unpublished Report, Consolidated Diamond Mines of South West Africa (Pty) Ltd. Sperrgebiet Geological Investigation, pp. 1-22 (Namdeb archives ref. 78127).
212. Maas, M.C., Thewissen, J.G.M and Kappelman, J. 1998. Hypsamasia seni (Mammalia: Embrithopoda) and other mammals from the Eocene Kartal Formation of Turkey, p. 286-297.
213. In: Dawn of the Age of Mammals in Asia, C. Beard and M. R. Dawson, (Eds.), Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 34, 286-297.
214. Mahboubi, M., Ameur, R., Crochet, J. and Jaeger, J.-J. 1983. Première découverte d'un marsupial en Afrique. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 297, 691-694.
215. Mahboubi, M., Ameur, R., Crochet, J. and Jaeger, J.-J. 1984a. The earliest known proboscidean from the lower Eocene of north-west Africa (Algeria). Nature, 308, 534-535. (Pubitemid 15272661)
216. Mahboubi, M., Ameur, R., Crochet, J. and Jaeger, J.-J. 1984b. Implications paléobiogéographiques de la découverte d'une nouvelle localité eocène à vertébrés continentaux en Afrique nordoccidentale: El Kohol (Sud-oranais, Algérie). Geobios, 17, 625-629.
217. Mahboubi, M., Ameur, R., Crochet, J. and Jaeger, J.-J. 1986. El Kohol (Saharan Atlas, Algeria): A new Eocene Mammal locality in northwestern Africa. Palaeontographica, 192, 15-49.
218. Mahboubi, M., Mebrouk, F. and Jaeger, J.-J. 1997. Conséquences paléobiogéographiques tirées à partir de l'étude de quelques gisements paléogènes du Maghreb (Mammifères, Gastéropodes, Charophytes). In: Aguilar, J.-P., Legendre, S. and Michaux, J., (Eds) Actes du Congrès BiochroM'-97, Mémoirs et travaux de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Institut de Montpellier, pp. 275-284.
219. Matsumoto, H. 1922a. Megalohyrax Andrews and Titanohyrax gen. nov. A revision of the genera of hyracoids from the Fayum, Egypt. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 21, 839-850.
220. Matsumoto, H. 1922b. Revision of Palaeomastodon and Moeritherium, Palaeomastodon intermedius and Phiomia osborni n. sp. American Museum Novitates, 51, 1-6.
221. Matsumoto, H. 1923. A contribution to the knowledge of Moeritherium. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 49 (4), 97-140.
222. Matsumoto, H. 1924. A revision of Palaeomastodon dividing it into two genera, and with a description of two new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 50, 1-58.
223. Matsumoto, H. 1926. Contribution to the knowledge of the fossil Hyracoidea of the Fayum, Egypt, with a description of several new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 56 (4), 253-350.
224. Matthew, W.D. 1910. Schlosser on Fayum Mammals. A preliminary notice of Dr Schlosser's studies upon the collections made in the Oligocene of Egypt for the Stuttgart Museum, by Herr Markgraaf. American Naturalist, 44, 700-703.
225. Mein, P. and Pickford 2008. Early Miocene Rodentia from the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia. This Volume.
226. McKenna, M. and Bell S. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. New York, Columbia University Press, 631 pp.
227. Meyer, G. 1973. A new Oligocene hyrax from the Jebel el Qatrani Formation, Fayum, Egypt. Postilla, 163, 1-11.
228. Meyer, G. 1978. Hyracoidea. In: V. J. Maglio and H.B.S. Cooke (Eds) Evolution of African Mammals, pp. 284-314. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
229. Miller, E., Gunnell, G. and Martin, R. 2005. Deep time and the search for anthropoid origins. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 48, 60-95
230. Miller, E. and Simons, E. 1997. Dentition of Proteopithecus sylviae, an archaic anthropoid from the Fayum, Egypt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 94, 13760-13764.
231. Morlo, M., Miller, E. and El-Barkooky, A. 2007. Creodonta and Carnivora from Wadi Moghara, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 145-159.
232. Muldoon, K.M., Rasmussen, D. and Kappelman, J. 2002. Late Oligocene hyracoids and arsinoitheres from Chilga, Ethiopia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts, 22, 90A.
233. Noubhani, A. 1988. Etude de la variabilité de Numidotherium koholense Jaeger, 1986 (Proboscidea). Mémoire de DEA, Paléontologie des Vertébrés, Université de Paris VI, 61 pp. (Unpublished).
234. Noubhani, A., Hautier, L., Jaeger, J.-J., Mahboubi, M. and Tabuce, R. 2008. Variabilité dentaire et crânienne de Numidotherium koholense (Mammalia, Proboscidea) de l'Eocène d'El Kohol, Algérie. Geobios, 41, 515-531.
235. Novaček, M.J. and Wyss, A.R. 1986. Higher level relationships of the Recent eutherian orders : morphological evidence. Cladistics, 2, 257-287.
236. Osborn, H.F. 1906. Milk dentition of the hyracoid Saghatherium from the upper Eocene of Egypt. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 23, 263-266.
237. Osborn, H.F. 1907a. The Fayum expedition of the American Museum. Science, 25, 513-516.
238. Osborn, H.F. 1907b. Hunting the ancestral elephant in the Fayum Desert. Century Magazine, 74, 815-835.
239. Osborn, H.F. 1908. New fossil mammals from the Fayum Oligocene, Egypt. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 24 (16), 265-272.
