Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors as markers of inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver disease (Review)

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 143-152

  Consolo, M ^a   Amoroso, A ^a   Spandidos, D A ^b   Mazzarino, M C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

Author keywords

Chronic liver disease; Fibrosis; Inflammation; Matrix metalloproteinases

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 2 MACROGLOBULIN; BILIRUBIN; COLLAGENASE 3; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; GELATINASE A; GELATINASE B; HYALURONIC ACID; INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENASE; MACROPHAGE ELASTASE; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 14; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 15; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 16; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 17; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 18; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 19; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 20; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 21; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 22; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 23; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 24; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 25; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 27; NEUTROPHIL COLLAGENASE; STROMELYSIN; STROMELYSIN 2; STROMELYSIN 3; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; WILSON DISEASE; ANIMAL; BLOOD; CHRONIC DISEASE; LIVER DISEASE; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DISEASES; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASES;

EID: 70349308483     PISSN: 11073756     EISSN: 1791244X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3892/ijmm_00000217     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Alter MJ: Hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. J Hepatol 31 (Suppl 1): 88-91, 1999.
2. Honeycutt AA, Harris JL, Khavjou O, Buffington J, Jones TS and Rein DB: The costs and impacts of testing for hepatitis C virus antibody in public STD clinics. Public Health Rep 122 (Suppl 2): 55-62, 2007.
3. Missiha SB, Ostrowski M and Heathcote EJ: Disease progression in chronic hepatitis C: modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. Gastroenterology 134: 1699-1714, 2008.
4. Malhi H and Gores GJ: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver injury. Gastroenterology 134: 1641-1654, 2008.
5. Malato Y, Sander LE, Liedtke C, Al-Masaoudi M, Tacke F, Trautwein C and Beraza N: Hepatocyte-specific inhibitor-of-kappaB-kinase deletion triggers the innate immune response and promotes earlier cell proliferation during liver regeneration. Hepatology 47: 2036-2050, 2008.
6. Saile B and Ramadori G: Inflammation, damage repair and liver fibrosis-role of cytokines and different cell types. Z Gastroenterol 45: 77-86, 2007.
7. Rappaport AM, MacPhee PJ, Fisher MM and Phillips MJ: The scarring of the liver acini (Cirrhosis). Tridimensional and microcirculatory considerations. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 402: 107-137, 1983.
8. Ebrahimkhani MR, Elsharkawy AM and Mann DA: Wound healing and local neuroendocrine regulation in the injured liver. Expert Rev Mol Med 10: e11, 2008.
9. Iredale J: Defining therapeutic targets for liver fibrosis: exploiting the biology of inflammation and repair. Pharmacol Res 58: 129-136, 2008.
10. Tangkijvanich P and Yee HF Jr: Cirrhosis - can we reverse hepatic fibrosis? Eur J Surg 587 (Suppl): 100-112, 2002.
11. Guo J and Friedman SL: Hepatic fibrogenesis. Semin Liver Dis 27: 413-426, 2007.
12. Limmer A and Knolle PA: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells: a new type of organ-resident antigen-presenting cell. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 49 (Suppl): S7-S11, 2001.
13. Wisse E, Braet F, Luo D, De Zanger R, Jans D, Crabbe E and Vermoesen A: Structure and function of sinusoidal lining cells in the liver. Toxicol Pathol 24: 100-111, 1996.
14. Arii S and Imamura M: Physiological role of sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells and their implication in the pathogenesis of liver injury. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 7: 40-48, 2000.
15. Bolarin DM and Azinge EC: Biochemical markers, extracellular components in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Nig Q J Hosp Med 17: 42-52, 2007.
16. Gieling RG, Burt AD and Mann DA: Fibrosis and cirrhosis reversibility - molecular mechanisms. Clin Liver Dis 12: 915-937, 2008.
17. Mutsaers SE, Bishop JE, McGrouther G and Laurent GJ: Mechanisms of tissue repair: from wound healing to fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 29: 5-17, 1997.
18. Vu TH and Werb Z: Matrix metalloproteinases: effectors of development and normal physiology. Genes Dev 14: 2123-2133, 2000.
19. Friedman SL: Hepatic stellate cells: protean, multifunctional, and enigmatic cells of the liver. Physiol Rev 88: 125-172, 2008.
