Neuropsychological functioning of U.S. Gulf War veterans 10 years after the war

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 717-729

  Toomey, Rosemary ^a,b,c   Alpern, Renee ^d,e   Vasterling, Jennifer J ^f,g,h,i   Baker, Dewleen G ^j,k,l   Reda, Domenic J ^d,e   Lyons, Michael J ^a,b,c   Henderson, William G ^d,e   Kang, Han K ^m   Eisen, Seth A ^j,n,o   Murphy, Frances M ^j,p  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS MENTAL HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

^c HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d HINES VA HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^f VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g TULANE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^j VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^k VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^m DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS   (United States)

ⁿ WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^o VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^p UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Cognition; Environmental medicine; Mental disorders; Neurotoxicity syndromes; Psychological stress; Psychological tests

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DISTURBANCE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONAL STRESS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL FUNCTION; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MILITARY SERVICE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; NEUROTOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMOTOR DISORDER; RISK FACTOR; UNITED STATES; VETERAN; WAR;

ADULT; COGNITION DISORDERS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; GULF WAR; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MENTAL PROCESSES; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; UNITED STATES; VETERANS;

EID: 70349431119     PISSN: 13556177     EISSN: 14697661     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1355617709990294     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Anger, W.K., Storzbach, D., Binder, L.M., Campbell, K.A., Rohlman, D.S., McCauley, L., et al. (1999). Neurobehavioral deficits in Persian Gulf veterans: Evidence from a population-based study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 203-212.
3. Army Individual Test Battery. (1944). Manual of directions and scoring. Washington, DC: War Department, Adjutant General's Office.
4. Axelrod, B.N., & Milner, I.B. (1997). Neuropsychological findings in a sample of Operation Desert Storm veterans. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 9, 23-28.
5. Beck, A.T., & Steer, R.A. (1993). Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company.
6. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory-II Manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company.
7. Beckham, J.C., Crawford, A.L., & Feldman, M.E. (1998). Trail Making Test performance in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11 (4), 811-819.
8. Binder, L.M., Storzbach, D., Anger, W.K., Campbell, K.A., & Rohlman, D.S. (1999). Subjective cognitive complaints, affective distress, and objective cognitive performance in Persian Gulf War veterans. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 531- 536.
9. Blanchard, E.B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T.C., & Forneris, C.A. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behavior Research and Therapy, 34(8), 669-673.
10. Blanchard, M.S., Eisen, S.A., Alpern, R., Karlinsky, J., Toomey, R., Reda, D.J., et al. (2006). Chronic multisymptom illness complex in Gulf War I veterans 10 years later. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163 (1), 66-75.
11. David, A.S., Farrin, L., Hull, L., Unwin, C., Wessely, S., & Wykes, T. (2002). Cognitive functioning and disturbances of mood in UK veterans of the Persian Gulf War: A comparative study. Psychological Medicine, 32 1357-1370.
12. Davis, L.E., Eisen, S.A., Murphy, F.M., Alpern, R., Parks, B.J., Blanchard, M., et al. (2004). Clinical and laboratory assessment of distal peripheral nerves in Gulf War veterans and spouses. Neurology, 63, 1070-1077.
13. Davies, D.R., & Parasuraman, R. (1982). The psychology of vigilance Orlando, Fl: Academic Press.
14. Delis, D.C., Kramer, J.H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, BA. (1987). California Verbal Learning Test: Adult Version. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
15. Egeland, J., Rund, B.R., Sundet, K., Landrø, N.I., Asbjørnsen, A., Lund, A., Roness, A., Stordal, K.I., & Hugdahl, K. (2003). Attention profile in schizophrenia compared with depression: Differential effects of processing speed, selective attention and vigilance. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(4), 276- 284.