240. Osborn, H.F. 1909a. New carnivorous mammals from the FayÛm Oligocene, Egypt. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 26, 415-424.
241. Osborn, H.F. 1909b. The feeding habits of Moeritherium and Palaeomastodon. Nature, 81, 139-140.
242. Osborn, H.F. 1910. The Age of Mammals. New York, MacMillan, 635 pp.
243. Osborn, H.F. 1912. Zoogeographical relations of North Africa in the upper Eocene. Proceedings of the International Zoological Congress, Cambridge, Massachussets, 1, 740.
244. Osborn, H.F. 1919. Palaeomastodon, the ancestor of the long-jawed mastodons only. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 5, 265-266.
245. Osborn, H.F. 1921. The evolution, phylogeny and classification of the Proboscidea. American Museum Novitates, 1, 1-15.
246. Osborn, H.F. 1922a. Migrations and affinities of the fossil proboscideans of Eurasia, North and South America, and Africa. American Naturalist, 56, 448-455.
247. Osborn, H.F. 1922b. Note to Revision of Palaeomastodon and Moeritherium by H. Matsumoto. American Museum Novitates, 51, 6.
248. Osborn, H.F. 1923. Linnean Classification and Phylogenetic Classification of the Proboscidea. Palaeontologica hungarica, 1, 3-54.
249. Osborn, H.F. 1934. Evolution and geographic distribution of the Proboscidea: Moeritheres, Deinotheres and Mastodonts. Journal of Mammalogy, 15, 177-184.
250. Osborn, H.F. 1936 and 1942. Proboscidea, 1, 1-802, 2, 803-1676. New York, American Museum of Natural History.
251. Ozansoy, F. 1969. Yeni bir Palaeoamasia kansui, Boyabat (Sinop) Eosen fosil Memeli biozonu ve paleontolojik belgeleri. Turk Tarih Kurumu Belleten, 33, 581-585, Ankara.
252. Petronievics, B. 1923. Remarks upon the skulls of Moeritherium and Palaeomastodon. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12 (9), 55-61.
253. Pickford, M. 1976. An upper Miocene pholidote from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 8, 21-24.
254. Pickford, M. 1986. Première découverte d'une faune mammalienne terrestre paléogène d'Afrique subsaharienne. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 302, 1205-1210.
255. Pickford, M., Moya Sola, S. and Mein, P. 1997. A revised phylogeny of Hyracoidea (Mammalia) based on new specimens of Pliohyracidae from Africa and Europe. Neues Jahrbuch der Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 205, 265-288. (Pubitemid 127737455)
256. Pickford, M. and Senut, B. 2000. Geology and Palaeobiology of the Namib Desert, Southwestern Africa. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Namibia, 18, 1-155.
257. Pickford, M., Senut, B., Morales, J. and Sanchez, I. 2008. Fossiliferous Cainozoic Carbonates of the Northern Sperrgebiet. This volume.
258. Pickford, M., Thomas, H., Sen, S., Roger, J., Gheerbrant, E. and Al-Sulaimani, Z. 1994. Early Oligocene Hyracoidea (Mammalia) from Thaytiniti and Taqah, Dhofar Province, Sultanate of Oman. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 318, 1395-1400.
259. Pontier, G. 1907. Sur une espèce nouvelle de Palaeomastodon (Palaeomastodon barroisi). Annales de la Société géologique de Lyon, 36, 150-154.
260. Pontier, G. 1909. Observations sur le Palaeomastodon beadnelli. Annales de la Société géologique du Nord, Lille, 38, 166-171.
261. Radinsky, L. 1967. The oldest primate endocast. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 27, 385-388.
262. Radinsky, L. 1973. Aegyptopithecus endocasts: oldest record of a pongid brain. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 39, 239-247.
263. Radinsky, L. 1974. The fossil evidence of anthropoid brain evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 41, 15-28.
264. Radinsky, L. 1977. Early primate brains: facts and fiction. Journal of Human Evolution, 6, 79-86.
265. Radinsky, L. 1979. The fossil record of primate brain evolution. 47th James Arthur Lecture. New York, American Museum of Natural History.
266. Radulescu, C., Iliesco, G. and Iliesco, M. 1976 . Un Embrithopode nouveau (Mammalia) dans le Paléogène de la dépression de Hateg (Roumanie) et la géologie de la région. Neues Jahrbuch der Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte, 11, 690-698.
267. Radulescu, C. and Sudre, J. 1985. Crivadiatherium iliescui n. sp., nouvel embrithopode (Mammalia) dans le Paléogène ancien de la Dépression de Hateg (Roumanie). Palaeovertebrata, 15(3), 139-157.
268. Rae, T. and Simons, E. 1992. The significance of the facial morphology of Aegyptopithecus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement, 14, 134.
269. Rasmussen, D. 1986. Anthropoid origins: a possible solution to the Adapidae-Omomyidae paradox. Journal of Human Evolution, 15, 1-12. (Pubitemid 16082351)
270. Rasmussen, D. 1989. The evolution of the Hyracoidea: a review of the fossil evidence. In: D. Prothero and R. Storch (Eds) The Evolution of the Perissodactyls, pp. 57-78. New York, Oxford University Press.
