Long-term care benefits and services in Europe

Gerontology

Volumn 55, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 481-490

  Landauer, Martin ^a   Köhler, Peter A ^a   Körtek, Yasemin ^a   Ross, Friso ^a   Walser, Christina ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL LAW AND SOCIAL POLICY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELDERLY CARE; EUROPE; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LONG TERM CARE; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOCIAL CARE;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; EUROPE; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED; HUMANS; INSURANCE, LONG-TERM CARE; LONG-TERM CARE; SOCIAL SECURITY;

EID: 70349525050     PISSN: 0304324X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000212162     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. See Pohlmann S: Ageing as Global Phenomenon; in idem (ed): Facing an Ageing World. Regensburg, Transfer-Verlag, 2002, pp 1 et seqq and 6.
2. This term refers to the 15 Member States of the European Union before the enlargement in 2004.
3. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD Factbook 2007: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics. Paris, OECD Publishing, 2007, p 19.
4. European Commission, Eurostat: The Social Situation in the European Union 2004. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2005, p 38.
5. For the increasing life expectancy see Statistisches Bundesamt (ed): 10. koordinierte Bevölkerungsvorausberechnung, p 14 [http://www.destatis.de/ presse/deutsch/ pk/2003/Bevoelkerung-2050.pdf].
6. For information on the ageing of the population 'from both ends' see Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (ed), Fünfter Bericht zur Lage der älteren Generation, Berlin, 2005, pp 35-39
7. for indicators of an ageing society cf. Becker U: Die alternde Gesellschaft - Recht im Wandel. JZ 2004: 930.
8. Based upon the criteria of the German social LTC insurance.
9. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und soziale Sicherung (ed): Die Entwicklung der Pflegeversicherung. Vierter Bericht. Berlin, 2008, p 59
10. Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (ed): Vierter Bericht zur Lage der älteren Generation. Berlin, 2002, p 250.
11. Lisbon European Council (23 and 24 March 2000): Presidency Conclusions, No.5.
12. Lisbon European Council (23 and 24 March 2000): Presidency Conclusions, No.31.
13. Cf. art. 2 para 1 of the Vereinbarung gemäss Art. 15a B-VG über gemeinsame Massnahmen des Bundes und der Länder für pflegebedürftige Personen, § 1 Bundespflegegeldgesetz and, almost identical, the State CA Acts, e.g. § 1 para 1 Tiroler Pflegegeldgesetz or § 1 Wiener Pflegegeldgesetz.
14. § 3 Bundespflegegeldgesetz.
15. Cf. § 3 Tiroler Pflegegeldgesetz, § 3 Steiermärkisches Pflegegeldgesetz and § 3 Wiener Pflegegeldgesetz.
16. http://www.statistik.at/web-en/statistics/ social-statistics/
17. Pock P: Altenpflege in Tirol, ed 3, revised. Munich/Ravensburg, Grin, 2007, pp 99 et seqq.
18. Art. 3-6 Vereinbarung gemäss Art. 15a BVG über gemeinsame Massnahmen des Bundes und der Länder für pflegebedürftige Personen.
19. Cf. Tiroler Heimgesetz and Wiener Wohn- und Pflegeheimgesetz.
20. §§ 27b et seqq Konsumentenschutzgesetz.
21. Vereinbarung gemäss Artikel 15a B-VG zwischen dem Bund und den Ländern über Sozialbetreuungsberufe.
22. Art. 4 Bundespflegegeldgesetz. See also, almost identical, the State CA Acts, e.g. § 2 Tiroler Pflegegeldgesetz, § 4 Wiener Pflegegeldgesetz.
23. § 4 para 2 Bundespflegegeldgesetz. See also, almost identical, the State CA Acts, e.g. § 2 para 2 Tiroler Pflegegeldgesetz, § 4 para 2 Wiener Pflegegeldgesetz.
24. http://www.statistik.at/web-en/statistics/ social-statistics/social- benefits-at-federal- level/.
25. § 5 Bundespflegegeldgesetz. State CA are approx. equally high, cf. § 4 Tiroler Pflegeldgesetz and § 5 Wiener Pflegegeldgesetz.
26. Vereinbarung gemäss Art. 15a BV-G zwischen dem Bund und den Ländern über die gemeinsame Förderung der 24-Stunden- Betreuung.
27. § 21b Bundespflegegeldgesetz.
28. Richtlinien des Bundesministers für Soziales und Konsumentenschutz zur Unterstützung der 24-Stunden-Betreuung.
29. ht tp://www.bmsk.gv.at/cms/site/liste. html?channel = CH0061.
30. Cf. Beveridge W: Social Insurance and Allied Services. London, HMSO, 1942.
31. Health Services and Public Health Act 1968, chapter 46.
32. Cf. Department of Health and Social Security, Circular 19/71, dated 29 March 1971.
33. National Health Service Act 2006, chapter 41.
34. For details see Winfield H, et al: Paying for Care Handbook, ed. 5, revised. London, CPAG, 2005, pp 32-33.
35. National Assistance Act 1948, chapter 29.
36. Cf. R v North and East Devon Health Authority ex p Coughlan (2001) QB 213.
37. Cf. section 2 of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 (1970 chapter 44), and Section 29 of the National Assistance Act 1948 (1948 chapter 29).
38. For further information see Lewis J, Glennerster H: Implementing the New Community Care. Buckingham/Pa, Open University Press, 1996.
39. Cf. section 57 of the Health and Social Care Act 2001 (2001 chapter 15).