20. Cisneros L, Londoño MC, Blasco C, Bataller R, Miquel R, Bruguera M, Ginès P and Rimola A: Hepatic stellate cell activation in liver transplant patients with hepatitis C recurrence and in non-transplanted patients with chronic hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 13: 1017-1027, 2007.
21. Enami Y, Bandi S, Kapoor S, Krohn N, Joseph B and Gupta S: Hepatic stellate cells promote hepatocyte engraftment in rat liver after prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase inhibition. Gastroenterology (In press).
22. Russo FP, Alison MR, Bigger BW, Anofah E, Florou A, Amin F, Bou-Gharios G, Jeffery R, Iredale JP and Forbes SJ: The bone marrow functionally contributes to liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology 130: 1807-1821, 2006.
23. Forbes SJ, Russo FP, Rey V, Burra P, Rugge M, Wright NA and Alison MR: A significant proportion of myofibroblasts are of bone marrow origin in human liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology 126: 955-963, 2004.
24. Muroski ME, Roycik MD, Newcomer RG, van den Steen PE, Opdenakker G, Monroe HR, Sahab ZJ and Sang QX: Matrix metalloproteinase-9/gelatinase B is a putative therapeutic target of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and multiple sclerosis. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 9: 34-46, 2008.
25. Sasaki M, Kashima M, Ito T, Watanabe A, Izumiyama N, Sano M, Kagaya M, Shioya T and Miura M: Differential regulation of metalloproteinase production, proliferation and chemotaxis of human lung fibroblasts by PDGF, interleukin-1beta and TNF-alpha. Mediators Inflamm 9: 155-160, 2000.
26. Morgia G, Falsaperla M, Malaponte G, Madonia M, Indelicato M, Travali S and Mazzarino M: Matrix metalloproteinases as diagnostic (MMP-13) and prognostic (MMP-2, MMP-9) markers of prostate cancer. Urol Res 33: 44-50, 2005.
27. Blasi F: Proteolisi extracellulare. Farmacologia generale e molecolare. UTET 14: 178-189, 2003.
28. Pardo A and Selman M: MMP-1: the elder of the family. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37: 283-288, 2005.
29. Iyer S, Visse R, Nagase H and Acharya KR: Crystal structure of an active form of human MMP-1. J Mol Biol 362: 78-88, 2006.
30. Iyer S, Wei S, Brew K and Acharya KR: Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in complex with the inhibitory domain of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. J Biol Chem 282: 364-371, 2007.
31. Hamze AB, Wei S, Bahudhanapati H, Kota S, Acharya KR and Brew K: Constraining specificity in the N-domain of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1; gelatinase-selective inhibitors. Protein Sci 16: 1905-1913, 2007.
32. Will H, Atkinson SJ, Butler GS, Smith B and Murphy G: The soluble catalytic domain of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase cleaves the propeptide of progelatinase A and initiates autoproteolytic activation. Regulation by TIMP-2 and TIMP-3. J Biol Chem 271: 17119-17123, 1996.
33. Arthur MJ, Iredale JP and Mann DA: Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: role in liver fibrosis and alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23: 940-943, 1999.
34. Salguero Palacios R, Roderfeld M, Hemmann S, Rath T, Atanasova S, Tschuschner A, Gressner OA, Weiskirchen R, Graf J and Roeb E: Activation of hepatic stellate cells is associated with cytokine expression in thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. Lab Invest 88: 1192-1203, 2008.
35. McCrudden R and Iredale JP: Liver fibrosis, the hepatic stellate cell and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Histol Histopathol 15: 1159-1168, 2000.
36. Knittel T, Mehde M, Kobold D, Saile B, Dinter C and Ramadori G: Expression patterns of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells of rat liver: regulation by TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1. J Hepatol 30: 48-60, 1999.
37. Nagase H, Visse R and Murphy G: Structure and function of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs. Cardiovasc Res 69: 562-573, 2006.
38. Knolle PA and Gerken G: Local control of the immune response in the liver. Immunol Rev 174: 21-34, 2000.
39. Baroni GS, Pastorelli A, Manzin A, Benedetti A, Marucci L, Solforosi L, Di Sario A, Brunelli E, Orlandi F, Clementi M and Macarri G: Hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis are associated with necroinflammatory injury and Th1-like response in chronic hepatitis C. Liver 19: 212-219, 1999.