271. Rasmussen, D. 2001. Early catarrhines of the African Eocene and Oligocene In: W.C. Hartwig (Ed.) The Primate Fossil Record, pp. 203-220, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
272. Rasmussen, D., Bown, T. and Simons, E. 1992. The Eocene-Oligocene transition in continental Africa. In: D. Prothero and W. Berggren (Eds) Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution, pp. 548-566. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
273. Rasmussen, D., Gagnon, M. and Simons, E. 1990. Taxeopody in the carpus and tarsus of Oligocene Pliohyracidae (Mammalia: Hyracoidea) and the phyletic position of Hyraxes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 87. 4688-4691. (Pubitemid 20204168)
274. Rasmussen, D. and Nekaris, K.A. 1998. Evolutionary history of Lorisiform Primates. Folia primatologica Supplement, 69, 250-285.
275. Rasmussen, D. and Simons, E. 1988a. New Oligocene hyracoids from Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8 (1), 67-83.
276. Rasmussen, D. and Simons, E. 1988b. New specimens of Oligopithecus savagei early Oligocene primate from Egypt. Folia primatologica, 51, 182-208.
277. Rasmussen, D. and Simons, E. 1991. The oldest Egyptian hyracoids (Mammalia: Pliohyracidae): New species of Saghatherium and Thyrohyrax from the Fayum. Neues Jahrbuch der Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 182, 187-209.
278. Rasmussen, D. and Simons, E. 1992. Paleobiology of the oligopithecines, the earliest known anthropoid primates. International Journal of Primatology, 13, 477-508.
279. Rasmussen, D. and Simons, E. 2000. Ecomorphological diversity among Paleogene Hyracoids (Mammalia): A new cursorial browser from the Fayum, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20, 167-176.
280. Rich, T. 1981. Origin and history of the Erinaceinae and Brachyericinae (Mammalia, Insectivora) in North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 171, 1-116.
281. Robinson, T. and Seiffert, E. 2004. Afrotherian origins and inter-relationships: new views and future prospects. Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 63, 37-60. (Pubitemid 39752384)
282. nd Edition, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 687 pp.
283. Rossie, J. and Seiffert, E. 2006. Continental paleobiogeography as phylogenetic evidence. In: Lehman, S., and Fleagle, J., (Eds) Primate Biogeography. pp. 469-522. New York: Plenum/Kluwer Press.
284. Sanchez-Villagra, M., Seiffert, E., Martin, T., Simons, E., Gunnell, G. and Attia, Y. 2007. Enigmatic mammals from the late Eocene of Egypt. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 81, 406-415.
285. Sanders, W. and Kappelman, J. 2002. A new transitional late Oligocene proboscidean assemblage from Chilga, Ethiopia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts, 22, 102A.
286. Sanders, W., Kappelman, J. and Rasmussen, D. 2004. New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia. Acta Paleontológica Polonica, 49(3), 365-392.
287. Sassi, S., Trait, G., True, G. and Millot, G. 1984. Découverte de l'Eocène continental en Tunisie centrale: la formation du Jebel Chambi et ses encroÛtements carbonates. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 299, 357-364.
288. Savage, R. 1956. Mammal faunas of Africa: Stratigraphical lists of fossil species. Boletin Informatico Actividades Europeas en Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Sabadell (Espana), 4-5, 48-61.
289. Savage, R. 1965b. Two mammal faunas from the early Tertiary of central Libya. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 1632, 89-91.
290. Savage, R. 1969. Early Tertiary mammal locality in southern Libya. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 1657, 167-171.
291. Savage, R. 1971. Review of the fossil mammals of Libya. Symposium on the Geology of Libya, 1969, 217-225.
292. Savage, R. and Coryndon, S. 1972. The origin and affinities of African mammal faunas. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 128 (2).
293. Savage, R. and White, M.E. 1965. Two mammal faunas from the early Tertiary of central Libya. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 1623, 89-91.
294. Schlosser, M. 1910. Über einige fossile Säugetier aus dem Oligozän von Äegypten. Zoologische Anzeiger, 34, 500-508.
295. Schlosser, M. 1911. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der oligozänes Landsäugetiere aus dem Fayüm (Ägypten). Beitrage der Paläontologie und Geologie, Österreich-Ungarns und des Orient, Vienna, 24, 51-167.
296. Schlosser, M. 1912. Les singes fossiles du Fayoum. L'Anthropologie, 23, 417-424.
297. Schmidt, M. 1913. Über Paarhufer des fluviomarinen Schichten des Fajum, odontographisches und osteologisches Material. Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen, 11, 153-264.
298. Seiffert, E. 2006. Revised age estimates for the later Paleogene mammal faunas of Egypt and Oman. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 103, 5001-5005.
299. Seiffert, E. 2007a. Evolution and extinction of AfroArabian primates near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. Folia primatologica, 78, 314-327. (Pubitemid 47413395)
300. Seiffert, E. 2007b. Early evolution and biogeography of lorisiform strepsirrhines. American Journal of Primatology, 69, 27-35.
301. Seiffert, E. and Simons, E. 1999. Widanelfarasia, a diminutive placental from the Late Eocene of Egypt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 91, 2646-2651.
302. Seiffert, E. and Simons, E. 2000. Widanelfarasia, a diminutive placental from the Late Eocene of Egypt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 97, 2646-2651.
303. Seiffert, E.R., Simons, E. and Attia, Y. 2003. Fossil evidence for an ancient divergence of lorises and galagos. Nature, 422, 421-424.
304. Seiffert, E., Simons, E. and Fleagle, J. 2000. Anthropoid humeri from the late Eocene of Egypt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 97, 10062-10067.
305. Seiffert, E., Simons, E., Clyde, W., Rossie, J., Attia, Y., Bown, T., Chatrath, P. and Mathison, M. 2005a. Basal anthropoids from Egypt and the antiquity of Africa's higher primate radiation. Science, 310, 300-304.
