Thermophysical properties of natural gas components: Apparatus and speed of sound in argon

Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data

Volumn 54, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 2758-2771

  Goodwin, Anthony R H ^a   Hill, James A ^b  

^a University of Idaho   (United States)

^b SCHLUMBERGER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMBINED UNCERTAINTY; EQUATION OF STATE; INDEPENDENT MEASUREMENT; NATURAL GAS COMPONENTS; SPEED OF SOUNDS; SPHERICAL RESONATORS; THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTY; VIRIAL COEFFICIENT;

ACOUSTIC RESONATORS; ACOUSTIC WAVE VELOCITY; ARGON; EQUATIONS OF STATE; GAS INDUSTRY; RESONATORS; SPEED; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES;

UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

EID: 70349507931     PISSN: 00219568     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/je900428g     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Jaeschke, M.; Humphreys, A. E. Standard GERG Virial Equation for Field Use and GERG Technical Monograph TM5 1991. Forsch. Ber. VDI, Reihe 6, 266, 1992.
2. Jaeschke, M.; Schley, P.; Janssen-van Rosmalen, R. Thermodynamics Research Improves Energy Measurement in Natural Gas. Int. J. Thermophys. 2002, 23, 1013-1031.
3. GERG, the European Gas Research Group. http://www.gerg.info/.
4. Moldover, M. R.; Buckley, T. J. Reference Values of the Dielectric Constant of Natural Gas Components Determined with a Cross Capacitor. Int. J. Thermophys. 2001, 22, 859-885.
5. Goodwin, A. R. H. Phase Boundary Data for Natural Gas Mixtures, Gas Research Institute: Chicago, IL, 1994; Report number 94/0499.
6. Goodwin, A. R. H. Phase Boundary Data for Natural Gas Mixtures, Gas Research Institute: Chicago, IL, 1997.
7. Goodwin, A. R. H.; Hill, J. A.; Savidge, J. L. Acoustic measurements in natural gas mixtures. Proc. Int. Gas Res. Conf.; Dolenc, D. A., Ed.; 1995, 1, 681.
8. Goodwin, A. R. H.; Hill, J. A.; Savidge, J. L. Detection of phase boundaries for natural gas mixtures. Proc. Int. Gas Res. Conf.; Dolenc, D. A., Ed.; 1995, 1, 667.
9. Goodwin, A. R. H.; Trusler, J. P. M. Sound Speed in Experimental Thermodynamics VolumeVI: Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases; Goodwin, A. R. H., Marsh, K. N., Wakeham, W. A., Eds.; Elsevier Science: Amsterdam, 2003; Chapter 6.
10. Trusler, J. P. M.; Zarari, M. The speed of sound and derived thermodynamic properties of methane at temperatures between 275 and 375 K and pressures up to 10 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1992, 24, 973-991.
11. Wakeham, W. A.; Assael, M. A.; Atkinson, J. S.; Bilek, J.; Fareleira, M. N. A.; Fitt, A. D.; Goodwin, A. R. H.; Oliveira, C. M. B. P. Thermophysical Property Measurements: The Journey from Accuracy to Fitness for Purpose. Int. J. Thermophys. 2007, 28, 372-416.
12. Mehl, J. B.; Moldover, M. R. Precondensation phenomena in acoustic measurements. J. Chem. Phys. 1982, 77, 455-465.
13. Fawcett, D. Ph.D. Thesis, Murdoch University, Australia, 1995.
14. Edwards, T. J.; Pack, D. J.; Fawcet, D.; Trengove, R. D.; Resuggan, M. Measurement and Prediction of Speed of Sound with Application to Gas Flow Metering in Australian Natural Gas, Minerals and Energy Research; Report No. 150; Institute of Western Australia: Perth, Australia, 1995.
15. Moldover, M. R.; Marsh, K. N.; Barthel, J.; Buchner, R. Relative Permittivity and Refractive Index. In Experimental Thermodynamics Vol. VI, Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases; Goodwin, A. R. H., Marsh, K. N., Wakeham, W. A., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2003; Chapter 9, p 127-235.
16. Goodwin, A. R. H.; Mehl, J. B.; Moldover, M. R. Reentrant radiofrequency resonator for automated phase-equilibria and dielectric measurements in fluids. ReV. Sci. Instrum. 1996, 67, 4294-4303.
17. Goodwin, A. R. H.; Moldover, M. R. Phase border and density determinations in the critical region of (carbon dioxide + ethane) determined from dielectric permittivity measurements. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1997, 29, 1481-1494.
