Limited role of surgery in the management of primary central nervous system lymphoma (review)

Oncology Reports

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 439-449

  Liu, Bo Lin ^a   Cheng, Jin Xiang ^a   Zhang, Xiang ^a   Zhang, Wei ^a   Cheng, Hong ^b  

^a FOURTH MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b FOURTH MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Craniotomy; Primary central nervous system lymphoma; Radiotherapy; Stereo tactic biopsy; Surgery

Indexed keywords

BLEOMYCIN; BUSULFAN; CARMUSTINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; IDARUBICIN; IFOSFAMIDE; LOMUSTINE; MELPHALAN; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; PREDNISOLONE; PROCARBAZINE; TENIPOSIDE; THIOTEPA; VINCA ALKALOID; VINCRISTINE;

BRACHYTHERAPY; BRAIN BIOPSY; BRAIN VENTRICLE PERITONEUM SHUNT; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CATHETERIZATION; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID EXAMINATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CRANIOTOMY; CYTOREDUCTIVE SURGERY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; HUMAN; HYDROCEPHALUS; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROSURGERY; NEUROTOXICITY; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PRIMARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LYMPHOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; RADIATION INJURY; REVIEW; SALVAGE THERAPY; STEREOTACTIC BIOPSY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SURVIVAL TIME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; BRAIN TUMOR; LYMPHOMA; MORTALITY; PATHOLOGY;