306. Seiffert, E., Simons, E., Ryan, T. and Attia, Y. 2005b. Additional remains of Wadilemur elegans, a primitive stem galagid from the late Eocene of Egypt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 102, 11396-11401.
307. Seiffert, E., Simons, E., Ryan, T., Bown, T. and Attia, Y. 2007. New remains of Eocene and Oligocene Afrosoricida (Afrotheria) from Egypt, with implications for the origin(s) of Afrosorocid zalambdodonty. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 963-972.
308. Seiffert, E., Simons, E. and Simons, C. 2004. Phylogenetic, biogeographic, and adaptive implications of new fossil evidence bearing on crown anthropoid origins and early stem catarrhine evolution. In: Ross, C. and Kay, R. (Eds) Anthropoid Origins: New Visions, pp. 157-181, Plenum Press, New York.
309. Sen, S. and Heintz, E. 1979. Palaeoamasia kansui Ozansoy 1966, Embrithopode (Mammalia) de l'Eocène d'Anatolie. Annales de Paléontologie, 65(1), 73-91.
310. Senut, B. 2008. Macroscelididae from the lower Miocene of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia. This volume.
311. Shoshani, J. 1992. The controversy continues: an overview of evidence for Hyracoidea-Tethytheria affinity. Israel Journal of Zoology, 38, 233-244.
312. Shoshani, J., Savage, R. and West, R. 1989. A new species of Barytherium (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Africa, and a discussion of early proboscidean systematics and paleoecology. Fifth International Theriological Congress, Rome, 22-29 August 1989, 1, 160.
313. Shoshani, J. and Tassy, P. 1992. Classifying elephants. In: Shoshani, J. (Ed.) Elephants, pp. 22-23. Sydney, Weldon Owen Pty Ltd.
314. Shoshani, J., Walter, R., Abraha, M., Berhe, S., Tassy, P., Sanders, W., Marchant, G., Libsekal, Y., Ghirmai, T. and Zinner, D. 2006. A proboscidean from the Late Oligocene of Eritrea, a « missing link » between early Elephantiformes and Elephantimorpha, and biogeographic implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 103, 17296-17301.
315. Shoshani, J., Walter, R.C., Libsekal, Y., Abraha, M. and Berhe, S. 2001. The oldest gomphothere in Africa: a late Oligocene proboscidean mandible from the Dogali Formation, eastern Eritrea. Scientific Programme and Abstracts, 8th International Theriological Congress 2001, Sun City, South Africa, pp. 128-129.
316. Shoshani, J., West, R., Court, N., Savage, R. and Harris, J.M. 1996. The earliest proboscideans: general plan, taxonomy and palaeoecology. In: Shoshani, J. and Tassy, P. (Eds) The Proboscidea. Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and their Relatives, 8, 57-75. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
317. Siesser, W.G. 1978. Upper Eocene age of marine sediments at Bogenfels, South-West Africa, based on calcareous nannofossils. Papers on Biostratigraphic Research. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of the Republic of South Africa, 60, 72-74.
318. Siesser, W.G. and Salmon, D. 1979. Eocene marine sediments in the Sperrgebiet, South West Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 79, 9-34.
319. Sigé, B. 1985a. Les Chiroptères oligocènes du Fayum, Egypte. Geologicagica et Palaeontologica, 19, 161-189.
320. Sigé, B. 1985b. Chiroptères de l'Eocène inférieur de Tunisie. 110ème Congrès de la Société des Savantes, Montpellier, pp. 307
321. Sigé, B. 1991. Rhinolophoidea et Vespertilionoidea (Chiroptera) du Chambi (Eocène inférieur de Tunisie). Aspects biostratigraphiques, biogéographiques et paléoécologiques de l'origine des chiroptères modernes. Neues Jahrbuch der Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 182, 355-376.
322. Sigé, B. 1993. Toward a phylogeny of Bats. 4th Congress of the European Society of Evolutionary Biology, Montpellier, 1993. No pagination.
323. Sigé, B., Jaeger, J.-J., Sudre, J. and Vianey-Liaud, M. 1990. Altiatlasicus koulchii n. gen. n. sp., primate omomyidé du Paléocène supérieur du Maroc, et les origines des euprimates. Palaeontographica, A 214, 31-56.
324. Sigé, B., Thomas, H., Sen, S., Gheerbrandt, E., Roger, J. and Al-Sulaimani, Z. 1994. Les chiroptères de Taqah (Oligocène inférieur, Sultanat d'Oman). Premier inventaire systématique. Münchener Geowissenschafliche Abhandlungen, A 26, 35-48.
325. Simons, E. 1959. An anthropoid frontal bone from the Fayum Oligocene of Egypt: The oldest skull fragment of a higher primate. American Museum Novitates, 1976, 1-16.
326. Simons, E. 1960a. New fossil primates: a review of the past decade. American Scientist, 48, 179-192.
327. Simons, E. 1960b. Apidium and Oreopithecus. Nature, 186, 824-826.
328. Simons, E. 1961. An anthropoid mandible from the Oligocene Fayum beds of Egypt. American Museum Novitates, 2051, 1-5.
329. Simons, E. 1962a. A new Eocene primate genus, Cantius, and a revision of some allied European lemuroids. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Geology, 1, 1-36.