18. 8}. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2005, 37, 684-691.
19. 8} with a radio frequency re-entrant cavity. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2007, 52, 1660-1671.
20. Kandil, M. E.; Marsh, K. N.; Goodwin, A. R. H. Determination of the relative permittivity, έ, of methylbenzene at temperatures between 290 and 406 K and pressures below 20 MPa with a radio frequency re-entrant cavity and evaluation of a MEMS capacitor for the measurement of έ. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2008, 53, 1056-1065.
21. May, E. F.; Edwards, T. J.; Mann, A. G.; Edwards, C. Dew point, liquid volume, and dielectric constant measurements in a vapor mixture of methane + propane using a microwave apparatus. Int. J. Thermophys. 2003, 24, 1509-1525.
22. Moldover, M. R.; Gillis, K. A.; Hurly, J. J.; Mehl, J. B.; Wilhelm, J. Acoustic Measurements in Gases: Applications to Thermodynamic Properties, Transport Properties, and the Temperature Scale. In Handbook of Elastic Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases, Volume IV, Elastic Properties of Fluids: Liquids and Gases, Levy, M., Bass, H. E., Stern, R. R. Eds.-in-chief; Levy, M., Raspet, R., Sinha, D., Vol.Eds.; Furr, L., tech. Ed.; Keppens, V., supervising Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 2001; Chapter 12.
23. Moldover, M. R.; Waxman, M.; Greenspan, M. Spherical acoustic resonators for temperature and thermophysical property measurements. High Temp. High Press. 1979, 11, 75-86.
24. 4. J. Chem. Phys. 1981, 74, 4062-4077.
25. Mehl, J. B. Moldover, M. R. Specific heat and virial coefficient measurements with a spherical acoustic resonator. In Proc. Eighth Symp. on Thermophysical Properties, Vol.1: Thermophysical Properties of Fluids; Sengers, J. V., Ed.; The American Society of Mechanical Engineers: New York, 1982; p 134.
26. Moldover, M. R.; Mehl, J. B. Precision Measurements and Fundamental Constants II. Natl. Bur. Stand., Spec. Pub.; Taylor, B. N., Phillips, W. D., Eds.; 617, 1984; p 281.
27. Moldover, M. R.; Mehl, J. B.; Greenspan, M. Gas-filled spherical resonators: Theory and experiment. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1986, 79, 253-272.
28. Mehl, J. B.; Moldover, M. R. Measurement of the ratio of the speed of sound to the speed of light. Phys. ReV. A 1986, 34, 3341-3344.
29. Trusler, J. P. M. Physical Acoustics and Metrology of Fluids; Adam-Hilger: Bristol, 1991.
30. Goodwin, A. R. H. Trusler, J. P. M. Sound Speed and Heat Capacity of Gases. In Heat Capacities of Liquids and Vapours; Letcher, T. J., Ed.; Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, 2009.
31. Colgate, S. O.; Sivaraman, A.; Reed, K. R. Acoustic Determination of the Thermodynamic Reference State Heat Capacity of n-Heptane Vapor; Report RR-109; Gas Processors Association: Tulsa, OK, 1987.
32. Mehl, J. B. Acoustic resonance frequencies of deformed spherical resonators. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1982, 71, 1109-1113.
33. Mehl, J. B. Acoustic resonance frequencies of deformed spherical resonators. II. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1986, 79, 278-285.
34. Ewing, M. B.; Goodwin, A. R. H. Thermophysical properties of alkanes from speeds of sound determined using a spherical resonator 4. 2-Methylpropane at temperatures in the range 251 to 320 K and pressures in the range 5 to 114 kPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1991, 23, 1107-1120.
35. Ewing, M. B.; Goodwin, A. R. H. Thermophysical properties of alkanes from speeds of sound determined using a spherical resonator 5. 2-Methylbutane at temperatures in the range 260 to 320 K and pressures in the range 2.8 to 80.9 kPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1992, 24, 301-315.
36. Ewing, M. B.; McGlashan, M. L.; Trusler, J. P. M. The Temperature- Jump Effect and the Theory of the Thermal Boundary Layer for a Spherical Resonator. Speeds of Sound in Argon at 273.16 K. Metrologia 1986, 22, 93-102.
