Newton on the beach: The information order of principia mathematica

History of Science

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 243-276

  Schaffer, Simon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 70349391371     PISSN: 00732753     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/007327530904700301     Document Type: Article

References (271)

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2. John Milton, Paradise regained, Book 4, line 330 (from The poetical works of Mr Milton (2 vols, London, 1720), ii, 86, the version Isaac Newton owned) ;
3. see Patricia Fara, Newton; The making of genius (London, 2002), 206.
4. Joseph Spence, Observations, anecdotes and characters of books and men, ed. by James M. Osborn (2 vols, first published 1820; Oxford, 1966), i, 462.
5. Andrew Ramsay, A plan of education for a young prince (London, 1732), p. iii;
6. extract from Fog's weekly journal, no. 195 (29 July 1732) in King's College Cambridge, Keynes MS 129 (N). In June 1729 Conduitt already suggested that a proposed artistic memorial for Newton must be set "by the seaside".
7. See Francis Haskell, "The apotheosis of Newton in art", in Robert Palter (ed.), The annus mirabilis of Sir Isaac Newton (Cambridge, MA, 1970), 302-21, p. 315.
8. Fara, Newton (ref. 2), 206-7;
9. W. K. Thomas and Warren U. Ober, A mind forever voyaging: Wordsworth at work portraying Newton and science (Edmonton, 1989), 41;
10. Frank E. Manuel, A portrait of Isaac Newton (1968; London, 1980), 389.
11. William Stukeley, "Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's life", in Rob Iliffe (ed.), Early biographies of Isaac Newton (London, 2006), 250-1;
12. Edmond Halley, "Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. Autore Is. Newton", Philosophical transactions, xvi (1688), 291-7, p. 291.
13. Rob Iliffe, '"Is he like other men?' The meaning of the Principia and the author as idol", in G. Maclean (ed.), Literature, culture and society in the Stuart Restoration (Cambridge, 1995), 159-78;
14. Jan Golinski, " The secret life of an alchemist", in John Fauvel, Raymond Flood, Michael Shortland and Robin Wilson (eds), Let Newton be! (Oxford, 1988), 147-68;
15. Steven Shapin, '"The mind is its own place': Science and solitude in seventeenth-century England", Science in context, iv (1990), 191-218, pp. 204-6.
16. Charles W. J. Withers, Placing the Enlightenment: Thinking geographically about the Age of Reason (Chicago, 2007), 45-61;
17. David Lambert, Luciana Martins and Miles Ogborn, "Currents, visions and voyages: Historical geographies of the sea", Journal of historical geography, xxxii (2006), 479-93, p. 485.
18. Compare the histories and methods of ships, beachcombing and cargo discussed in Greg Dening, Islands and beaches (Honolulu, 1980), 129-30, 157-61
19. and Dening, Beach crossings (Melbourne, 2004), 16-18, 270.
20. Steven Shapin, A social history of truth: Civility and science in seventeenth-century England (Chicago, 1994), 243-7. For 'team-work' in making Principia
21. see D. Bertoloni Meli, Thinking with objects: The transformation of mechanics in the seventeenth century (Baltimore, 2006), 256 and 285.
22. Boris Hessen, "The social and economic roots of Newton's Principia", in P. G. Werskey (ed.), Science at the crossroads: Papers presented to the International Congress of the History of Science and Technology (1931; London, 1971), 147-212, pp. 171.
23. For Bacon's Iberian sources see Juan Pimentel, Testigos del mundo: Ciencia, literatura y viajes en la ilustración (Madrid, 2003), 55-57, 91-93;
24. Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, Nature, empire and nation: Explorations of history of science in the Iberian world (Stanford, 2006), 14-23. For Jesuit networks
25. see Steven J. Harris, "Confession building, long-distance networks, and the organization of Jesuit science", Early science and medicine, i (1996), 287-318.
26. Rob Iliffe, '"Those whose business it is to cavill': Newton's anti-Catholicism", in James E. Force and Richard H. Popkin (eds), Newton and religion: Context, nature and influence (Dordrecht, 1999), 97-120, pp. 112-17;
27. Carlos Ziller Camenietzki, "Baroque science between the Old and the New World: Father Kircher and his colleague Valentin Stansel", in Paula Findlen (ed.), Athanasius Kircher (London, 2004), 311-28.