330. Simons, E. 1962b. Two new primate species from the African Oligocene. Postilla, 64, 1-12.
331. Simons, E. 1963a. Some fallacies in the study of hominid phylogenies. Science, 141, 879-889.
332. Simons, E. 1963b. A critical reappraisal of Tertiary primates. In: J. Buettner-Janusch (Ed.) Genetic and Evolutionary Biology of the Primates, pp. 65-129. London and New York, Academic Press.
333. Simons, E. 1965. New fossil apes from Egypt and the initial differentiation of Hominidae. Nature, 205, 135-139.
334. Simons, E. 1967a. The significance of primate paleontology for anthropological studies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 27, 307-332.
335. Simons, E. 1967b. Review of the phyletic interrelationships of Oligocene and Miocene Old World Anthropoidea. Problèmes actuels de Paléontologie, CNRS, 163, 597-602.
336. Simons, E. 1967c. New evidence on the anatomy of the earliest catarrhine primates. In: D. Stark, R. Schneider and H. Kuhn (Eds) Neue Ergebnisse der Primatologie, pp. 15-18. Stuttgart, Fischer Verlag.
337. Simons, E. 1967d. The earliest apes. Scientific American, 217, 28-35.
338. Simons, E. 1967e. Unravelling the age of Earth and Man. Natural History, New York, 76, 52-59.
339. Simons, E. 1968a. African Oligocene mammals: Introduction, history of study and faunal succession. In: E. Simons and A. Wood (Eds) Early Cenozoic Mammalian Faunas, Fayum Province, Egypt. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 28, 1-21.
340. Simons, E. 1968b. Hunting the "dawn apes" of Africa. Discovery, 4, 19-32.
341. Simons, E. 1969a. The origin and radiation of the primates. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 167, 319-331.
342. Simons, E. 1969b. Recent advances in paleoanthropology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1967, 14-23.
343. Simons, E. 1970. The deployment and history of Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae, Primates) In: J. Napier and P. Napier (Eds) Old World Monkeys, pp. 97-137. New York, Academic Press.
344. Simons, E. 1971a. Relationships of Amphipithecus and Oligopithecus. Nature, 232, 489-491.
345. Simons, E. 1971b. A current review of the interrelationships of Oligocene and Miocene Catarrhini. In: A. Dahlberg (Ed.) Dental Morphology and Evolution, pp. 193-208. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
346. Simons, E. 1972. Primate Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Place in Nature. Science, 247.
347. Simons, E. 1974a. Parapithecus grangeri (Parapithecidae; Old World Higher Primates): new species from the Oligocene of Egypt and the initial differentiation of Cercopithecoidea. Postilla, 166, 1-12.
348. Simons, E. 1974b. The relationships of Aegyptopithecus to other primates. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt, 4, 149-156.
349. Simons, E. 1976a. The nature of the transition in the dental mechanism from pongids to hominids. Journal of Human Evolution, 5, 511-528.
350. Simons, E. 1976b. The fossil record of primate phylogeny. In: M. Goodman, R.E. Tashian and J.E. Tashian (Eds) Molecular Anthropology, pp. 35-62. New York, Plenum.
351. Simons, E. 1984. Dawn ape of the Fayum. Natural History, 93, 18-20.
352. Simons, E. 1986. Parapithecus grangeri of the African Oligocene: an archaic catarrhine without lower incisors. Journal of Human Evolution, 15, 205-213.
353. Simons, E. 1987. New faces of Aegyptopithecus from the Oligocene of Egypt. Journal of Human Evolution, 16, 273-289.
354. Simons, E. 1989. Description of two genera and species of late Eocene Anthropoidea from Egypt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 86, 9956-9960. (Pubitemid 20030753)
355. Simons, E. 1992. Diversity in the Early Tertiary anthropoidean radiation in Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 89, 10743-10747.
356. Simons, E. 1995a. Skulls and anterior teeth of Catopithecus (Primates: Anthropoidea) from the Eocene and anthropoid origins. Science, 268, 1885-1888.
357. Simons, E. 1995b. Crania of Apidium: primitive anthropoidean (Primates, Parapithecidae) from the Egyptian Oligocene. American Museum Novitates, 3124, 1-10.
358. Simons, E. 1995c. Egyptian Oligocene primates: a review. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 38, 199-238.
359. Simons, E. 1996. Cranial characters of the earliest anthropoideans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement, 22, 215.
360. Simons, E. 1997a. Discovery of the smallest Fayum Egyptian primates (Anchomomyini, Adapidae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 94, 180-184.
361. Simons, E. 1997b. Diversity and age correlation of primates at L-41, an Egyptian Eocene locality. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement, 24, 212.
362. Simons, E. 1997c. Preliminary description of the cranium of Proteopithecus sylviae, an Egyptian late Eocene anthropoidean primate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 94, 14970-14975.
363. Simons, E. 1998. The Prosimian fauna of the Fayum Eocene/Oligocene deposits of Egypt. Folia primatologica, 69, Supplement, 1, 286-294.
364. Simons, E. 2001. The cranium of Parapithecus grangeri, an Egyptian Oligocene anthropoidean primate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 98, 7892-7897.
365. Simons, E. and Bown, T. 1984. A new species of Peratherium (Didelphidae, Polyprotodonta): The first African marsupial. Journal of Mammalogy, 65, 539-548.
366. Simons, E. and Bown, T. 1985. Afrotarsius chatrathi, first tarsiiform primate (?Tarsiidae) from Africa. Nature, 313, 475-477.