40. Carpino G, Morini S, Ginanni Corradini S, Franchitto A, Merli M, Siciliano M, Gentili F, Onetti Muda A, Berloco P, Rossi M, Attili AF and Gaudio E: Alpha-SMA expression in hepatic stellate cells and quantitative analysis of hepatic fibrosis in cirrhosis and in recurrent chronic hepatitis after liver transplantation. Dig Liver Dis 37: 349-356, 2005.
41. Friedman SL: Mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis. Gastroenterology 134: 1655-1669, 2008.
42. Goetzl EJ, Banda MJ and Leppert D: Matrix metalloproteinases in immunity. J Immunol 156: 1-4, 1996.
43. Oviedo-Orta E, Bermudez-Fajardo A, Karanam S, Benbow U and Newby AC: Comparison of MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion from T helper 0, 1 and 2 lymphocytes alone and in coculture with macrophages. Immunology 124: 42-50, 2008.
44. Benyon RC and Arthur MJ: Extracellular matrix degradation and the role of hepatic stellate cells. Semin Liver Dis 21: 373-384, 2001.
45. Kisseleva T and Brenner DA: Hepatic stellate cells and the reversal of fibrosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21 (Suppl 3): S84-S87, 2006.
46. Knittel T, Mehde M, Grundmann A, Saile B, Scharf JG and Ramadori G: Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors during hepatic tissue repair in the rat. Histochem Cell Biol 113: 443-453, 2000.
47. Li XY, Ota I, Yana I, Sabeh F and Weiss SJ: Molecular dissection of the structural machinery underlying the tissue-invasive activity of MT1-MMP. Mol Biol Cell 19: 3221-3233, 2008.
48. Evans RD and Itoh Y: Analyses of MT1-MMP activity in cells. Methods Mol Med 135: 239-249, 2007.
49. Sohail A, Sun Q, Zhao H, Bernardo MM, Cho JA and Fridman R: MT4-(MMP17) and MT6-MMP (MMP25), a unique set of membrane-anchored matrix metalloproteinases: properties and expression in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 27: 289-302, 2008.
50. Urtasun R, Cubero FJ, Vera M and Nieto N: Reactive nitrogen species switch on early extracellular matrix remodeling via induction of MMP1 and TNFalpha. Gastroenterology 136: 1410-1422, 2009.
51. Préaux AM, Mallat A, Nhieu JT, D'Ortho MP, Hembry RM and Mavier P: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation in human hepatic fibrosis regulation by cell-matrix interactions. Hepatology 30: 944-950, 1999.
52. Bissell DM: Chronic liver injury, TGF-beta, and cancer. Exp Mol Med 33: 179-190, 2001.
53. Wullaert A, van Loo G, Heyninck K and Beyaert R: Hepatic tumor necrosis factor signaling and nuclear factor-kappaB: effects on liver homeostasis and beyond. Endocr Rev 28: 365-386, 2007.
54. Gressner OA, Rizk MS, Kovalenko E, Weiskirchen R and Gressner AM: Changing the pathogenetic roadmap of liver fibrosis? Where did it start; where will it go? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23: 1024-1035, 2008.
55. Matsuzaki K, Murata M, Yoshida K, Sekimoto G, Uemura Y, Sakaida N, Kaibori M, Kamiyama Y, Nishizawa M, Fujisawa J, Okazaki K and Seki T: Chronic inflammation associated with hepatitis C virus infection perturbs hepatic transforming growth factor beta signaling, promoting cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 46: 48-57, 2007.
56. Liu X, Hu H and Yin JQ: Therapeutic strategies against TGF-beta signaling pathway in hepatic fibrosis. Liver Int 26: 8-22, 2006.
57. Liu X, Wang W, Hu H, Tang N, Zhang C, Liang W and Wang M: Smad3 specific inhibitor, naringenin, decreases the expression of extracellular matrix induced by TGF-beta1 in cultured rat hepatic stellate cells. Pharm Res 23: 82-89, 2006.
58. Williams EJ, Benyon RC, Trim N, Hadwin R, Grove BH, Arthur MJ, Unemori EN and Iredale JP: Relaxin inhibits effective collagen deposition by cultured hepatic stellate cells and decreases rat liver fibrosis in vivo. Gut 49: 577-583, 2001.
