Mortality and cost outcomes of elderly trauma patients admitted to intensive care and the general wards of an Australian tertiary referral hospital

Anaesthesia and Intensive Care

Volumn 37, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 773-783

  Chan, L Y L ^a   Moran, J L ^a,b   Clarke, C ^a   Martin, J ^a,b   Solomon, P J ^a,c  

^a ROYAL ADELAIDE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Costs; Elderly; Endogenous variable; Injury severity score; Intensive care; Trauma; Treatment effects model

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; AUSTRALIA; CHARLSON COMORBIDITY INDEX; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; COST OF ILLNESS; DEMOGRAPHY; ELDERLY CARE; ENDOGENOUS VARIABLE; FEMALE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL COST; HUMAN; INJURY; INJURY SCALE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MONEY; MORTALITY; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PREDICTION; PREDICTOR VARIABLE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SCORING SYSTEM; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 70349301930     PISSN: 0310057X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0903700511     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Year Book Australia. From www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/ 714408F4FEAB4FAECA25726C00772177?opendocument2006.
2. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Causes of Death, Australia, 2004. From www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@nsf/DetailsPage/330302004?OpenDocument 2004.
3. National Trauma Registry Consortium (Australia and New Zealand). The National Trauma Registry (Australia and New Zealand) Report: 2002. From www.uq.edu.au/ntrc/publications/Report2002.pdf 2004.
4. DeMaria EJ, Kenney PR, Merriam MA, Casanova LA, Gann DS. Aggressive trauma care benefits the elderly. J Trauma 1987; 27:1200-1206.
5. Grossman M, Scaff DW, Miller D, Reed J III, Hoey B, Anderson HL III. Functional outcomes in octogenarian trauma. J Trauma 2003; 55:26-32.
6. Gubler KD, Davis R, Koepsell T, Soderberg R, Maier RV, Rivara FP. Long-term survival of elderly trauma patients. Arch Surg 1997; 132:1010-1014. (Pubitemid 27386361)
7. Nagy KK, Smith RF, Roberts RR, Joseph KT, An GC, Bokhari F et al. Prognosis of penetrating trauma in elderly patients: a comparison with younger patients. J Trauma 2000; 49:190-193.
8. Taylor MD, Tracy JK, Meyer W, Pasquale M, Napolitano LM. Trauma in the elderly: intensive care unit resource use and outcome. J Trauma 2002; 53:407-414.
9. Lee WY, Cameron PA, Bailey MJ. Road traffic injuries in the elderly. Emerg Med J 2005; 23:42-46.
10. Day RJ, Vinen J, Hewitt-Falls E. Major trauma outcomes in the elderly. Med J Aust 1994; 160:675-678.
11. Moran JL, Peisach AR, Solomon PJ, Martin J. Cost calculation and prediction in adult intensive care: a ground-up utilization study. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005; 32:787-797. (Pubitemid 40081334)
12. Rechner IJ, Lipman J. The costs of caring for patients in a tertiary referral Australian intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005; 33:477-482. (Pubitemid 41131585)
13. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987; 40:373-383. (Pubitemid 17055592)
14. Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, Fong A, Burnand B, Luthi J-C et al. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med Care 2005; 43:1130-1139. (Pubitemid 41587600)
15. Stagg V. CHARLSON: Stata module to calculate Charlson index of comorbidity. From econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search asp?ft=charlson 2006 Accessed January 2007.
16. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6401.0 - Consumer Price Index, Australia, September 2007. From www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@nsf/ second+level+view?ReadForm&prodno=64010&viewtitle= Consumer%20Price%20Index, %20Australia~Sep%202007~Latest~24/10/ 2007&&tabname=Past%20Future%20Issues&prodno=64010&issue= Sep%202007&num=&view=&2007 Accessed December 2007.
17. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1350.0 - Australian Economic Indicators, December 2007. From www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@nsf/DetailsPage/ 13500Dec%202007?OpenDocument 2007 Accessed December 2007.
18. Mander A. TRELLIS: Stata module to plot explanatory variables vs binary outcome. From econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search asp?ft=trellis 2006.
19. Royston P, Sauerbrei W. Multivariable model-building: A pragmatic approach to regression analysis based on fractional polynomials for modelling continuous variables. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, West Sussex 2008.
20. Royston P, Ambler G, Sauerbrei W. The use of fractional polynomials to model continuous risk variables in epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 2000; 28:964-974. (Pubitemid 29525041)
21. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York 2000.
22. Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE, Draper EA. Variations in mortality and length of stay in intensive care units. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118:753-761.
23. Milbrandt EB, Kersten A, Rahim MT, Dremsizov TT, Clermont G, Cooper LM et al. Growth of intensive care unit resource use and its estimated cost in Medicare. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:2504-2510.
24. Moran JL, Solomon PJ, Peisach AR, Martin J. New models for old questions: generalized linear models for cost prediction. J Eval Clin Pract 2007; 13:381-389. (Pubitemid 46789639)