367. Simons, E., Bown, T. and Rasmussen, D. 1986. Discovery of two additional prosimian primate families (Omomyidae, Lorisidae) in the African Oligocene. Journal of Human Evolution, 15, 431-437.
368. Simons, E. and Chatrath, P. 1996. Eocene mammalian faunas of Africa with particular reference to the age correlation of Primates at Locality 41. Proceedings of the Geological Survey of Egypt, Centennial Conference, pp. 775-783.
369. Simons, E., Cornero, S. and Bown, T. 1996. The taphonomy of Fossil Vertebrate Quarry L-41, Upper Eocene, Fayum Province, Egypt. Proceedings of the Geological Survey of Egypt, Centennial Conference, pp. 785-791.
370. Simons, E. and Delson, E. 1978. Cercopithecidae and Parapithecidae. In: V.J. Maglio and H.B.S. Cooke (Eds) Evolution of African Mammals, pp. 100-119. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
371. Simons, E. and Gingerich, P. 1974. New carnivorous mammals from the Oligocene of Egypt. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt, 4, 157-166.
372. Simons, E. and Gingerich, P. 1976. A new species of Apterodon (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the upper Eocene Qasr-el-Sagha Formation of Egypt. Postilla, 168, 1-9.
373. Simons, E., Holroyd, P. and Bown, T.M. 1991. Early Tertiary elephant-shrews from Egypt and the origin of the Macroscelidea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 88, 9734-9737.
374. Simons, E. and Kay, R. 1981. Aegyptopithecus and Propliopithecus. In: S. Parker (Ed.) McGrawHill Yearbook of Science and Technology, pp. 77-80. New York, McGraw-Hill.
375. Simons, E. and Kay, R. 1983. Qatrania, a new basal anthropoid primate from the Fayum, Oligocene of Egypt. Nature, 304, 624-626.
376. Simons, E. and Kay, R. 1988. New material of Qatrania from Egypt with comments on the phylogenetic position of the Parapithecidae (Primates, Anthropoidea). American Journal of Primatology, 15, 337-347.
377. Simons, E. and Miller, E. 1997. An upper dentition of Aframonius dieides (Primates) from the Fayum, Egyptian Eocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 94, 7993-7996. (Pubitemid 27343763)
378. Simons, E., Plavcan, J.M. and Fleagle, J. 1999. Canine sexual dimorphism in Egyptian Eocene anthropoid primates: Catopithecus and Proteopithecus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 96, 2559-2562.
379. Simons, E. and Rasmussen, D. 1989. Cranial morphology of Aegyptopithecus and Tarsius and the question of the tarsier-anthropoidean clade. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 79, 1 23.
380. Simons, E. and Rasmussen, D. 1990. Vertebrate paleontology of Fayum: History of research, faunal review and future prospects. In: R. Said (Ed.), The Geology of Egypt, pp. 627-638. Rotterdam, Balkema Press.
381. Simons, E. and Rasmussen, D. 1994a. A remarkable cranium of Plesiopithecus teras (Primates, Prosimii) from the Eocene of Egypt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 91, 9946-9950. (Pubitemid 24311925)
382. Simons, E. and Rasmussen, D. 1994b. A whole new world of ancestors: Eocene anthropoideans from Africa. Evolutionary Anthropology, 3, 128-139. (Pubitemid 124006868)
383. Simons, E. and Rasmussen, D. 1996. Skull of Catopithecus browni, an early Tertiary Catarrhine. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 100, 261-292.
384. Simons, E., Rasmussen, D., Bown, T. and Chatrath, P. 1994. The Eocene Origin of Anthropoid Primates. In: J.G. Fleagle and R.F. Kay (Eds) Anthropoid Origins, pp. 179-202. New York, Plenum.
385. Simons, E., Rasmussen, D. and Gebo, D. 1987. A new species of Propliopithecus from the Fayum, Egypt. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 73, 139-147.
386. Simons, E., Rasmussen, D. and Gingerich, P. 1995. New cercamoniine adapid from Fayum, Egypt. Journal of Human Evolution, 29, 577-589.
387. Simons, E. and Seiffert, E. 1999. A partial skeleton of Proteopithecus sylviae (Primates, Anthropoidea): first associated dental and postcranial remains of an Eocene anthropoidean. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 329, 921-927.
388. Simons, E., Seiffert, E., Chatrath, P. and Attia, Y. 2001. Earliest record of a parapithecid from the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Northern Egypt. Folia primatologica, 72, 316-331.
389. Simons, E., Seiffert, E., Ryan, T. and Attia, Y. 2007. A remarkable female cranium of the early Oligocene anthropoid Aegyptopithecus zeuxis (Catarrhini, Propliopithecidae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104, 8731-8736.
390. Smith, R. 1997. Palaeosinopa russelli (Mammalia, Pantolesta), une espèce nouvelle de Membre de Dormaal, proche de la limite Paléocène-Eocène. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 67, 153-159.
391. Smith, T. and Smith, R. 2001. The creodonts (Mammalia, Ferae) from the Paleocene-Eocene transition in Belgium (Tienen Formation, MP7). Belgian Journal of Zoology, 131, 117-135.
392. Spinar, Z.V. and Rocek, Z. 1978. New findings of Tertiary fauna in Jabal Hasawnah, Central Libya. 2nd Symposium on the Geology of Libya, pp. 59-60. Tripoli.
393. Stevens, N., O'Connor, P., Gottfried, M., Roberts, E., Ngasala, S. and Kapilima, S. 2005a. New Paleogene mammals and other vertebrates from the Rukwa Rift Basin, southwestern Tanzania. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts, 25, 118A.