BRAIN NEOPLASMS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HUMANS; LYMPHOMA; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 70349335985     PISSN: 1021335X     EISSN: 17912431     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3892/or_00000455     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (2005) Statistical Report: Primary brain tumors in the United States 1998-2002 (years data collected). http://www.cbtrus.org/reports//2005-2006/2006report.pdf.
2. Abrey LE, DeAngelis LM and Yahalom J: Long-term survival in primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 16: 859-863, 1998.
3. Olson JE, Janney CA, Rao RD, et al: The continuing increase in the incidence of primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Cancer 95: 1504-1510, 2002.
4. Phan TG, O'Neill BP and Kurtin PJ: Posttransplant primary CNS lymphoma. Neuro Oncol 2: 229-238, 2000.
5. Chamberlain MC: Primary CNS lymphoma. Neurology 45: 1031-1032, 1995.
6. Bataille B, Delwail V, Menet E, et al: Primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma: report of 248 cases. J Neurosurg 92: 261-266, 2000.
7. Hausdorff J, Davis E, Long G, et al: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the paranasal sinuses: clinical and pathological features, and response to combined-modality therapy. Cancer J Sci Am 3: 303-311, 1997.
8. Herrlinger U, Schabet M, Bitzer M, Petersen D and Krauseneck P: Primary central nervous system lymphoma: from clinical presentation to diagnosis. J Neurooncol 43: 219-226, 1999.
9. Batchelor T and Loeffler JS: Primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 24: 1281-1288, 2006.
10. Plotkin SR and Batchelor TT: Primary nervous-system lymphoma. Lancet Oncol 2: 354-365, 2001.
11. Mohile NA and Abrey LE: Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Semin Raiat Oncol 17: 223-229, 2007.
12. Springer TA: Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell 76: 301-314, 1994.
13. Smith JR, Braziel RM, Paoletti S, Lipp M, Uguccioni M and Rosenbaum JT: Expression of B-cell-attracting chemokine 1 (CXCL13) by malignant lymphocytes and vascular endothelium in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Blood 101: 815-821, 2003.
14. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al: Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 56: 106-130, 2006.
15. Ferreri AJ, Abrey LE, Blay JY, et al: Summary statement on primary central nervous system lymphomas from the Eighth International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma, Lugano, Switzerland, June 12-15, 2002. J Clin Oncol 21: 2407-2414, 2003.
16. Shenkier TN, Blay JY, O'Neill BP, et al: Primary CNS lymphoma of T-cell origin: a descriptive analysis from the international primary CNS lymphoma collaborative group. J Clin Oncol 23: 2233-2239, 2005.
17. Tu PH, Giannini C, Judkins AR, et al: Clinicopathologic and genetic profile of intracranial marginal zone lymphoma: a primary low-grade CNS lymphoma that mimics meningioma. J Clin Oncol 23: 5718-5727, 2005.
18. Bessell EM, Hoang-Xuan K, Ferreri AJM and Reni M: Primary central nervous system lymphoma: Biological aspects and controversies in management. Eur J Cancer 43: 1141-1152, 2007.
19. Abrey LE, Batchelor TT, Ferreri AJ, et al: Report of an international workshop to standardize baseline evaluation and response criteria for primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 23: 5034-5043, 2005.
20. Pollack IF, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC and Dameshek HL: Prognostic factors in the diagnosis and treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer 63: 939-947, 1989.
21. Corry J, Smith JG, Wirth A, Quong G and Liew KH: Primary central nervous system lymphoma: age and performance status are more important than treatment modality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 41: 615-620, 1998.
22. Blay JY, Lasset C, Carrie C, et al: Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in patients with non-HIV-related primary cerebral lymphoma. A proposal for a prognostic scoring. Br J Cancer 67: 1136-1141, 1993.
23. Ferreri AJ, Blay JY, Reni M, et al: Prognostic scoring system for primary CNS lymphomas: the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group experience. J Clin Oncol 21: 266-272, 2003.
24. Abrey LE, Ben-Porat L, Panageas KS, et al: Primary central nervous system lymphoma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center prognostic model. J Clin Oncol 24: 5711-5715, 2006.
25. Ferreri AJ, Reni M, Zucca E and Cavalli F: Primary CNS lymphomas prognosis. J Clin Oncol 25: 4322-4324; author reply 4324-4325, 2007.
26. Geppert M, Ostertag CB, Seitz G and Kiessling M: Glucocorticoid therapy obscures the diagnosis of cerebral lymphoma. Acta Neuropathol 80: 629-634, 1990.
27. Weller M: Glucocorticoid treatment of primary CNS lymphoma. J Neurooncol 43: 237-239, 1999.
28. Porter AB, Giannini C, Kaufmann T, et al: Primary central nervous system lymphoma can be histologically diagnosed after previous corticosteroid use: a pilot study to determine whether corticosteroids prevent the diagnosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Ann Neurol 63: 662-667, 2008.
29. Lai R, Rosenblum MK and DeAngelis LM: Primary CNS lymphoma: a whole-brain disease? Neurology 59: 1557-1562, 2002.
30. Shibamoto Y, Hayabuchi N, Hiratsuka J, et al: Is whole-brain irradiation necessary for primary central nervous system lymphoma? Patterns of recurrence after partial-brain irradiation. Cancer 97: 128-133, 2003.