59. Iredale JP: Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in liver fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 29: 43-54, 1997.
60. Arthur MJ: Fibrogenesis II. Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 279: G245-G249, 2000.
61. Huang CC, Chuang JH, Chou MH, Wu CL, Chen CM, Wang CC, Chen YS, Chen CL and Tai MH: Matrilysin (MMP-7) is a major matrix metalloproteinase upregulated in biliary atresia-associated liver fibrosis. Mod Pathol 18: 941-950, 2005.
62. Xu GF, Li PT, Wang XY, Jia X, Tian DL, Jiang LD and Yang JX: Dynamic changes in the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, TIMPs, during hepatic fibrosis induced by alcohol in rats. World J Gastroenterol 10: 3621-3627, 2004.
63. Mateescu RB, Rimbas M, Staniceanu F, Zurac S, Dragomir P, Voiosu MR, Tataru M, Zota M and Bucurica S: Histological and nonhistological criteria in the evaluation of liver involvement in chronic hepatitis C. Rom J Intern Med 44: 117-130, 2006.
64. Ratziu V, Bugianesi E, Dixon J, Fassio E, Ekstedt M, Charlotte F, Kechagias S, Poynard T and Olsson R: Histological progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a critical reassessment based on liver sampling variability. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 26: 821-830, 2007.
65. Sørensen HT, Thulstrup AM, Mellemkjar L, Jepsen P, Christensen E, Olsen JH and Vilstrup H: Long-term survival and cause-specific mortality in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. J Clin Epidemiol 56: 88-93, 2003.
66. Desmet VJ, Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC, Chen TS, Craig R, Kaplowitz N, Kiernan TW and Wollman J: Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. J Hepatol 38: 382-386, 2003.
67. Regev A, Berho M, Jeffers LJ, Milikowski C, Molina EG, Pyrsopoulos NT, Feng ZZ, Reddy KR and Schiff ER: Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 97: 2614-2618, 2002.
68. Rosenberg WM, Voelker M, Thiel R, Becka M, Burt A, Schuppan D, Hubscher S, Roskams T, Pinzani M and Arthur MJ: Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: a cohort study. Gastroenterology 127: 1704-1713, 2004.
69. Friedman SL: Liver fibrosis - from bench to bedside. J Hepatol 38 (Suppl 1): S38-S53, 2003.
70. Bourliere M, Penaranda G, Renou C, Botta-Fridlund D, Tran A, Portal I, Lecomte L, Castellani P, Rosenthal-Allieri MA, Gerolami R, Ouzan D, Deydier R, Degott C and Halfon P: Validation and comparison of indexes for fibrosis and cirrhosis prediction in chronic hepatitis C patients: proposal for a pragmatic approach classification without liver biopsies. J Viral Hepat 13: 659-670, 2006.
71. Myers RP, Benhamou Y, Imbert-Bismut F, Thibault V, Bochet M, Charlotte F, Ratziu V, Bricaire F, Katlama C and Poynard T: Serum biochemical markers accurately predict liver fibrosis in HIV and hepatitis C virus co-infected patients. AIDS 17: 721-725, 2003.
72. Halfon P, Bourliere M, Deydier R, Botta-Fridlund D, Renou C, Tran A, Portal I, Allemand I, Bertrand JJ, Rosenthal-Allieri A, Rotily M, Sattonet C, Benderitter T, Saint Paul MC, Bonnot HP, Penaranda G, Degott C, Masseyeff MF and Ouzan D: Independent prospective multicenter validation of biochemical markers (fibrotest-actitest) for the prediction of liver fibrosis and activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C: the fibropaca study. Am J Gastroenterol 101: 547-555, 2006.
73. Maor Y, Bashari D, Kenet G, Lubetsky A, Luboshitz J, Schapiro JM, Pénaranda G, Bar-Meir S, Martinowitz U and Halfon P: Non-invasive biomarkers of liver fibrosis in haemophilia patients with hepatitis C: can you avoid liver biopsy? Haemophilia 12: 372-379, 2006.
74. Sène D, Limal N, Messous D, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Charlotte F, Thiollière JM, Piette JC, Imbert-Bismut F, Halfon P, Poynard T and Cacoub P: Biological markers of liver fibrosis and activity as non-invasive alternatives to liver biopsy in patients with chronic hepatitis C and associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Clin Biochem 39: 715-721, 2006.