28. Michèle Fogel, Les cérémonies de l'information dans la France du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1989) ;
29. John Brewer, The sinews of power: War, money and the English state 1688-1783 (London, 1989), chap. 8: "Public knowledge and private interest: The state, lobbies and the politics of information";
30. Larry Stewart, The rise of public science: Rhetoric, technology and natural philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660-1750 (Cambridge, 1992) ;
31. and Stewart, "Global pillage: Science, commerce and empire", in Roy Porter (ed.), The Cambridge history of science: Eighteenth-century science (Cambridge, 2003), 825-44.
32. C. A. Bayly, Empire and information: Intelligence gathering and social communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge, 1996), 5;
33. Peter Burke, A social history of knowledge from Gutenberg to Diderot (Cambridge, 2000), 25;
34. Withers, Placing the Enlightenment (ref. 8), 50-57.
35. Jerome Friedman, Miracles and the pulp press during the English Revolution (London, 1993), 239-53;
36. Joad Raymond, Pamphlets and pamphleteering in early modern Britain (Cambridge, 2003), 324-41;
37. William Burns, An age of wonders: Prodigies, politics and Providence in England, 1657-1727 (Manchester, 2002), 57-96. For coffee houses
38. see Markman Ellis, The coffee house: A cultural history (London, 2004), 68-74.
39. Shapin, Social history of truth (ref. 9), 194-211;
40. Brendan Dooley, The social history of skepticism: Experience and doubt in early modern culture (Baltimore, 1999), 12-18.
41. Pamela H. Smith and Paula Findlen (eds), Merchants and marvels: Commerce, science and art in early modern Europe (London, 2002) ;
42. Londa Schiebinger and Claudia Swan (eds), Colonial botany: Science, commerce and politics in the early modern world (Philadelphia, 2005) ;
43. James Delbourgo and Nicholas Dew (eds), Science and empire in the Atlantic world (London, 2008). For the importance of skill in creditworthy instrument use at remote sites
44. see Shapin, Social history of truth (ref. 9), 245-7;
45. Jed Buchwald, "Discrepant measurements and experimental knowledge in the early modern era", Archive for history of exact sciences, lx (2006), 565-649, pp. 583, 590.
46. Newton to Aston, 18 May 1669, Correspondence of Isaac Newton, ed. by H. W. Turnbull, J. F. Scott and A. R. Hall (7 vols, Cambridge, 1959-77), i, 9-11;
47. R. S. Westfall, Never at rest: A biography of Isaac Newton (Cambridge, 1980), 193;
48. Manuel, Portrait of Newton (ref. 5), 162-4;
49. Hessen, "Social and economic roots" (ref. 10), 171-3. For news-sheets and Newton's interest in this adept Francesco Giuseppe Borri
50. see Noel Malcolm, "Robert Boyle, Georges Pierre des Clozets, and the Asterism: A new source", Early science and medicine, ix (2004), 293-306, pp. 304-6. For other advice to travellers on tides and geography
51. see A. R. Hall and M. B. Hall (eds), Unpublished scientific papers of Isaac Newton (Cambridge, 1962), 392-3.
52. Harold J. Cook, "Time's bodies: Crafting the preparation and preservation of naturalia", in Smith and Findlen (eds), Merchants and marvels (ref. 17), 223-47
53. and Cook, Matters of exchange: Commerce, medicine and science in the Dutch Golden Age (New Haven, 2007), 267-76, 325-9;
54. Steven J. Harris, "Long-distance corporations, big science and the geography of knowledge", Configurations, vi (1988), 269-304.
55. "An introductory discourse containing the whole history of navigation", in A collection of voyages and travels (3 vols, London, 1704), ii, p. lxxiii;
56. Sarah Irving, Natural science and the origins of the British empire (London, 2008), 92-93.
57. Thomas Sprat, History of the Royal Society (London, 1667), 406-7.
58. Mark Govier, "The Royal Society, slavery and the island of Jamaica 1660-1700", Notes and records of the Royal Society, liii (1999), 203-17;
59. Larry Stewart, "The edge of utility: Slaves and smallpox in the early eighteenth century", Medical history, xxix (1985), 54-70;
60. James Delbourgo, "Slavery in the cabinet of curiosities: Hans Sloane's Atlantic World", http://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF /Delbourgo%20essay.pdf, accessed June 2008.
61. Stewart, "Global pillage" (ref. 13), 828-38;
62. Daniel Carey, "Compiling nature's history: Travellers and travel narratives in the early Royal Society", Annals of science, liv (1997), 269-92, pp. 275-6.