31. Blay JY, Conroy T, Chevreau C, et al: High-dose methotrexate for the treatment of primary cerebral lymphomas: analysis of survival and late neurologic toxicity in a retrospective series. J Clin Oncol 16: 864-871, 1998.
32. Nelson DF, Martz KL, Bonner H, et al: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the brain: can high dose, large volume radiation therapy improve survival? Report on a prospective trial by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG): RTOG 8315. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23: 9-17, 1992.
33. Bessell EM, Lopez-Guillermo A, Villa S, et al: Importance of radiotherapy in the outcome of patients with primary CNS lymphoma: an analysis of the CHOD/BVAM regimen followed by two different radiotherapy treatments. J Clin Oncol 20: 231-236, 2002.
34. Gavrilovic IT, Hormigo A, Yahalom J, DeAngelis LM and Abrey LE: Long-term follow-up of high-dose methotrexate-based therapy with and without whole brain irradiation for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 24: 4570-4574, 2006.
35. Shah GD, Yahalom J, Correa DD, et al: Combined immunochemotherapy with reduced whole-brain radiotherapy for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 25: 4730-4735, 2007.
36. Schultz C, Scott C, Sherman W, et al: Preirradiation chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone for primary CNS lymphomas: initial report of radiation therapy oncology group protocol 88-06. J Clin Oncol 14: 556-564, 1996.
37. Brada M, Dearnaley D, Horwich A and Bloom HJ: Management of primary cerebral lymphoma with initial chemotherapy: preliminary results and comparison with patients treated with radiotherapy alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 18: 787-792, 1990.
38. Ferreri AJ, Reni M and Villa E: Therapeutic management of primary central nervous system lymphoma: lessons from prospective trials. Ann Oncol 11: 927-937, 2000.
39. Hochberg FH, Baehring JM and Hochberg EP: Primary CNS lymphoma. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 3: 24-35, 2007.
40. Ferreri AJ, Reni M, Pasini F, et al: A multicenter study of treatment of primary CNS lymphoma. Neurology 58: 1513-1520, 2002.
41. Ferreri AJ, Foppoli M, Martelli M, et al: Randomized phase II trial on primary chemotherapy (CHT) with high-dose methotrexate (MTX) alone or associated with high-dose cytarabine (araC) for patients with primary CNS lymphoma (PSCNL). http://www.ielsg.org/documents/ ielsg20lug08.pdf.
42. Pels H, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Glasmacher A, et al: Primary central nervous system lymphoma: results of a pilot and phase II study of systemic and intraventricular chemotherapy with deferred radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 21: 4489-4495, 2003.
43. Hoang-Xuan K, Taillandier L, Chinot O, et al: Chemotherapy alone as initial treatment for primary CNS lymphoma in patients older than 60 years: a multicenter phase II study (26952) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor Group. J Clin Oncol 21: 2726-2731, 2003.
44. Khan RB, Shi W, Thaler HT, DeAngelis LM and Abrey LE: Is intrathecal methotrexate necessary in the treatment of primary CNS lymphoma? J Neurooncol 58: 175-178, 2002.
45. Glass J, Gruber ML, Cher L and Hochberg FH: Preirradiation methotrexate chemotherapy of primary central nervous system lymphoma: long-term outcome. J Neurosurg 81: 188-195, 1994.
46. DeAngelis LM, Yahalom J, Thaler HT and Kher U: Combined modality therapy for primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 10: 635-643, 1992.
47. DeAngelis LM, Seiferheld W, Schold SC, Fisher B and Schultz CJ: Combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 93-10. J Clin Oncol 20: 4643-4648, 2002.
48. Poortmans PM, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Haaxma-Reiche H, et al: High-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy followed by consolidating radiotherapy in non-AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Group Phase II Trial 20962. J Clin Oncol 21: 4483-4488, 2003.
49. Omuro AM, DeAngelis LM, Yahalom J and Abrey LE: Chemoradiotherapy for primary CNS lymphoma: an intent-to-treat analysis with complete follow-up. Neurology 64: 69-74, 2005.
50. O'Brien PC, Roos DE, Pratt G, et al: Combined-modality therapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma: long-term data from a Phase II multicenter study (Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64: 408-413, 2006.
51. Ferreri AJ, Dell'Oro S, Foppoli M, et al: MATILDE regimen followed by radiotherapy is an active strategy against primary CNS lymphomas. Neurology 66: 1435-1438, 2006.
52. Batchelor T, Carson K, O'Neill A, et al: Treatment of primary CNS lymphoma with methotrexate and deferred radiotherapy: a report of NABTT 96-07. J Clin Oncol 21: 1044-1049, 2003.
53. Herrlinger U, Kuker W, Uhl M, et al: NOA-03 trial of high-dose methotrexate in primary central nervous system lymphoma: final report. Ann Neurol 57: 843-847, 2005.
54. Mead GM, Bleehen NM, Gregor A, et al: A medical research council randomized trial in patients with primary cerebral non-Hodgkin lymphoma: cerebral radiotherapy with and without cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy. Cancer 89: 1359-1370, 2000.
55. Milpied N, Deconinck E, Gaillard F, et al: Initial treatment of aggressive lymphoma with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell support. N Engl J Med 350: 1287-1295, 2004.
