Forty years of natural dynamics in Swiss beech forests: Structure, composition, and the influence of former management

Ecological Applications

Volumn 19, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 1920-1934

  Heiri, C ^a   Wolf, A ^a   Rohrer, L ^a   Bugmann, H ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Fagus sylvatica; Forest dynamics; Forest reserves and succession; Long term monitoring; Shade tolerance; Stand structure; Tree species diversity

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT; FOREST DYNAMICS; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; FOREST MANAGEMENT; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; SHADE TOLERANCE; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES RICHNESS; STAND STRUCTURE;

ARTICLE; BEECH; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FORESTRY; PHYSIOLOGY; SWITZERLAND; TIME; TREE;

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FAGUS; FORESTRY; SWITZERLAND; TIME FACTORS; TREES;

CENTRAL EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; SWITZERLAND;

FAGUS; FAGUS SYLVATICA;

EID: 70349314417     PISSN: 10510761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/08-0516.1     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Assmann, E. 1961. Waldertragskunde: Organische Produktion, Struktur, Zuwachs und Ertrag von Waldbeständen. BLV, Munich, Germany.
2. Badoux, E. 1966-1969. Ertragstafeln für die Fichte, Tanne, Buche und Lärche. Second edition. Eidgenössische Anstalt für forstliche Versuchswesen, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
3. Bartels, H. 1993. Gehölzkunde. Ulmer, Stuttgart, Germany.
4. Bernadzki, E., L. Bolibok, B. Brzeziecki, J. Zajaczkowski, and H. Zybura. 1998. Compositional dynamics of natural forests in the Bialowieza National Park, northeastern Poland. Journal of Vegetation Science 9:229-238.
5. Bormann, F. H., and G. E. Likens. 1979. Catastrophic disturbance and the steady state in northern hardwood forests. American Scientist 67:660-669.
6. Bradshaw, R., P. Gemmel, and L. Bjorkmann. 1994. Development of nature-based silvicultural models in southern Sweden: the scientific background. Forest and Landscape Research 1:1-16.
7. Bradshaw, R. H. W., A. Wolf, and P. F. Moller. 2005. Longterm succession in a Danish temperate deciduous forest. Ecography 28:157-164.
8. Brändli, U.-B., and J. Dowhanytsch, editors. 2003. Urwälder im Zentrum Europas. Ein Naturführer durch das KarpatenBiosphärenreservat in der Ukraine. Paul Haupt Verlag, Bern, Switzerland.
9. Brassel, P., and U.-B. Brändli, editors. 1999. Schweizerisches Landesforstinventar. Ergebnisse der Zweitaufnahme 1993-1995. Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft, Birmensdorf. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, Bern. Haupt, Bern, Switzerland.
10. Christensen, M., and J. Emborg. 1996. Biodiversity in natural versus managed forest in Denmark. Forest Ecology and Management 85:47-51.
11. Christensen, M., K. Hahn, E. P. Mountford, P. Ódor, T. Strandovár, D. Rozenbergar, J. Diaci, S. Wijdeven, P. Meyer, S. Winter, and T. Vrska. 2005. Dead wood in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest reserves. Forest Ecology and Management 210:267-282.
12. Commarmot, B., H. Bachofen, Y. Bundziak, A. Bürgi, B. Ramp, Y. Shparyk, D. Sukhariuk, R. Viter, and A. Zingg. 2005. Structures of virgin and managed beech forests in Uholka (Ukraine) and Sihlwald (Switzerland): a comparative study. Forest Snow and Landscape Research 79:45-56.
13. Delagrange, S., C. Messier, M. J. Lechowics, and P. Dizengremel. 2004. Physiological, morphological and allocational plasticity in understory deciduous trees: importance of plant size and light availability. Tree Physiology 24:775-784.
14. Dorren, L. K. A., F. Berger, A. C. Imeson, B. Maier, and F. Rey. 2004. Integrity, stability and management of protection forests in the European Alps. Forest Ecology and Management 195:165-176.
15. Ellenberg, H. 1996. Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer, dynamischer und historischer Sicht. Fifth edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart, Germany.
16. Emborg, J. 1998. Understorey light conditions and regeneration with respect to the structural dynamics of a near-natural temperate deciduous forest in Denmark. Forest Ecology and Management 106:83-95.
17. Emborg, J., M. Christensen, and J. Heilmann-Clausen. 2000. The structural dynamics of Suserup Skov, a near-natural temperate deciduous forest in Denmark. Forest Ecology and Management 126:173-189.
18. Franklin, J. F. 1989. Importance and justification of long-term studies in ecology. Pages 3-19 in G. E. Likens, editor. Longterm studies in ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
19. Franklin, J. F., T. A. Spies, R. Van Pelt, A. B. Carey, D. A. Thomburgh, D. R. Berg, D. B. Lindenmayer, M. E. Harmon, W. S. Keeton, D. C. Shaw, K. Bible, and J. Chen. 2002. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. Forest Ecology and Management 155:399-423.
20. Frei, E., U. Voegt, R. Flueckiger, H. Brunner, F. Schai, and R. Haeberli. 1980. Bodeneignungskarte der Schweiz. Eidgenössische Drucksachen- und Materialzentrale, Bern, Switzerland.
21. Grassi, G., G. Minotta, R. Giannini, and U. Bagnaresi. 2003. The structural dynamics of managed uneven-aged conifer stands in the Italian eastern Alps. Forest Ecology and Management 185:225-237.
22. Groven, R., J. Rolstad, K. O. Storaunet, and E. Rolstad. 2002. Using forest stand reconstructions to assess the role of structural continuity for late-successional species. Forest Ecology and Management 164:39-55.