63. Robert Markley, The Far East and the English imagination 1600-1730 (Cambridge, 2006), 241-68.
64. Chamberlayne to Newton, 2 February 1704, Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), iv, 412;
65. Fontaney to Sloane, 1 August 1704, British Library MS Sloane 4039, fol. 334;
66. Flamsteed to Pound, 15 November 1704, and Pound to Flamsteed, 7 July 1705, in Eric Forbes, Lesley Murdin and Frances Willmoth (eds), Correspondence of John Flamsteed (3 vols, Bristol, 1995-2002), iii, 100-1, 182.
67. See Rodney Needham, Exemplars (Berkeley, 1985), 75-116.
68. Frank Lestringant, Une sainte horreur, ou le voyage en Eucharistie XVIe-XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1996), 311-30. The Psalmanazar literature is vast: Needham gives a bibliography in Exemplars (ref. 25), 229-40. Recent studies include Susan Stewart, "Antipodal expectations: Notes on the Formosan 'ethnography' of George Psalmanazar", in
69. George W. Stocking (ed.), Romantic motives: Essays on anthropological sensibility (Madison, 1989), 44-73;
70. Richard Swiderski, The false Formosan: George Psalmanazar and the eighteenth-century experiment of identity (San Francisco, 1991) ;
71. Peter Mason, The lives of images (London, 2001), 56-79;
72. Michael Keevak, The pretended Asian: George Psalmanazar's eighteenth-century Formosan hoax (Detroit, 2004).
73. Krzysztof Pomian, Collectors and curiosities: Paris and Venice 1500-1800 (1987; Cambridge, 1990), 53-64, 125-35;
74. Barbara M. Benedict, Curiosity: A cultural history of early modern inquiry (Chicago, 2002), 52-70;
75. Margaret Espinasse, "The decline and fall of Restoration science", Past and present, xiv (1958), 71-89. Jurin's dedication is in Philosophical transactions, xxxiv (1727), sig. A2. For censure of the Royal Society's output in this period
76. see J. L. Heilbron, Physics at the Royal Society during Newton's presidency (Los Angeles, 1983), 35-40;
77. Mordechai Feingold, "Mathematicians and naturalists: Sir Isaac Newton and the Royal Society", in Jed Z. Buchwald and I. Bernard Cohen (eds), Isaac Newton's natural philosophy (Cambridge, MA, 2001), 77-102.
78. Peter Dear, Discipline and experience: The mathematical way in the Scientific Revolution (Chicago, 1995), 246-8 on mathematical philosophy's weaker role for patterns of trust;
79. Harris, "Longdistance corporations" (ref. 19), 274 on Grew and Newton. For Newton's gift of Grew's Musaeum Societatis Regalis to his college in 1680
80. see John Edleston, Correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton and Professor Cotes (Cambridge, 1850), p. xxix.
81. Isaac Newton (ed.), Bernhard Vareni Geographia generalis (Cambridge, 1672) ;
82. William Warntz, "Newton, the Newtonians and the Geographia generalis Varenii", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, lxxix (1989), 165-91, p. 177. Compare Newton's planned role in John Adams's 1681 English meridian survey:
83. Thomas Birch, History of the Royal Society (4 vols, London, 1756), iv, 65-66 (19 January 1681).
84. J. S. Peters, "The Bank, the press and the return to nature", in John Brewer and Susan Staves (eds), Early modern conceptions of property (London, 1996), 365-88;
85. Westfall, Never at rest (ref. 18), 623, 862. For communication networks
86. see Burke, Social history of knowledge (ref. 14), 149-76;
87. Ian K. Steele, The English Atlantic 1675-1740: An exploration of communication and community (Oxford, 1986).
88. Isaac Newton, The mathematical principles of natural philosophy (2 vols, London, 1729), ii, 200-1
89. and Newton, The Principia, ed. by I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman (Berkeley, 1999), 793.
90. See D. T. Whiteside, "Before the Principia: The maturing of Newton's thoughts on dynamical astronomy, 1664-1684", Journal of the history of astronomy, i (1970), 5-19;
91. I. Bernard Cohen, Introduction to Newton's Principia (Cambridge, 1971), 132-5;
92. Westfall, Never at rest (ref. 18), 443-4, 458-62, 861-2.
93. Edmond Halley, "An historical account of the trade winds and monsoons", Philosophical transactions, xvi (1686), 153-68, p. 153 (compare ibid, 149, for Halley's editorial comment on delay in publication) ;