56. Abrey LE, Moskowitz CH, Mason WP, et al: Intensive methotrexate and cytarabine followed by high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue in patients with newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: an intent-to-treat analysis. J Clin Oncol 21: 4151-4156, 2003.
57. Cheng T, Forsyth P, Chaudhry A, et al: High-dose thiotepa, busulfan, cyclophosphamide and ASCT without whole-brain radiotherapy for poor prognosis primary CNS lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 31: 679-685, 2003.
58. Montemurro M, Kiefer T, Schuler F, et al: Primary central nervous system lymphoma treated with high-dose methotrexate, high-dose busulfan/ thiotepa, autologous stem-cell transplantation and response-adapted whole-brain radiotherapy: results of the multicenter Ostdeutsche Studiengruppe Hamato-Onkologie OSHO-53 phase II study. Ann Oncol 18: 665-671, 2007.
59. Illerhaus G, Marks R, Ihorst G, et al: High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation and hyperfractionated radiotherapy as first-line treatment of primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 24: 3865-3870, 2006.
60. Colombat P, Lemevel A, Bertrand P, et al: High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation as first-line therapy for primary CNS lymphoma in patients younger than 60 years: a multicenter phase II study of the GOELAMS group. Bone Marrow Transplant 38: 417-420, 2006.
61. Plotkin SR, Betensky RA, Hochberg FH, et al: Treatment of relapsed central nervous system lymphoma with high-dose methotrexate. Clin Cancer Res 10: 5643-5646, 2004.
62. Reni M, Zaja F, Mason W, et al: Temozolomide as salvage treatment in primary brain lymphomas. Br J Cancer 96: 864-867, 2007.
63. Fischer L, Thiel E, Klasen HA, et al: Prospective trial on topotecan salvage therapy in primary CNS lymphoma. Ann Oncol 17: 1141-1145, 2006.
64. Reni M, Mazza E, Foppoli M and Ferreri AJ: Primary central nervous system lymphomas: Salvage treatment after failure to high-dose methotrexate. Cancer Lett 258: 165-170, 2007.
65. Nguyen PL, Chakravarti A, Finkelstein DM, Hochberg FH, Batchelor TT and Loeffler JS: Results of whole-brain radiation as salvage of methotrexate failure for immunocompetent patients with primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 23: 1507-1513, 2005.
66. O'Brien P, Roos D, Pratt G, et al: Phase II multicenter study of brief single-agent methotrexate followed by irradiation in primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 18: 519-526, 2000.
67. Correa DD, DeAngelis LM, Shi W, Thaler H, Glass A and Abrey LE: Cognitive functions in survivors of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Neurology 62: 548-555, 2004.
68. Reni M and Ferreri AJ: Is withdrawal of consolidation radiotherapy an evidence-based strategy in primary central nervous system lymphomas? J Clin Oncol 22: 1165-1167; author reply 1167-1168, 2004.
69. Omuro AM, Ben-Porat LS, Panageas KS, et al: Delayed neurotoxicity in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Arch Neurol 62: 1595-1600, 2005.
70. Wefel JS, Kayl AE and Meyers CA: Neuropsychological dysfunction associated with cancer and cancer therapies: a conceptual review of an emerging target. Br J Cancer 90: 1691-1696, 2004.
71. Elder JB and Chen TC: Surgical interventions for primary central nervous system lymphoma. Neurosurg Focus 21: E13, 2006.
72. Murray K, Kun L and Cox J: Primary malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system. Results of treatment of 11 cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 65: 600-607, 1986.
73. Tomlinson FH, Kurtin PJ, Suman VJ, et al: Primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma: a clinicopathological study of 89 patients. J Neurosurg 82: 558-566, 1995.
74. Hayakawa T, Takakura K, Abe H, et al: Primary central nervous system lymphoma in Japan - a retrospective, co-operative study by CNS-Lymphoma Study Group in Japan. J Neurooncol 19: 197-215, 1994.
75. Woodman R, Shin K and Pineo G: Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the brain. A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 64: 425-430, 1985.
76. Sonstein W, Tabaddor K and Llena JF: Solitary primary CNS lymphoma: long term survival following total resection. Med Oncol 15: 61-65, 1998.
77. Davies KG, Cole GC and Weeks RD: Twenty-year survival following excision of primary CNS lymphoma without radiation therapy: case report. Br J Neurosurg 8: 487-491, 1994.
78. Bellinzona M, Roser F, Ostertag H, Gaab RM and Saini M: Surgical removal of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) presenting as space occupying lesions: a series of 33 cases. Eur J Surg Oncol 31: 100-105, 2005.
79. Reni M, Ferreri AJM, Garancini MP and Villa E: Therapeutic management of primary central nervous system lymphoma in immunocompetent patients: Results of a critical review of the literature. Ann Oncol 8: 227-234, 1997.
80. Shapiro W, Young D and Mehta B: Methotrexate: Distribution in cerebrospinal fluid after intravenous, ventricular and lumbar injections. N Engl J Med 293: 161-166, 1975.
81. Apuzzo ML, Petrovich Z, Luxton G, Jepson JH, Cohen D and Breeze RE: Interstitial radiobrachytherapy of malignant cerebral neoplasms: rationale, methodology, prospects. Neurol Res 9: 91-100, 1987.
82. Thiessen B and DeAngelis LM: Hydrocephalus in radiation leukoencephalopathy: results of ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Arch Neurol 55: 705-710, 1998.
83. Panageas KS, Elkin EB, DeAngelis LM, Ben-Porat L and Abrey LE: Trends in survival from primary central nervous system lymphoma, 1975-1999: A population-based analysis. Cancer 104: 2466-2472, 2005.