37. Mehl, J. B. Spherical acoustic resonator: Effects of shell motion. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1985, 78, 782-788.
38. Moldover, M. R.; Trusler, J. P. M.; Edwards, T. J.; Mehl, J. B.; Davis, R. S. Measurement Of The Universal Gas-Constant R Using a Spherical Acoustic Resonator. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 1988, 93, 85-144.
39. Ewing, M. B.; Goodwin, A. R. H. An apparatus based on a spherical resonator for measuring the speed of sound in gases at high pressures. Result for argon at temperatures between 255 and 300 K and at pressure up to 7 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1992, 24, 531-547.
40. Estrada-Alexanders, A. F.; Trusler, J. P. M. The Speed of Sound in Gaseous Argon at Temperatures between 110 and 450 K and at pressure up to 19 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1995, 27, 1075-1089.
41. Trusler, J. P. M. Unpublished calculations of the acoustic admittance of slits reported in ref 38.
42. Ewing, M. B.; Trusler, J. P. M. Speeds of sound in CF4 between 175 and 300 K measured with a spherical resonator. J. Chem. Phys. 1989, 90, 1106-1115.
43. 2 + Ar between 90 and 373 K. Physica A 1992, 184, 437-450.
44. Trusler, J. P. M.; Zarari, M. P. Second and third acoustic virial coefficients of methane at temperatures between 014 and 264 K. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1995, 27, 771-778.
45. Boyes, S. J. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1992.
46. Fawcett, D. Ph.D. Thesis, Murdoch University, Australia, 1995.
47. Hill, J. A.; Goodwin, A. R. H. Electrostatic transducers and methods of manufacturing the same. U.S. Patent 5,600,610, February 4, 1997.
48. Hill, J. A.; Goodwin, A. R. H. Electrostatic transducers and methods of manufacturing the same. U.S. Patent 5,745438, April 28, 1998.
49. Ruska, W. E. A.; Hurt, L. J.; Kobayashi, R. Circulating Pump for High Pressure and-200 to +400 C Application. ReV. Sci. Instrum. 1970, 41, 1444-1446.
50. Mansoorian, H.; Capps, E. F.; Gielen, H. L.; Eubank, P. T.; Hall, K. R. Compact, magnetic recirculating pump for wide-range temperature and pressure operation. ReV. Sci. Instrum. 1975, 46, 1350-1351.
51. Ziger, D. H.; Eckert, C. A. Simple high-pressure magnetic pump. ReV. Sci. Instrum. 1982, 53, 1296-1297.
52. Rogers, W. J.; Fontalba, F.; Capps, E. F.; Holste, J. C.; Marsh, K. N.; Hall, K. R. Magnetic circulating pumps for use over wide ranges of temperature and pressure. ReV. Sci. Instrum. 1988, 59, 193-194.
53. Peleties, F.; Trusler, J. P. M.; Goodwin, A. R. H.; Maitland, G. C. Circulating Pump for High-Pressure and High-Temperature Applications. ReV. Sci. Instrum. 2005, 76, 105103.
54. http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/Loran/default.htm.
55. Horowitz, P.; Hill, W. The art of electronics, Cambridge University Press: New York, 1986, p 250.
56. Trusler, J. P. M. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1984.
57. Mehl, J. B. Analysis of resonance standing-wave measurements. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1978, 64, 1523-1525.
58. Ewing, M. B.; Trusler, J. P. M. On the analysis of acoustic resonance measurement. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1989, 85, 1780-1782.
59. Lemmon, E. W.; McLinden, M. O.; Huber, M. L. REFerence fluid PROPerties program 23, version 7.1; Physical and Chemical Properties Division National Institute of Standards and Technology: Boulder, CO.
60. Tegeler, Ch.; Span, R.; Wagner, W. A New Equation of State for Argon Covering the Fluid Region for Temperatures from the Melting Line to 700 K at Pressures up to 1000 MPa. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1999, 28, 779-850.
61. Preston-Thomas, H. The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). Metrologia 1990, 27, 3-10.
62. McGlashan, M. L. The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1990, 22, 653-663.