94. Halley to Newton, 7 June 1686, Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), ii, 434.
95. See D. W. Waters, "Captain Edmond Halley FRS, Royal Navy, and the practice of navigation", in Norman J. W. Thrower (ed.), Standing on the shoulders of giants: A longer view of Newton and Halley (Berkeley, 1990), 171-202, pp. 180-2;
96. Alan Cook, Edmond Halley: Charting the heavens and the seas (Oxford, 1998), 190-6.
97. D. T. Whiteside (ed.), The mathematical papers of Isaac Newton (8 vols, Cambridge, 1967-81), vi, 51 n. 62;
98. compare Hall and Hall (eds), Unpublished scientific papers (ref. 18), 279. Newton's editor Roger Cotes summarized the method in the 1710s:
99. see Roger Cotes, "Aestimatio errorum in mixta mathesi", in Harmonia mensurarum,... accedunt alia opuscula mathematica, ed. by Robert Smith (Cambridge, 1722), 1-22 (second pagination), p. 22.
100. Robert Hooke, Lectures and collections (London, 1678), 22 (on Hevelius and others on comets).
101. Newton to Flamsteed, 12 January 1685, and Flamsteed to Newton, 27 January 1685, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), ii, 413, 414;
102. Isaac Newton, A treatise of the system of the world (composed 1685; London, 1728), 29;
103. Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 228-9, 812-14.
104. The sources include Christiaan Huygens, Systema Saturnium (The Hague, 1659), 47;
105. Edmond Halley, "A correction of the theory of the motion of the satellite of Saturn", Philosophical transactions, xiii (1683), 82-88, p. 86;
106. Jean-Charles Gallet, "Système des apparences de Saturne", Journal des sçavans, 12 June 1684, 197-201, p. 199. Compare Albert van Helden, Measuring the universe: Cosmic dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley (Chicago, 1985), 146-8.
107. Newton to Flamsteed, 16 February and 29 June 1695, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), iv, 87-88, 134.
108. See Nick Kollerstrom and Bernard Yallop, "Flamsteed's lunar data, 1692-5, sent to Newton", Journal for the history of astronomy, xxvi (1985), 237-46;
109. Buchwald, "Discrepant measurements" (ref. 17), 603;
110. Westfall, Never at rest (ref. 18), 540-8;
111. Iliffe (ed.), Early biographies (ref. 6), pp. xxii-xxiv, 15-17, 186.
112. D. T. Whiteside, "Newton's lunar theory: From high hope to disenchantment", Vistas in astronomy, xix (1975-76), 317-28. For the removal of Flamsteed's name, compare Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), iv, 3-4 and 277;
113. Alexandra Koyré and I. Bernard Cohen (eds), Isaac Newton's Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica: The third edition with variant readings (Cambridge, 1972), 658;
114. and Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 869-71. For the failings of Newton's lunar theory see Curtis Wilson, "The Newtonian achievement in astronomy"
115. in René Taton and Curtis Wilson (eds), Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics, Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton (Cambridge, 1989), 233-74, pp. 262-7.
116. E. J. Aiton, "The contributions of Newton, Bernoulli and Euler to the theory of the tides", Annals of science, xi (1955), 206-23, pp. 210-13;
117. Nick Kollerstrom, "Newton's lunar mass error", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, xcv (1985), 151-3;
118. Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 238-46.
119. Newton, System of the world (ref. 35), 71-72;
120. compare Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 835.
121. Cotes to Newton, 28 February 1712;
122. Newton to Cotes, 9 April and 22 April 1712;
123. and Cotes to Newton, 26 April 1712, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), v, 243-4, 263-9, 273-5, 278-80. For Cotes's work as editor
124. see Westfall, Never at rest (ref. 18), 703-12, 729-51;
125. Cohen, Introduction (ref. 31), 227-35;
126. Ronald Gowing, Roger Cotes, natural philosopher (Cambridge, 1983), 14-19, 80-108.
127. Moray to Bruce, 8 January 1658, in David Stevenson (ed.), Letters of Sir Robert Moray to the Earl of Kincardine (London, 2007), 113;
128. Robert Moray, "A relation of some extraordinary tydes in the West-Isles of Scotland", and Moray, "Considerations and enquiries concerning tides", Philosophical transactions, i (1665-6), 53-55 and 298-301;
129. Margaret Deacon, Scientists and the sea 1650-1900 (London, 1971), 72. Newton's notes on tides in the Hebrides and the Danube are reprinted in J. E. McGuire and Martin Tamny (eds), Certain philosophical questions: Newton's Trinity notebook (Cambridge, 1983), 404;
130. Newton's notes on these tidal reports in Philosophical transactions are at Cambridge University Library MS Add 3958.1, fol. 9.