394. Stevens, N., O'Connor, P., Gottfried, M., Roberts, E. and Ngasala, S. 2005b. An anthropoid primate humerus from the Rukwa Rift Basin, Paleogene of southwestern Tanzania. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25, 986-989.
395. Stevens, N., Ngasala, S., Gottfried, M., O'Connor, P. and Roberts, E. 2006. Macroscelidians from the Oligocene of Southwestern Tanzania. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(3), 128A.
396. Stocken, C.G. 1978. A Review of the Later Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits of the Sperrgebiet. Unpublished Report, Geological Department, Consolidated Diamond Mines of South West Africa (Pty) Ltd, pp. 1-33.
397. Storch, G. 1981. Eurotamandua joresi, ein neues Schuppentier aus dem Mittel-Eozän der "Grube Messel" bei Darmstadt (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Senckenbergiana lethaea, 61, 247-289.
398. Stromer, E. 1903a. Bericht über eine von den Privatdozenten Dr Max Blanckenhorn und Dr Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach ausgeführte Reise nach Aegypten. Einleitung. Ein Schädel und Unterkiefer von Zeuglodon osiris Dames. Sitzungsberichte de Mathematik-physik Classe Konigliche-bayerische Akadademie der Wissenschaften, München, 32, 341-352.
399. Stromer, E. 1903b. Zeuglodon-Reste aus dem oberen Mitteleozän des Fajum. Beitrage der Paläontologie und Geologie, Österreich-Ungarns und des Orient, Vienna, 15, 65-100.
400. Stromer, E. 1908. Die Archaeoceti des Ägyptischen Eozäns. Beitrage der Paläontologie und Geologie, Österreich-Ungarns und des Orient, Vienna, 21, 106-178.
401. Sudre, J. 1975. Un prosimien du Paléogène ancien du Sahara Nord-occidental: Azibius trerki n.g.n.sp. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 280, 1539-1542.
402. Sudre, J. 1979. Nouveaux mammifères éocènes du Sahara occidental. Palaeovertebrata, 9, 83-115.
403. Sudre, J., Jaeger, J.-J., Sigé, B. and Vianey-Liaud, M. 1993. Nouvelles données sur les condylarthres du Thanétien et de l'Yprésien du bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc). Geobios, 26, 609-615.
404. Tabuce, R. 1998. La faune mammalienne de Bir El Ater (Eocène, Algérie). Nouvelles données sur le clade "Africana". Mémoire de DEA, Montpellier.
405. Tabuce R., Adnet S., Cappetta H., Noubhani, A. and Quillevere, F. 2005. Aznag (Ouarzazate basin, Morocco), a new African middle Eocene (Lutetian) vertebrate-bearing locality with selachians and mammals. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 176, 381-400.
406. Tabuce, R., Coiffait, B., Coiffait, P.-E., Mahboubi, M. and Jaeger, J.-J. 2000. A new species of Bunohyrax (Hyracoidea, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Bir el Ater (Algeria). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 331, 61-66.
407. Tabuce, R., Coiffait, B., Coiffait, P.-E., Mahboubi, M. and Jaeger, J.-J. 2001a. A new genus of Macroscelidea (Mammalia) from the Eocene of Algeria: a possible origin for elephant-shrews. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontolgy, 21, 535-546.
408. Tabuce, R., Coiffait, B., Coiffait, P.-E., Mahboubi, M. and Jaeger, J.-J. 2001b. Knowledge of the evolution of African Paleogene mammals. In: Denys, C., Granjon, L. and Poulet, A. (Eds) African Small Mammals. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on African Small Mammals, Paris, July, 1999, pp. 215-229. Paris, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement.
409. Tabuce, R., Delmer, C and Gheerbrant, R. 2007a. Evolution of tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 149, 611-628.
410. Tabuce, R., Mahboubi, M. and Sudre, J. 2002. Reassessment of the Algerian Eocene hyracoid Microhyrax. Consequences on the early diversity and basal phylogeny of the order Hyracoidea (Mammalia). Eclogae Geologiae Helvetiae, 94, 537-545. (Pubitemid 34161847)
411. Tabuce, R., Mahboubi, M., Tafforeau, P. and Sudre, J. 2004. Discovery of a highly specialized Plesiadapiformes (Mammalia, Primates) in the Eocene of Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 47, 305-321.
412. Tabuce, R. and Marivaux, L. 2005. Mammalian interchanges between Africa and Eurasia: an analysis of temporal constraints for the plausible Paleogene anthropoid dispersions. Anthropological Science, 112, 27-32.
413. Tabuce, R., Marivaux, L., Adaci, M., Bensalah, M., Hartenberger, J.-L., Mahboubi, M., Mebrouk, F., Tafforeau, P. and Jaeger, J.-J. 2007b. Early Tertiary mammals from North Africa reinforce the molecular Afrotheria clade. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B 274, 1159-1166.
414. Tassy, P. 1979. Relations phylogénétiques du genre Moeritherium Andrews, 1901 (Mammalia). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 298, 85-88.
415. Tassy, P. 1981. Le crâne du Moeritherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) de l'Eocène de Dor el Talha (Libye) et le problème de la classification phylogénétique du genre dans les Tethytheria, McKenna, 1975. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 3 (1), 87-147.
416. Tassy, P. 1982. Les principales dichotomies dans l'histoire des Proboscidea (Mammalia): une approche phylogénétique. Geobios Mémoire Spécial, 6, 225-245.