40. See Netten A, et al: Understanding Public Services and Care Markets. London, King's Fund, 2005, p 9.
41. Department of Health: Fair Access to Care Services. Guidance on Eligibility Criteria for Adult Social Care. London, 2002.
42. For criteria regarding the respective levels of need see Department of Health: Fair Access to Care Services, Guidance on Eligibility Criteria for Adult Social Care. London, 2002, para 16.
43. R v Gloucestershire County Council and another ex parte Barry (1997) 2 All ER 1.
44. Clements L, Thompson P: Community Care and the Law, ed. 4, revised. London, Legal Action Group, 2007, para 3.150.
45. Cf. Commission for Social Care Inspection: The State of Social Care in England 2006- 2007. London, 2008, p 118.
46. See Counsel and Care: Care Contradictions. July 2007 [http://www. counselandcare.org. uk/assets/library/documents/Care-Contradictions- 2007.pdf], p 4.
47. E.g. HM Government: The Case for Change - Why England needs a new care and support system. London, 2008, p 38.
48. Section 47 of the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 (1990 chapter 19).
49. For details see the National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) Regulations 1992 (SI 1992 No. 2977).
50. On 'top-ups' in detail: Clements L, Thompson P: Community Care and the Law, ed 4, revised. London, Legal Action Group, 2007, paras 7.96 et seqq.
51. Cf. section 17 of the Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (1983 chapter 41).
52. Winfield H, et al: Paying for Care Handbook, ed 5, revised. London, CPAG, 2005, p 70.
53. Cf. Department of Health: National Service Framework for Older People. London, 2001, pp 30 et seqq.
54. Cf. sections 76(2) and 77 of the National Health Service Act 2006 (2006 chapter 41). 53 2008 chapter 14.
55. Gesetz zur sozialen Absicherung des Risikos der Pflegebedürftigkeit, BGBl. I p 1014.
56. Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) Elftes Buch (XI) - Soziale Pflegeversicherung. In the following, provisions without specifications are those of SGB XI.
57. The insured will be examined in his/her home and the examination is to be iterated in certain intervals.
58. The assistance consists of support, partial or full performance, surveillance or guidance.
59. E.g. shopping, cleaning, cooking or doing the laundry.
60. BSGE 82, 27; Griep H, Renn H: Pflegesozialrecht, ed 4. Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2009, para 102; No.3.5.4 Need of Care Directives. See also § 15 III 2, 3.
61. Griep H, Renn H: Pflegesozialrecht, ed 4. Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2009, para 116. In contrast, the compulsory private LTC insurance only provides cash benefits and a reimbursement of expenses.
62. Care level I 420 EUR, care level II 980 EUR and care level III 1,470 EUR.
63. Care level I 215 EUR, care level II 420 EUR and care level III 675 EUR.
64. Concerning the social security of non-professional carers, contributions to the pension insurance are to be paid if the carer provides unpaid home nursing care for at least 14 h a week, and works no more than 30 h a week (§§ 19, 44).
65. Institutional care is provided by nursing homes under contract to the long-term insurance scheme (§§ 71, 72).
66. Concerning nursing home care, expenses for board and lodging are not paid by the LTC insurance fund.
67. Day and night care: care level I 420 EUR, care level II 980 EUR, care level III 1,470 EUR. Short-time care: 1,470 EUR. Nursing home care: care level I 1,023 EUR, care level II 1,279 EUR, care level III 1,470 EUR. Nursing home care in cases of hardship: 1,750 EUR.
68. Gesetz zur strukturellen Weiterentwicklung der Pflegeversicherung vom 28.5.2008, BGBl. I p 874 (in force since 1 July 2008).
69. BT-Drs. 16/7439 p 2.
70. Persons concerned are those whose mental facilities are diminished due to senile dementia and persons suffering from mental disability or psychological illness (§ 45a).
71. Act dated 14 December 1967, Stb. 68, 617, last amended on 16 July 2008, Stb. 2008, p 271.
72. AWBZ Art. 5 para 1.
73. AWBZ Art. 4, in detail: Noordam FM: Hoofdzaken Socialezekerheidsrecht, ed 4. Deventer, Kluwer, 2006, p 95.
74. For exceptions from the obligation to make high co-payments see ZW: De kleine Gids voor de Nederlandse Sociale Zekerheid. Deventer, Kluwer, 2006, p 21.
75. Cf. Kamerstukken II 1999, 26631 No. 1: Zicht op zorg, plan van aanpak modernisering AWBZ.
76. Noordam FM: Hoofdzaken Socialezekerheidsrecht, ed 4. Deventer, Kluwer, 2006, p 92;
77. ibid, Socialezekerheidsrecht, ed 8. Deventer, Kluwer, 2006, p 294.
78. In detail: http://www.pgb.nl; Walser C: Die aktuellen Reformen der niederländischen Krankenversicherung, ZFSH/SGB 410 (415 et seq).
79. Stcrt. 2000, p 233
80. last amended on 25 October 2008, Stcrt. 2008, p 206.
81. http://www.ser.nl.
82. Socialtjänstlag (1980; 620), SoL.
83. Lag (1992; 1574) om bostadsanpassningsbidrag.
84. Lag (1993; 387) om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade, LSS.
85. Lag (1993; 389) om statlig assistansersättning, LASS.
86. Data according to Finansdepartement www. regeringskansliet.se and Statistiska centralbyrå (ed), Statistical Yearbook of Sweden. Stockholm 2007, p 499.