131. Margaret Deacon, "Founders of marine science in Britain: The work of the early Fellows of the Royal Society", Notes and records of the Royal Society, xx (1965), 28-50, p. 32.
132. Moray, "Considerations and enquiries" (ref. 41), 299-301, and Moray, "Patternes of the tables proposed to be made for observing of tides", Philosophical transactions, i (1665-6), 311-13;
133. Deacon, Scientists (ref. 41), 99-100. Newton's comments against Wallis are at Cambridge University Library MS Add 3958, fol. 12v and his notes on Moray's observatory at fol. 13r.
134. John Wallis, "An essay exhibiting his hypothesis about the flux and reflux of the sea", Philosophical transactions, i (1665-6), 263-81, pp. 275-6;
135. Shapin, Social history of truth (ref. 9), 258-66;
136. Dear, Discipline and experience (ref. 28), 230-1.
137. Joseph Childrey, "A letter containing some animadversions upon the Reverend Dr John Wallis's hypothesis about the flux and reflux of the sea", Philosophical transactions, v (1670), 2061-8, pp. 2062-3;
138. Moray, "Considerations and enquiries" (ref. 41), 297-8;
139. Deacon, Scientists (ref. 41), 102-8.
140. Deacon, Scientists (ref. 41), 101-2;
141. Samuel Sturmy, "An account of some observations made this present year in Hong-Road within four miles of Bristol", Philosophical transactions, iii (1668), 813-17, p. 815.
142. John Flamsteed, "A correct tide table", Philosophical transactions, xiii (1683), 10-15, p. 12;
143. William Molyneux, "An account of the course of tides in the port of Dublin", Philosophical transactions, xvi (1686), 192-3;
144. Flamsteed to Newton, 26 September 1685, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), ii, 427-8;
145. Flamsteed to Molyneux, 17 January 1687 and to Towneley, 12February 1687, in Correspondence of Flamsteed (ref. 25), ii, 328 and 338.
146. Edmond Halley, "The true theory of the tides". Philosophical transactions, xix (1697), 445-57 (composed 1686) ;
147. Halley to James II, 1687, British Library 537.g.30, p. 12;
148. Cook, Halley (ref. 32), 284-90;
149. Waters, "Captain Edmond Halley" (ref. 32), 196.
150. Newton, System (ref. 35), 76, 78, 87-88;
151. Cohen and Koyré (eds), Principia (ref. 37), 667 n.
152. Newton to Cotes, 26 February 1712;
153. Cotes to Newton, 28 February 1712;
154. Newton to Cotes, 8 April 1712, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), v, 241, 243, 264;
155. Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 875. For the manipulation of tide data
156. see Richard S. Westfall, "Newton and the fudge factor", Science, clxxix (1973), 751-8, pp. 756-8.
157. David E. Cartwright, "The Tonkin tides revisited", Notes and records of the Royal Society, lvii (2003), 135-42.
158. Davenport to James, 12 July 1678, in "Tonqueen Journal Register" (1678-79), British Library, India Office Records MS G/12/17, part 5, fol. 233 v;
159. compare 'Tonqueen Journal transcrib'd by Francis Davenport", British Library MS Sloane 998, fols. 49-50, "Mr Henry Baker's Account of the Flowing of the Waters" (1673) : "I found the Waters to have no course with the Moon. "
160. Birch, History of the Royal Society (ref. 29), iv, 289-90 (23 April 1684) ;
161. Anna Winterbottom, "Producing and using the Historical relation of Ceylon: Robert Knox, the East India Company and the Royal Society", The British journal for the history of science, xlii (2009), forthcoming.
162. Francis Davenport, "An account of the course of the tides at Tonqueen", with Edmond Halley, "The theory of them at the barr of Tonqueen", Philosophical transactions, xiv (1684), 677-88;
163. the original of Davenport's account, which differs in some significant passages, is at British Library, India Office Records MS G/12/17, fols. 237-40.
164. William Dampier, A new voyage round the world (London, 1698), "Discourse of the trade-winds, breezes, storms, seasons of the year, tides and currents of the Torrid Zone throughout the world" (separate pagination), 97.
165. Francis Davenport, An historical abstract of Mr Samuel White (London, 1688) ;
166. George White, Reflections on a scandalous paper entituled the Answer of the East-India Company to two printed papers of Mr Samuel White together with the True character of Mr Francis Davenport (London, 1689), citation from p. 3.