75. Kirimlioglu H, Kirimlioglu V and Yilmaz S: Expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in donor liver, cirrhotic liver, and acute rejection after human liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 40: 3574-3577, 2008.
76. Toniutto P, Fabris C, Bitetto D, Falleti E, Avellini C, Rossi E, Smirne C, Minisini R and Pirisi M: Role of AST to platelet ratio index in the detection of liver fibrosis in patients with recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22: 1904-1908, 2007.
77. Carvalho-Filho RJ, Schiavon LL, Narciso-Schiavon JL, Sampaio JP, Lanzoni VP, Ferraz ML and Silva AE: Optimized cutoffs improve performance of the aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index for predicting significant liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus co-infection. Liver Int 28: 486-493, 2008.
78. Lackner C, Struber G, Liegl B, Leibl S, Ofner P, Bankuti C, Bauer B and Stauber RE: Comparison and validation of simple noninvasive tests for prediction of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 41: 1376-1382, 2005.
79. Sim SJ, Cheong JY, Cho SW, Kim JS, Lim TY, Shin do H, Lim SG, Kim YB, Lee KM, Yoo BM, Lee KJ, Hahm KB and Kim JH: Efficacy of AST to platelet ratio index in predicting severe hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Korean J Gastroenterol 45: 340-347, 2005.
80. Nøjgaard C, Johansen JS, Christensen E, Skovgaard LT, Price PA and Becker U: Serum levels of YKL-40 and PIIINP as prognostic markers in patients with alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 39: 179-186, 2003.
81. Stickel F, Poeschl G, Schuppan D, Conradt C, Strenge-Hesse A, Fuchs FS, Hofmann WJ and Seitz HK: Serum hyaluronate correlates with histological progression in alcoholic liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15: 945-950, 2003.
82. McHutchison JG, Blatt LM, De Medina M, Craig JR, Conrad A, Schiff ER and Tong MJ: Measurement of serum hyaluronic acid in patients with chronic hepatitis C and its relationship to liver histology. Consensus Interferon Study Group. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15: 945-951, 2000.
83. Santos VN, Leite-Mór MM, Kondo M, Martins JR, Nader H, Lanzoni VP and Parise ER: Serum laminin, type IV collagen and hyaluronan as fibrosis markers in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Braz J Med Biol Res 38: 747-753, 2005.
84. Naveau S, Poynard T, Benattar C, Bedossa P and Chaput JC: Alpha-2-macroglobulin and hepatic fibrosis. Diagnostic interest. Dig Dis Sci 39: 2426-2432, 1994.
85. Poynard T, Aubert A, Bedossa P, Abella A, Naveau S, Paraf F and Chaput JC: A simple biological index for detection of alcoholic liver disease in drinkers. Gastroenterology 100: 1397-1402, 1991.
86. Imbert-Bismut F, Ratziu V, Pieroni L, Charlotte F, Benhamou Y and Poynard T: Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective study. Lancet 357: 1069-1075, 2001.
87. Ngo Y, Munteanu M, Messous D, Charlotte F, Imbert-Bismut F, Thabut D, Lebray P, Thibault V, Benhamou Y, Moussalli J, Ratziu V and Poynard T: A prospective analysis of the prognostic value of biomarkers (FibroTest) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Chem 52: 1887-1896, 2006.
88. Morali G, Maor Y, Klar R, Braun M, Ben Ari Z, Bujanover Y, Zuckerman E, Boger S and Halfon P: Fibrotest-Actitest: the biochemical marker of liver fibrosis - the Israeli experience. Isr Med Assoc J 9: 588-591, 2007.
89. Poynard T, Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Messous D, Munteanu M, Imbert-Bismut F, Massard J, Bonyhay L, Tahiri M, Thabut D, Cadranel JF, Le Bail B and De Ledinghen V: Diagnostic value of biochemical markers (NashTest) for the prediction of non alcoholo steato hepatitis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol 6: 34, 2006.
90. Poordad FF: FIBROSpect II: a potential noninvasive test to assess hepatic fibrosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 4: 593-597, 2004.
91. Mehta P, Ploutz-Snyder R, Nandi J, Rawlins SR, Sanderson SO and Levine RA: Diagnostic accuracy of serum hyaluronic acid, FIBROSpect II, and YKL-40 for discriminating fibrosis stages in chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 103: 928-936, 2008.