25. 2. The American Statistician 1991; 45:127-129.
26. Briscoe J, Akin J, Guilkey D. People are not passive acceptors of threats to health: endogeneity and its consequences. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19:147-153. (Pubitemid 20126849)
27. Wooldridge JM. Limited dependent variable models and sample selection corrections. In: Mason OH, Introductory econometrics: A modern approach. Thomson South-Western 2006. p. 582-622.
28. Harrison DA, Brady AR, Parry GJ, Carpenter JR, Rowan K. Recalibration of risk prediction models in a large multicenter cohort of admissions to adult, general critical care units in the United Kingdom. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:1378-1388. (Pubitemid 43754559)
29. Richmond TS, Kauder D, Strumpf N, Meredith T. Characteristics and outcomes of serious traumatic injury in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50:215-222. (Pubitemid 34132419)
30. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1303-1310. (Pubitemid 32641789)
31. Champion HR, Copes WS, Sacco WJ, Lawnick MM, Keast SL, Bain LW Jr et al. The Major Trauma Outcome Study: establishing national norms for trauma care. J Trauma 1990; 30:1356-1365.
32. Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Draper EA, Zimmerman JE, Bergner M, Bastos PG et al. The APACHE III prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults. Chest 1992; 100:1619-1636.
33. Ritchie PD, Cameron PA, Ugoni AM, Kaye AH. A study of the functional outcome and mortality in elderly patients with head injuries. J Clin Neurosci 2000; 7:301-304. (Pubitemid 30612952)
34. Bergeron E, Lavoie A, Clas D, Moore L, Ratte S, Tetreault S et al. Elderly trauma patients with rib fractures are at greater risk of death and pneumonia. J Trauma 2003; 54:478-485. (Pubitemid 36383744)
35. Needham DM, Scales DC, Laupacis A, Pronovost PJ. A systematic review of the Charlson comorbidity index using Canadian administrative databases: a perspective on risk adjustment in critical care research. J Crit Care 2005; 20:12-19. (Pubitemid 40602219)
36. Gabbe BJ, Magtengaard K, Hannaford AP, Cameron PA. Is the Charlson Comorbidity Index useful for predicting trauma outcomes? Acad Emerg Med 2005; 12:318-321.
37. Franko J, Kish KJ, O'Connell BG, Subramanian S, Yuschak JV Advanced age and preinjury warfarin anticoagulation increase the risk of mortality after head trauma. J Trauma 2006; 61:107-110. (Pubitemid 44098325)
38. Australian Pharmaceutical Index. IMS Health, Sydney 2006.
39. Moran JL, Bristow P, Solomon PJ, George C, Hart GK. Mortality and length-of-stay outcomes, 1993-2003, in the binational Australian and New Zealand intensive care adult patient database. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:46-61.
40. George RL, McGwin G Jr, Metzger J, Chaudry IH, Rue LW 3rd. The association between gender and mortality among trauma patients as modified by age. J Trauma 2003; 54:464-471. (Pubitemid 36383742)
41. Edbrooke DL, Ridley SA, Hibbert CL, Corcoran M. Variations in expenditure between adult general intensive care units in the UK. Anaesthesia 2001; 56:208-216. (Pubitemid 32197313)
42. Seguin J, Garber BG, Coyle D, Hebert PC. An economic evaluation of trauma care in a Canadian lead trauma hospital. J Trauma 1999; 47:S99-103. (Pubitemid 29444373)
43. Werblow A, Felder S, Zweifel P. Population ageing and health care expenditure: a school of 'red herrings'? Health Econ 2007; 16:1109-1126.
44. Diehr P, Yanez D, Ash A, Hornbrook M, Lin DY. Methods for analyzing health care utilization and costs. Annu Rev Public Health 1999; 20:125-144. (Pubitemid 29242574)
45. Dudley RA, Harrell FE Jr, Smith LR, Mark DB, Califf RM, Pryor DB et al. Comparison of analytic models for estimating the effect of clinical factors on the cost of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Clin Epidemiol 1993; 46:261-271.
46. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Sirio CA, Rotondi AJ, Chelluri L, Newbold RC 3rd et al. The effect of managed care on ICU length of stay: implications for medicare. JAMA 1996; 276:1075-1082.
47. Rapoport J, Teres D, Zhao Y, Lemeshow S. Length of stay data as a guide to hospital economic performance for ICU patients. Med Care 2003; 41:386-397.
48. Harrell FE Jr. Overview of maximum likelihood estimation. In: Regression modelling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag 2001. p. 179-212.
49. Goldstein R. Interpretations of dummies in regressions with log dependent variables. Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints 1992; 1:183-184.
50. Greene WH. Heteroscedasticity. In: Econometric Analysis, 4th. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc. 2000. p. 499-524.
51. Duan N. Smearing estimate: A nonparametric retransformation method. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1983; 78:605-610.
52. Cheung YB. Adjustment for selection bias in cohort studies: an application of a probit model with selectivity to life course epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54:1238-1243.
53. Maddala GS. Multivariate qualitative variables. In: Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics, 1. Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press 1983. p. 93-148.
54. Barnow BS, Cian GG, Goldberger AS. Issues in the analysis of selectivity bias. In: Evaluation Studies Review Annual, 1. Beverly Hills: Sage 1981. p. 43-59.
55. Cong R, Drukker DM. Treatment-effects model. Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints 2000; 10:159-169.