167. See Maurice Collis, Siamese White (London, 1936), 95-99 and 293-6: Davenport "became one of the best-known names in London".
168. Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 839;
169. I. Bernard Cohen, "The first explanation of interference", American journal of physics, viii (1940), 99-106, pp. 105-6;
170. Cartwright, "Tonkin tides" (ref. 51), 137-8.
171. Henry Guerlac, Newton on the Continent (Ithaca, 1981), 34-40;
172. Sara Schechner Genuth, Comets, popular culture, and the birth of modern cosmology (Princeton, 1997), 133-42;
173. J. A. Ruffner, "Newton's Propositions on comets: Steps in transition, 1681-84", Archive for history of exact sciences, liv (2000), 259-77.
174. Flamsteed to Towneley, 11 May 1677, in Correspondence of Flamsteed (ref. 25), i, 552.
175. Juan Casanovas and Philip C. Keenan, "The observations of comets by Valentin Stansel, a seventeenth century missionary in Brazil", Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu, lxii (1993), 319-30, pp. 327-8;
176. Carlos Ziller Camenietzki, "The celestial pilgrimages of Valentin Stansel, Jesuit astronomer and missionary in Brazil", in Moti Feingold (ed.), The new sciences and Jesuit science: Seventeenth century perspectives (Dordrecht, 2003), 249-70, pp. 260-2;
177. and Camenietzki, "Baroque science" (ref. 12), 316.
178. Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 927.
179. Robert Hooke, "A discourse of the nature of comets" (1682), in Richard Waller (ed.), Posthumous works of Robert Hooke (London, 1705), 149-90, p. 151.
180. Buchwald, "Discrepant measurements" (ref. 17), 592;
181. Halley to Flamsteed, 7 June 1679, in Eugene Fairfield MacPike, Hevelius, Flamsteed and Halley: Three contemporary astronomers and their mutual relations (London, 1937), 86-87.
182. Shapin, Social history of truth (ref. 9), 272-87;
183. Halley to Molyneux, 27 March 1686, in Eugene Fairfield MacPike, Correspondence and papers of Edmond Halley (Oxford, 1932), 60.
184. MacPike, Correspondence and papers of Halley (ref. 64), 48-52;
185. Cook, Halley (ref. 32), 105-15.
186. Cook, Halley (ref. 32), 119-24, 127;
187. Correspondence of Flamsteed (ref. 25), i, 751-5;
188. Eric G. Forbes, "The comet of 1680-1681", in Thrower (ed.), Standing on the shoulders of giants (ref. 32), 312-23, pp. 313-17;
189. Eric G. Forbes (ed.), The Gresham lectures of John Flamsteed (London, 1975), 107.
190. See Susanna Åkerman, Queen Christina of Sweden and her circle: The transformation of a seventeenth century philosophical libertine (Leiden, 1991), 176-7, 254-5.
191. Cook, Halley (ref. 32), 147-51;
192. Westfall, Never at rest (ref. 18), 402-7.
193. Newton's cometary notes in Cambridge University Library MS Add 4004, fols. 101-5 and MS Add 3965.14, fols. 581-2, 613-14, described in Ruffner, "Newton's Propositions on comets" (ref. 58) ;
194. Flamsteed to Newton, 25 September 1685 (first draft), in sCorrespondence of Flamsteed (ref. 25), ii, 247-8;
195. A later version is at Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), ii, 421-8. Compare Forbes (ed.), Gresham lectures of Flamsteed (ref. 66), 113.
196. Allan Chapman, "Edmond Halley's use of historical evidence in the advancement of science", Notes and records of the Royal Society of London, xlviii (1994), 167-91.
197. Newton to Crompton for Flamsteed, 28 February 1681, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), ii, 340-7;
198. compare Flamsteed to Halley, 17 February 1681, in Correspondence of Flamsteed (ref. 25), i, 760-3;
199. Flamsteed to Crompton for Newton, 7 March 1681, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), ii, 348-55. For redrafts involving French and Roman observers, as well as Hill and Babington
200. see Koyré and Cohen eds., Principia with variant readings ref. 37, 717-32.
201. Brattle to Flamsteed, 4 June 1681, in Correspondence of Flamsteed ref. 25, i, 789-90. For Brattle and Flamsteed, and his lack of direct knowledge of Newton
202. see Rick Kennedy, "Thomas Brattle and the scientific provincialism of New England 1680-1713", The New England quarterly, lxiii (1990), 584-600.