92. Adams LA, Bulsara M, Rossi E, De Boer B, Speers D, George J, Kench J, Farrell G, McCaughan GW and Jeffrey GP: Hepascore: an accurate validated predictor of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C infection. Clin Chem 51: 1867-1873, 2005.
93. Calès P, Boursier J, de Lédinghen V, Halfon P, Bacq Y, Leroy V, Dib N, Oberti F, Sawadogo A, Rousselet MC and Lunel F: Evaluation and improvement of a reliable diagnosis of cirrhosis by blood tests. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 32: 1050-1060, 2008.
94. Guha IN, Parkes J, Roderick P, Chattopadhyay D, Cross R, Harris S, Kaye P, Burt AD, Ryder SD, Aithal GP, Day CP and Rosenberg WM: Noninvasive markers of fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: validating the European Liver Fibrosis Panel and exploring simple markers. Hepatology 47: 455-460, 2008.
95. Coco B, Oliveri F, Maina AM, Ciccorossi P, Sacco R, Colombatto P, Bonino F and Brunetto MR: Transient elastography: a new surrogate marker of liver fibrosis influenced by major changes of transaminases. J Viral Hepat 14: 360-369, 2007.
96. Castera L, de Ledinghen V and Couzigou P: Transient elastography vs. blood tests for the diagnosis of cirrhosis: an empiric victory. J Hepatol 16 (In press).
97. Rossi E, Adams LA, Bulsara M and Jeffrey GP: Assessing liver fibrosis with serum marker models. Clin Biochem Rev 28: 3-10, 2007.
98. Dufour DR: Assessment of liver fibrosis: can serum become the sample of choice? Clin Chem 51: 1763-1764, 2005.
99. Bissell DM: Assessing fibrosis without a liver biopsy: are we there yet? Gastroenterology 127: 1847-1849, 2004.
100. Leroy V, Monier F, Bottari S, Trocme C, Sturm N, Hilleret MN, Morel F and Zarski JP: Circulating matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, 9 and their inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 as serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: comparison with PIIINP and hyaluronic acid. Am J Gastroenterol 99: 271-279, 2004.
101. Trocme C, Leroy V, Sturm N, Hilleret MN, Bottari S, Morel F and Zarski JP: Longitudinal evaluation of a fibrosis index combining MMP-1 and PIIINP compared with MMP-9, TIMP-1 and hyaluronic acid in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated by interferon-alpha and ribavirin. J Viral Hepat 13: 643-651, 2006.
102. El-Gindy I, El-Rahman AT, El-Alim MA and Zaki SS: Diagnostic potential of serum matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 as non-invasive markers of hepatic fibrosis in patients with HCV related chronic liver disease. Egypt J Immunol 10: 27-35, 2003.
103. El-Shorbagy E, Afefy AF, Ibrahem IA, Mangoud AM, Eissa MH, Sabee EI, Mahrous S, Abdel-Monem A, Ismail A, Morsy TA, Etewa S, Nor Edin E, Mostafa Y, Abouel-Magd Y, El-Sedawy M, Ragab H, El-Tokhy H, Hassan MI, Lakouz K, Abdel-Aziz K, El-Hady G and Saber M: Non-invasive markers and predictors of severity of hepatic fibrosis in HCV patients at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 34 (Suppl 1): 459-578, 2004.
104. Lichtinghagen R, Huegel O, Seifert T, Haberkorn CI, Michels D, Flemming P, Bahr M and Boeker KH: Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and their inhibitors in peripheral blood cells of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Chem 46: 183-192, 2000.
105. Lichtinghagen R, Michels D, Haberkorn CI, Arndt B, Bahr M, Flemming P, Manns MP and Boeker KH: Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-7, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 are closely related to the fibroproliferative process in the liver during chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 34: 239-247, 2001.
106. Mitsuda A, Suou T, Ikuta Y and Kawasaki H: Changes in serum tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 after interferon alpha treatment in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 32: 666-672, 2000.
107. Zhang BB, Cai WM, Wengh HL, Hu ZR, Lu J, Zheng M and Liu RH: Diagnostic value of platelet derived growth factor-BB, transforming growth factor-beta1, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells for hepatic fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 9: 2490-2496, 2003.