16. Eisen, S.A., Kang, H.K., Murphy, F.M., Blanchard, M.S., Reda, D.J., Henderson, W.G., et al. (2005). Gulf War veterans' health: Medical evaluation of a U.S. cohort. Annals of Internal Medicine, 142(11), 881-890.
17. Fukuda, K., Nisenbaum, R., Stewart, G., Thompson, W.W., Robin, L., Washko, R.M., et al. (1998). Chronic multisystem illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 981-988.
18. Garfield, R., & Leu, C. (2000). A Multivariate method for estimating mortality rates among children under 5 years from health and social indicators in Iraq. International Epidemiological Association, 29, 510-515.
19. Goldstein, G., Beers, S.R., Morrow, L.A., Shemanski, W.J., & Steinhauer, S.R. (1996). A preliminary neuropsychological study of Persian Gulf War veterans. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2 368-371.
20. Griffin, S.L., Rivera Mindt, M., Rankin, E.J., Ritchie, A.J., & Scott, J.G. (2002). Estimating premorbid intelligence: Comparison of traditional and contemporary methods across the intelligence continuum. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17(5), 497- 507.
21. Gronwall, D.M.A. (1977). Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual Motor Skills, 44, 367-373.
22. Haapea, M., Miettunen, J., Läärä, E., Joukamaa, M.I., Järvelin, M., Isohanni, M.K., Veijola, J.M. (2008). Non-participation in a field survey with respect to psychiatric disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 36, 728-736.
23. Haley, R.W., Hom, J., Roland, P.S., Bryan, W.W., Van Ness, P.C., Bonte, F.J., et al. (1997 b). Evaluation of neurologic function in Gulf War veterans. A blinded case-control study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(3), 223-230.
24. Haley, R.W., & Kurt, T.L. (1997 c). Self-reported exposure to neurotoxic chemical combinations in the Gulf War. A cross-sectional epidemiologic study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(3), 231-237.
25. Haley, R.W., Kurt, T.L., & Hom, J. (1997 a). Is there a Gulf War Syndrome? Searching for syndromes by factor analysis of symptoms. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(3), 215-222.
26. Halstead, W.C. (1947). Brain and intelligence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
27. Heaton, R.K. (1981). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual. Odessa, Fl: Psychological Assessment Resources.
28. Heaton, K.J., Palumbo, C.L., Proctor, S.P., Killiany, R.J., Yurgelun-Todd, D.A., & White, R.F. (2007). Quantitative magnetic resonance brain imaging in US army veterans of the 1991 Gulf War potentially exposed to sarin and cyclosarin. Neurotoxicology, 28, 761-769.
29. Hom, J., Haley, R.W., & Kurt, T.L. (1997). Neuropsychological correlates of Gulf War syndrome. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 531-544.
30. Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group.(1997). Self-reported illnesses and health status among Gulf War veterans: A population-based study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 238 - 245.
31. Ishoy, T., Suadicani, P., Guldager, B., Appleyard, M., Hein, H., & Gyntelberg, F. (1999). State of health after deployment in the Persian Gulf: The Danish Gulf War study. Danish Medical Bulletin, 46, 416-419.
32. Jastak, S., & Wilkinson, G.S. (1997). Wide Range Achievement Test-III: Administration manual. Wilmington, DE: Jastak Associates.
33. Jenkins, M.A., Langlais, P.J., Delis, D., & Cohen, R.A. (2000). Attentional dysfunction associated with posttraumatic stress disorder among rape survivors. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 7-12.
34. Johnstone, B., Callahan, C.D., Kapila, C.J., & Bouman, D.E. (1996). The comparability of the WRAT-R reading test and NAART as estimates of premorbid intelligence in neurologically impaired patients. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11(6), 513-519.
35. Kang, H.K., & Bullman, T.A. (2001). Mortality among US veterans of the Persian Gulf War: 7 year follow-up. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154, 399-405.
36. Kang, H.K., Mahan, C.M., Lee, K.Y., Magee, C.A., & Murphy, F.M. (2000). Illnesses among United States veterans of the Gulf War: A population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 42, 491-501.
37. Lange, G., Tiersky, L.A., DeLuca, J., Scharer, J.B., Policastro, T., Fiedler, N., et al. (2001). Cognitive functioning in Gulf War illness. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(2), 240-249.
38. Letz, R. (1991). NES2 user's manual (version 4.4). Winchester, MA: Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc.
39. Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., & Loring, D.W. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Lindem, K., Proctor, S.P., Heeren, T., Krengel, M., Vasterling, J., Sutker, P.B., et al. (2003). Neuropsychological performance in Gulf War era veterans: Neuropsychological symptom reporting. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 25(2), 121-127.