203. Peter Broughton, "Arthur Storer of Maryland: His astronomical work and his family ties with Newton", Journal of the history of astronomy, xix (1988), 77-96, p. 92;
204. Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 913, 927.
205. Hooke, Posthumous works (ref. 62), 154;
206. Koyré and Cohen (eds), Principia with variant readings (ref. 37), 730.
207. Shapin, Social history of truth (ref. 9), 287;
208. Edmond Halley, A synopsis of the astronomy of comets (London, 1705), 19 and 21-22.
209. For the French dilemma see James Jurin (ed.), Bernhardi Varenii Geographia generalis (Cambridge, 1712), appendix (separate pagination), 3-4 and 40;
210. Warntz, "Newton" (ref. 29), 188.
211. Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 827.
212. Cotes to Newton, 16 and 23 February 1712, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), v, 226, 233.
213. Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 829;
214. John Olmsted, "The scientific expedition of Jean Richer to Cayenne", Isis, xxxiv (1942), 117-28;
215. John Greenberg, The problem of the Earth's shape from Newton to Clairaut (Cambridge, 1995), 7.
216. Nicholas Dew, "Vers la ligne: Circulating measurements around the French Atlantic", in Delbourgo and Dew (eds), Science and empire in the Atlantic world (ref. 17), 53-72, pp. 60-64
217. and Dew, "Scientific travel in the Atlantic world: The French expedition to Gorée and the Antilles, 1681-1683", The British journal for the history of science, xliii (2010), forthcoming.
218. See Jean Richer, "Observations astronomiques et physiques faites en l'isle de Caïenne", in Recueil d'observations faites en plusieurs voyages par ordre de sa Majesté (Paris, 1693), separate pagination, 36-37. Newton's notes on Cayenne, Richer and Halley are in "Waste Book", Cambridge University Library MS Add 4004, fol. lOlv; compare Cook, Halley (ref. 32), 116. He also owned a copy of the Recueil d'observations.
219. Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 832. Compare Justel to Oldenburg, 16 August 1673, in A. R. Hall and M. B. Hall (eds), Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg (13 vols, Madison, 1965-86), x, 152-3, cited in Dew, "Vers la ligne" (ref. 79), 70 n. 29.
220. Newton to Cotes, 3 April 1712;
221. Cotes to Newton, 16 February 1712;
222. Cotes to Newton 23 February 1712;
223. in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), v, 257, 226, 233-5.
224. Dew, "Vers la ligne" (ref. 79), 61-62;
225. Cassini, "Les elemens de l'astronomie verifiez par M. Cassini par le rapport de ses tables aux observations de M. Richer", in Recueil d'observations (ref. 79), 55.
226. Newton, Principia ref. 31, 830-2.
227. Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 831;
228. compare Cotes to Newton, 23 and 28 February 1712 and Newton to Cotes, 26 February and 3 April 1712, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), v, 234-7, 240-3, 261. For "tinkering" see Greenberg, Problem (ref. 78), 14.
229. Cotes to Newton, 23 February 1712 and Newton to Cotes, 26 February 1712, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), 235, 240-1;
230. Jacques Cassini, "Des observations faites aux Indes Occidentales en 1704, 1705 et 1706 par P. Feuillée Minime, Mathématicien du Roy, comparérs à celles qui ont été faites en même terns à l'Observatoire Royale", Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, 1709, 5-16, on 7-8;
231. Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 830.
232. Louis Feuillée, Journal des observations physiques, mathématiques et botaniques faites par ordre du Roi sur les côtes orientales de l'Amérique Méridionale et aux Indes Occidentales (2 vols, Paris, 1714-25), ii, 326-7, 407-8. Newton's copy of this work is in Trinity College Cambridge
233. Amédée-François Frézier, Relation du voyage de la Mer du Sud (Paris, 1714), p. viii, and Frézier, A voyage to the South-sea (London, 1717), sig. A2r, which also prints Halley to Bowyer, 6 April 1717. Compare Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, How to write the history of the New World (Stanford, 2001), 15-17;
234. Neil Safier, Measuring the New World: Enlightenment science and South America (Ithaca, 2008), 215-17.
235. Feuillée, Journal (ref. 86), ii, 86-87 (published 1725) ;
236. Amédée-François Frézier, Relation du voyage de la Mer du Sud, 2nd edn (Paris, 1732), "Réponse à la preface critique du Livre intitulé Journal des Observations", separate pagination, 8.