417. Tassy, P. and Shoshani, J. 1988. The Tethytheria: elephants and their relatives. In: M.J. Benton (Ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Vol. 2: Mammals. Systematics Association, Special Volume, 35 B, 283-315. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
418. Thewissen, J. and Simons, E. 2001. Skull of Megalohyrax eocaenus (Hyracoidea, Mammalia) from the Oligocene of Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21, 98-106.
419. Thomas, H. and Gheerbrant, E. 1992. Discovery of a new species of Oligopithecus in the early Oligocene of Oman. XIVth Congress of the International Primatological Society, Strasbourg, Abstracts, p. 288.
420. Thomas, H., Gheerbrant, E. and Pacaud, J.-M. 2004. Découverte de squelettes subcomplets de mammifères (Hyracoidea) dans le Paléogène d'Afrique (Libye). Comptes Rendus Palévol, 3, 209-217.
421. Thomas, H., Roger, J., Sen, S. and Al-Sulaimani, Z. 1988a. Découverte des plus anciens "anthropoïdes" du continent arabo-africain et d'un primate tarsiiforme dans l'Oligocène du Sultanat d'Oman. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 306, 823-829.
422. Thomas, H., Sen, S., Roger, J. and Al-Sulaimani, Z. 1988b. Découverte des plus anciens "anthropoïdes" du continent arabo-africain et d'un primate tarsiiforme dans l'Oligocène du Sultanat d'Oman. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 306, 823-829.
423. Thomas, H., Roger, J., Sen, S. and Al-Sulaimani, Z. 1991. The discovery of Moeripithecus markgrafl Schlosser (Propliopithecidae, Anthropoidea, Primates), in the Ashawq Formation (Early Oligocene of Dhofar Province, Sultanate of Oman). Journal of Human Evolution, 20, 33-49.
424. Thomas, H., Roger, J., Sen, S. and Al-Sulaimani, Z. 1992. Early Oligocene verebrates from Dhofar (Sultanate of Oman). Geology of the Arab World, pp. 283-293. Cairo, Cairo University.
425. Thomas, H., Roger, J., Sen, S., Bourdillon de Grissac, C. and Al-Sulaimani, Z. 1989. Découverte de vertébrés fossiles dans l'Oligocène inférieur du Dhofar (Sultanat d'Oman). Geobios, 22, 101-120.
426. Thomas, H., Roger, J., Sen, S., Pickford, M., Gheerbrant, E., Al-Sulaimani, Z. and Al-Busaidi, S. 1999. Oligocene and Miocene terrestrial vertebrates in the southern Arabian Peninsula (Sultanate of Oman) and their geodynamic and palaeogeographic settings. In: Whybrow, P., and Hill, A., (Eds) Fossil Vertebrates of Arabia, pp. 430-442. New Haven, Yale University Press.
427. Tobien, H. 1971. Moeritherium, Palaeomastodon, Phiomia aus dem Paläogen Nordafrikas und die Abstammung der Mastodonten (Proboscidea, Mammalia). Mitteilungen der Geologische Institut Technische Universität, Hannover, 10, 141-163.
428. Tobien, H. 1973a. The structure of the mastodont molar part 1: The bunodont pattern. Mainzer Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen, 2, 115-147.
429. Tobien, H. 1973b. On the evolution of the mastodonts (Proboscidea, Mammalia) Part I: the bunodont trilophodont groups. Notizblatt des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung zu Wiesbaden, 101, 202-276.
430. Tobien, H. 1978. The structure of the mastodont molar (Proboscidea, Mammalia). Part 3. The Oligocene mastodont genera Palaeomastodon, Phiomia and the Eo/Oligocene Paenungulate Moeritherium. Mainzer Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen, 6, 177-208.
431. Van Couvering, J.A. and Harris, J.A.H. 1991. Late Eocene age of Fayum mammal faunas. Journal of Human Evolution, 21, 241-260.
432. Vianey-Liaud, M. and Jaeger, J.-J. 1996. A new hypothesis for the origin of African Anomaluridae and Graphiuridae. Palaeovertebrata, 25, 349-358.
433. Vianey-Liaud, M., Jaeger, J.-J., Hartenberger, J.-L. and Mahboubi, M. 1994. Les rongeurs de l'Eocène d'Afrique nord-occidentale (Glib Zegdou (Algeérie) et Chambi (Tunisie)) et l'origine des Anomaluridae. Palaeovertebrata, 23, 93-118.
434. Wenz, W. 1926. Tertiare Binnenmollusken. In: E. Kaiser (Ed.) Die Diamantenwüste SüdwestAfrikas, 2, 154-159, Berlin, D. Reimer.
435. Wight, A.W.R. 1980. Palaeogene vertebrate fauna and regressive sediments of Dur at Talhah, southern Sirt Basin, Libya. In: M.J. Salem and M.T. Busrewil (Eds) The Geology of Libya, 1, 309-325. London, Academic Press.
436. Wood, A.E. 1968. Early Cenozoic mammalian faunas, Fayum Province, Egypt. Part II. The African Oligocene Rodentia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 28, 23-105.
437. Zalmout, I. 2005. Eocene Sirenia of Egyptian Tethys: Aquatic adaptations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts, 25, 133 A.
438. Zittel, K.A. Von 1883. Beitrage zur Geologie und Palaeontologie der libyschen Wüste und der angrezenden Gebiete von Aegypten. Palaeontographica, Cassel, 30, 1-147.