41. McDiarmid, M.A., Keogh, J.P., Hooper, F.J., McPhaul, K., Squibbs, K., Kane, R., et al. (2000). Health effects of depleted uranium on exposed Gulf War veterans. Environmental Research, 82, 168-180.
42. Osterrieth, P.A. (1944). Le test de copie d'une figure complex: Contribution a l'etude de la perception et de la memoire. Archives of Psychology, 30, 286-356.
43. Partington, J.E., & Leiter, R.G. (1949). Partington's Pathway Test. The Psychological Service Center Bulletin, 1, 9-20.
44. Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses. (1996). Final Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; ISBN 0-16048942-3.
45. Proctor, S.P., Heaton, K.J., Heeren, T., & White, R.F. (2006). Effects of sarin and cyclosarin exposure during the 1991 Gulf War on neurobehavioral functioning in US army veterans. Neurotoxicology, 27 931-939.
46. Purdue Research Foundation. (1948). Examiner's manual for the Purdue Pegboard. Chicago: Science Research Associates.
47. Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses. (2008). Gulf War illness and the health of Gulf War veterans: Scientific findings and recommendations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
48. Rey, A. (1941). L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encephalopathie traumatique. Archives of Psychology, 28, 286- 340.
49. Sillanpaa, M.C., Agar, L.M., Milner, I.B., Podany, E.C., Axelrod, B.N., & Brown, G.G. (1997). Gulf War veterans: A neuropsychological examination. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19 211-219.
50. Storzbach, D., Campbell, K.A., Binder, L.M., McCauley, L., Anger, W.K., Rohlman, D.S., & Kovera, C.A. (2000). Psychological differences between veterans with and without Gulf War unexplained symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 726-735.
51. Strauss, E., Sherman, E.S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests. New York: Oxford University Press.
52. SUDAAN, Release 8.0. (2001). Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.
53. Tiffin, J. (1968). Purdue Pegboard examiner's manual. Rosemont, IL: London House.
54. Tombaugh, T.N. (1996). Test of Memory and Malingering. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.
55. Toomey, R., Kang, H.K., Karlinsky, K., Baker, D.G., Vasterling, J.J., Alpern, R., Reda, D.J., Henderson, W.G., Murphy, F.M., Eisen, S.A. (2007). Mental health of U.S. Gulf War veterans: A psychological evaluation 10 years after the war. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190 385-393.
56. Unwin, C., Blatchley, N., Coker, W., Ferry, S., Hotopf, M., Hull, L., et al. (1999). Health of UK servicemen who served in the Persian Gulf War. Lancet, 353, 169-178.
57. van der Meere, J., Börger, N., & van Os, T. (2007). Sustained attention in major unipolar depression. Perceptual Motor Skills, 104 (3 Pt. 2), 1350-1354.
58. Vasterling, J.J., & Brailey, K. (2005). Neuropsychological findings in adults with PTSD. In J. Vasterling & C.R. Brewin (Eds.), Neuropsychology of PTSD: Biological, cognitive, and clinical perspectives. New York: Guilford.
59. Vasterling, J.J., Brailey, K., Constans, J.I., & Sutker, P.B. (1998). Attention and memory dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychology, 12, 125-133.
60. Vasterling, J.J., Brailey, K., Tomlin, H., Rice, J., & Sutker, P.B. (2003). Olfactory functioning in Gulf War-era veterans: Relationships to war-zone duty, self-reported hazards exposures, and psychological distress. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9 407-418.
61. Vasterling, J.J., & Bremner, J.D. (2006). The impact of the 1991 Gulf War on the mind and brain: Findings from neuropsychological and neuroimaging research. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and Biological Sciences, 361(1468), 593-604.
62. Vasterling, J.J., Proctor, S.P., Amoroso, P., Kane, R., Heeren, T., & White, R.F. (2006). Neuropsychological outcomes of Army personnel following deployment to the Iraq war. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 519-529.
63. Waber, D.P., & Holmes, J.M. (1986). Assessing children's memory productions of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8, 565-580.
64. Wechsler, D. (1997). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
65. White, R.F., Proctor, S.P., Heeren, T., Wolfe, J., Krengel, M., Vasterling, J., et al. (2001). Neuropsychological function in Gulf War veterans: Relationships to self-reported toxicant exposures. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 40, 42-52.
66. Winkenwerder, W. (2002). U.S. demolition operations at Khamisiyah. Final Report. Washington, DC: Department of Defense.