237. Charles-Marie de la Condamine, Journal du voyage fait par ordre du roi à l'Equateur (2 vols, Paris, 1751), i, 162;
238. Neil Safier, Measuring the New World (ref. 87), 39-43.
239. Compare Antonio Lafuente and Antonio Mazuecos, Los caballeros del punto fijo (Madrid, 1987), 19-22, 172-86;
240. Mary Terrall, "Representing the Earth's shape: The polemics surrounding Maupertuis' expedition to Lapland", Isis, lxxxiii (1992), 218-37;
241. Rob Iliffe, '"Aplatisseur du monde et de Cassini': Maupertuis, precision measurement and the shape of the Earth in the 1730s", History of science, xxxi (1993), 335-75
242. and Iliffe, "Ce que Newton connut sans sortir de chez lui: Maupertuis et la forme de la terre dans les anneés 1730", Histoire et mésure, viii (1993), 355-86.
243. Stephen M. Stigler, "Eight centuries of sampling inspection: The Trial of the Pyx", Journal of the American Statistical Association, lxxii (1977), 493-500, pp. 497-8;
244. Newton to the Treasury, December 1710, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), 82-90;
245. Newton, draft of "Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended", New College Oxford, MS 361.1 B, fols. 104-6 and Chronology of ancient kingdoms amended (London, 1728), 52-54;
246. Frank Manuel, Isaac Newton historian (Cambridge, 1963), 55.
247. Isaac Newton, New College Oxford MS 361.3, fol. 25;
248. see Manuel, Newton (ref. 90), 87;
249. Kenneth J. Knoespel, "Newton in the school of time: The Chronology of ancient kingdoms amended and the crisis of seventeenth-century historiography", The eighteenth century, xxx (1989), 19-41, pp. 24-28.
250. Rob Iliffe, "Apocalyptic hermeneutics and anti-idolatry in the work of Isaac Newton and Henry More", in Richard Popkin and James Force (eds), The books of nature and scripture (Dordrecht, 1994), 55-88;
251. Robert S. Westfall, "Isaac Newton's Theologia gentiles origines philosophicae", in W. Warren Wagar (ed.), The secular mind: Transformations of faith in modern Europe (New York, 1982), 15-34;
252. citation from Isaac Newton, "The original of religions", Jewish National Library MS Yahuda 41, fol.4r.
253. Newton, "Original of religions" (ref. 92), fol. 2v.
254. Newton, System of the world (ref. 35), 1-4.
255. Newton, Mathematical principles (ref. 31), ii, 202
256. and Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 198-200, 795. Compare Cohen, Introduction (ref. 31), 240-5;
257. Alexandra Koyré, Newtonian studies (1965; Chicago, 1968), 265-6. For the rules in eschatology
258. see Maurizio Mamiani, 'To twist the meaning: Newton's Regulae philosophandi revisited", in Buchwald and Cohen, Isaac Newton's natural philosophy (ref. 27), 3-14. For application to Atlantic measures
259. see Dew, "Vers la ligne" (ref. 79), 54-56. Einstein is read as offering "a handbook for travellers" in Bruno Latour, "A relativistic account of Einstein's relativity", Social studies of science, xviii (1988), 3-44.
260. Newton, Mathematical principles (ref. 31), ii, 390-1
261. and Newton, Principia (ref. 31), 941-2;
262. see Larry Stewart, "Seeing through the Scholium: Religion and reading Newton in the eighteenth century", History of science, xxxiv (1996), 123-65;
263. Stephen Snobelen, '"God of Gods, and Lord of Lords': The theology of Isaac Newton's General Scholium to the Principia", Osiris, xvi (2001), 169-208.
264. Newton, "The end of the world day of Judgment and world to come", Jewish National Library MS Yahuda 9.2, fols. 139-40
265. partly transcribed in Frank E. Manuel, The religion of Isaac Newton (Oxford, 1974), 101-2.
266. A source for Newton's remarks is Joseph Glanvill, A philosophical endeavour towards the defence of the being of witches and apparitions (London, 1666), 9. This text was republished in 1681 after Glanvill's death as Saducismus triumphatus by Henry More. Newton later reaffirmed his claim that there are "intelligent beings superior to us who superintend these revolutions of the heavenly bodies":
267. see Iliffe (ed.), Early biographies (ref. 6), 165.
268. James Thomson, To the memory of Sir Isaac Newton (1727), lines 7 and 190-5;
269. see Fara, Newton (ref. 2), 59-97.
270. William Wordsworth, The prelude (1850), Book 3, lines 60-63.
271. See Thomas and Ober, A mind forever voyaging (ref. 5), 47-48.