23. Hollander, M., and D. A. Wolfe. 1973. Nonparametric statistical methods. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
24. Koop, H., and P. Hilgen. 1987. Forest dynamics and regeneration mosaic shifts in unexploited beech (Fagus sylvatica) stands at Fontainebleau (France). Forest Ecology and Management 20:135-150.
25. Korpel', S. 1995. Die Urwälder der Westkarpaten. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
26. Legendre, P., and E. D. Gallagher. 2001. Ecologically meaningful transformations for ordination of species data. Oecologia 129:271-280.
27. Leibundgut, H. 1959. Über Zweck und Methodik der Struktur- und Zuwachsanalyse von Urwäldern. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen 110:111-124.
28. Leibundgut, H. 1962. Richtlinien für die Aufnahme von Waldreservaten. Report, Institut für Waldbau, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
29. Leibundgut, H. 1993. Europäische Urwälder. Haupt, Bern, Switzerland.
30. Leyer, I., and K. Wesche. 2007. Multivariate Statistik in der Ökologie. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
31. Lutz, J. A., and C. B. Halpern. 2006. Tree mortality during early forest development: a long-term study of rates, causes, and consequences. Ecological Monographs 76:257-275.
32. McElhinny, C., P. Gibbons, C. Brack, and J. Bauhus. 2005. Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: its definition and measurement. Forest Ecology and Management 218:1-24.
33. Meyer, P. 2005. Network of Strict Forest Reserves as reference system for close to nature forestry in Lower Saxony, Germany. Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research 79:33-44.
34. Meyer, P., V. Tabaku, and B. v. Lüpke. 2003. Die Struktur albanischer Rotbuchen-Urwälder - Ableitungen für eine naturnahe Buchenwirtschaft. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 122:47-58.
35. Mountford, E. P., G. F. Peterken, P. J. Edwards, and J. G. Manners. 1999. Long-term change in growth, mortality and regeneration of trees in Denny Wood, an old-growth woodpasture in the New Forest (UK). Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 2:223-272.
36. Nakashizuka, T. 2001. Species coexistence in temperate, mixed deciduous forests. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:205-210.
37. Nilsson, S. G., M. Niklasson, J. Hedin, G. Aronsson, J. M. Gutowski, P. Linder, H. Ljungberg, G. Mikusinski, and T. Ranius. 2002. Densities of large living and dead trees in oldgrowth temperate and boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management 161:189-204.
38. Oheimb, G. v., C. Westphal, H. Tempel, and W. Härdtle. 2005. Structural pattern of a near-natural beech forest (Fagus sylvatica) (Serrahn, north-east Germany). Forest Ecology and Management 212:253-263.
39. Parker, G. R., D. J. Leopold, and J. K. Eichenberger. 1985. Tree dynamics in an old-growth, deciduous forest. Forest Ecology and Management 11:31-57.
40. Parviainen, J., W. Bucking, K. Vandekerkhove, A. Schuck, and R. Päivinen. 2000. Strict forest reserves in Europe: efforts to enhance biodiversity and research on forests left for free development in Europe (EU-COST-Action E4). Forestry 73: 107-118.
41. Peterken, G. F. 1996. Natural woodland: ecology and conservation in northern temperate regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
42. Peters, R. 1997. Beech forests. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
43. Pontailler, J.-Y., A. Faille, and G. Lemee. 1997. Storms drive successional dynamics in natural forests: a case study in Fontainebleau forest (France). Forest Ecology and Management 98:1-15.
44. Remmert, H., editor. 1991. The mosaic-cycle concept of ecosystems-an overview. The Mosaic-Cycle Concept of Ecosystems, Ecological Studies 85. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
45. Richard, J. L. 1960. Waldreservat "Weid" Aarau, Pflanzensoziologische Expertise. Report, Institute of Silviculture, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
46. Rouvinen, S., and T. Kuuluvainen. 2005. Tree diameter distributions in natural and managed old Pinus sylvestrisdominated forests. Forest Ecology and Management 208:45-61.
47. Stahel, R. 1976. Beurteilung der Qualität und der Höhenwuchsleistung von Buchen auf verschiedenen Standorten im Waldreservat Tariche. Diploma Thesis (Nr. 200). ETH, Zürich, Switzerland.
48. Streitberg, B., and J. Roehmel. 1986. Exact distributions for permutations and rank tests: An introduction to some recently published algorithms. Statistical Software Newsletter 12(1):10-17.
49. Tabaku, V. 2000. Struktur von Buchen-Urwäldern in Albanien im Vergleich mit deutschen Buchen-Naturwaldreservaten und Wirtschaftswäldern. Doctoral dissertation. Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany.
50. Ter Braak, C. J. F., and C. Prentice. 1987. A theory of gradient analysis. Pages 102-148 in C. J. F. ter Braak, editor. Unimodal models to relate species to environment. Groep Landbouwwiskunde, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
51. Watt, A. S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology 35:1-22.
52. Wolf, A. 2002. Tree dynamics in Draved Forest. Doctoral dissertation. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark.
53. Wolf, A. 2005. Fifty year record of change in tree spatial patterns within a mixed deciduous forest. Forest Ecology and Management 215:112-223.
54. Wunder, J., B. Reineking, J.-F. Matter, C. Bigler, and H. Bugmann. 2007. Predicting tree death for Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba using permanent plot data. Journal of Vegetation Science 18:525-534.