63. Wieser, M. E. Atomic Weights Of The Elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2006, 78, 2051-2066.
64. Mohr, P. J.; Taylor, B. N.; Newell, D. B. CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2008, 37, 1187-1284.
65. Lemmon, E. W.; Jacobsen, R. T. Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Equations for Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Air. Int. J. Thermophys. 2004, 25, 21-69.
66. Ledbetter, H. M. Stainless-steel elastic constants at low temperature. J. Appl. Phys. 1981, 52, 1587-1589.
67. Varshni, Y. P. Temperature dependence of the elastic constants. Phys. ReV. B 1970, 2, 3952-3958.
68. Ledbetter, H. M. Temperature behaviour of Young's moduli of forty engineering alloys. Cryogenics 1982, 22, 653-656.
69. Curruccini, R. J.; Gniewek, J. J. Thermal expansion of technical solids at low temperature. NBS Monogr. 29 (U.S.) 1961, 11.
70. Kroger, F. R.; Swenson, C. A. Absolute linear thermal-expansion measurements on copper and aluminum. J. Appl. Phys. 1977, 48, 853-864.
71. Ewing, M. B.; Goodwin, A. R. H. Speeds of sound, perfect gas heat capacities and acoustic virial coefficients for methane determined using a spherical resonator at temperatures between 255 and 300 K and pressures in the range 171 kPa to 7.1 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1992, 24, 1257-1274.
72. Ewing, M. B.; Goodwin, A. R. H. Speeds of sound, perfect-gas heat capacity, and second acoustic virial coefficient for air at the temperature 255 K and pressures in the range 0.031 to 6.9 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1993, 25, 423-427.
73. Ewing, M. B.; Goodwin, A. R. H. Speeds of sound for a natural gas of specified composition at the temperature 255 K and pressures in the range 0.031 to 6.9 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1993, 25, 1503-1511.
74. Ewing, M. B.; Owusu, A. A.; Trusler, J. P. M. Second Acoustic Virial Coefficients of Argon Between 100 and 304 K. Physica A 1989, 156, 899-908.
75. Goodwin, A. R. H.; Bradsell, C. H.; Toczylkin, L. S. p, F, T of liquid n-octane obtained with a spherical pycnometer at temperatures of 298.03 and 313.15 K and pressures in the range 0.7 to 32 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1996, 28, 637.
76. Moldover, M. R.; Boyes, S. J.; Meyer, C. W.; Goodwin, A. R. H. Thermodynamic Temperatures of the Triple Points of Mercury and Gallium and in the Interval 217 to 303 K. J. Res. Nat. Inst. Stand. Tech. 1999, 104, 11-46.
77. Ewing, M. B.; Trusler, J. P. M. Primary acoustic thermometry between T 90 K and T 300 K. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2000, 32, 1229-1255.
78. Gallop, J. C.; Radcliffe, W. J. Dimensional measurement by microwave resonances. J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 1981, 14, 461-463.
79. Dominique, J.; Gallop, J. C.; Radciffe, W. J. A microwave method for thermal expansion measurement. J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 1983, 16, 1200-1202.
80. Gallop, J. C.; Radcliffe, W. J. Shape and dimensional measurement using microwaves. J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 1986, 19, 413-416.
81. Ewing, M. B.; Mehl, J. B.; Moldover, M. R.; Trusler, J. P. M. Microwave Measurements of the Thermal Expansion of a Spherical Cavity. Metrologia 1988, 25, 211-220.
82. May, E. F.; Pitre, L.; Mehl, J. B.; Moldover, M. R.; Schmidt, J. W. Quasi-spherical cavity resonators for metrology based on the relative dielectric permittivity of gases. ReV. Sci. Instrum. 2004, 75, 3307-3317.
83. Mehl, J. B.; Moldover, M. R.; Pitre, L. Designing quasi-spherical resonators for acoustic thermometry. Metrologia 2004, 41, 295-304.
84. Pitre, L.; Moldover, M. R.; Tew, W. L. Acoustic thermometry: new results from 273 to 77 K and progress towards 4 K. Metrologia 2006, 43, 142-162.
85. Hurly, J. J.; Moldover, M. R. Ab Initio Values of the Thermophysical Properties of Helium as Standards. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 2000, 105, 667-688.