메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 53, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 3793-3798

In vitro activity of antifolate and polymorphism in dihydrofolate reductase of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the Kenyan coast: Emergence of parasites with Ile-164-Leu mutation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4,6 DIAMINO 1,2 DIHYDRO 2,2 DIMETHYL 1 [3 (2,4,5 TRICHLOROPHENOXY)PROPOXY] 1,3,5 TRIAZINE; CHLORCYCLOGUANIL; DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; FOLIC ACID ANTAGONIST; METHOTREXATE; PYRIMETHAMINE; TRIMETHOPRIM; TRIMETREXATE;

EID: 70349101632     PISSN: 00664804     EISSN: 10986596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00308-09     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (46)

References (59)
  • 3
    • 0026500967 scopus 로고
    • Trimetrexate for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS
    • Amsden, G. W., S. F. Kowalsky, and G. D. Morse. 1992. Trimetrexate for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. Ann. Pharmacother. 26:218-226.
    • (1992) Ann. Pharmacother. , vol.26 , pp. 218-226
    • Amsden, G.W.1    Kowalsky, S.F.2    Morse, G.D.3
  • 5
    • 0030632921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to anti-folinic agents (trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, cycloguanil): A study of 29 African strains
    • In French
    • Basco, L. K., and J. Le Bras. 1997. In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to anti-folinic agents (trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, cycloguanil): a study of 29 African strains. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 90:90-93. (In French.)
    • (1997) Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. , vol.90 , pp. 90-93
    • Basco, L.K.1    Le Bras, J.2
  • 7
  • 8
    • 46749135621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria on health and education in schoolchildren: A cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Clarke, S. E., M. C. Jukes, J. K. Njagi, L. Khasakhala, B. Cundill, J. Otido, C. Crudder, B. B. Estambale, and S. Brooker. 2008. Effect of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria on health and education in schoolchildren: a cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 372:127-138.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , pp. 127-138
    • Clarke, S.E.1    Jukes, M.C.2    Njagi, J.K.3    Khasakhala, L.4    Cundill, B.5    Otido, J.6    Crudder, C.7    Estambale, B.B.8    Brooker, S.9
  • 9
    • 45849089601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential use of methotrexate in the treatment of falciparum malaria: In vitro assays against sensitive and multidrug-resistant falciparum strains
    • Dar, O., M. S. Khan, and I. Adagu. 2008. The potential use of methotrexate in the treatment of falciparum malaria: in vitro assays against sensitive and multidrug-resistant falciparum strains. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 61:210-211.
    • (2008) Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. , vol.61 , pp. 210-211
    • Dar, O.1    Khan, M.S.2    Adagu, I.3
  • 12
    • 58149099879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extensive dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum densities, stages and genotyping profiles
    • Färnert, A., M. Lebbad, L. Faraja, and I. Rooth. 2008. Extensive dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum densities, stages and genotyping profiles. Malar. J. 7:241.
    • (2008) Malar. J. , vol.7 , pp. 241
    • Färnert, A.1    Lebbad, M.2    Faraja, L.3    Rooth, I.4
  • 13
    • 45749104442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of artesunate-cotrimoxazole and amodiaquine-artesunate against asexual and sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Nigerian children
    • Fehintola, F. A., A. A. Adedeji, G. O. Gbotosho, C. T. Happi, S. T. Balogun, O. A. Folarin, A. O. Sijuade, and A. Sowunmi. 2008. Effects of artesunate-cotrimoxazole and amodiaquine-artesunate against asexual and sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Nigerian children. J. Infect. Chemother. 14:188-194.
    • (2008) J. Infect. Chemother. , vol.14 , pp. 188-194
    • Fehintola, F.A.1    Adedeji, A.A.2    Gbotosho, G.O.3    Happi, C.T.4    Balogun, S.T.5    Folarin, O.A.6    Sijuade, A.O.7    Sowunmi, A.8
  • 14
    • 1842587947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cotrimoxazole in the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Nigerian children: A controlled clinical trial
    • Fehintola, F. A., A. A. Adedeji, E. Tambo, B. B. Fateye, T. C. Happi, and A. Sowunmi. 2004. Cotrimoxazole in the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Nigerian children: a controlled clinical trial. Clin. Drug Investig. 24:149-155.
    • (2004) Clin. Drug Investig. , vol.24 , pp. 149-155
    • Fehintola, F.A.1    Adedeji, A.A.2    Tambo, E.3    Fateye, B.B.4    Happi, T.C.5    Sowunmi, A.6
  • 15
    • 0141615878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined oral cyclosporin and methotrexate therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis elevates methotrexate levels and reduces 7-hydroxymethotrexate levels when compared with methotrexate alone
    • Oxford
    • Fox, R. I., S. L. Morgan, H. T. Smith, B. A. Robbins, M. G. Choc, and J. E. Baggott. 2003. Combined oral cyclosporin and methotrexate therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis elevates methotrexate levels and reduces 7-hydroxymethotrexate levels when compared with methotrexate alone. Rheumatology (Oxford) 42:989-994.
    • (2003) Rheumatology , vol.42 , pp. 989-994
    • Fox, R.I.1    Morgan, S.L.2    Smith, H.T.3    Robbins, B.A.4    Choc, M.G.5    Baggott, J.E.6
  • 16
    • 33645355649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic differences in antimalarial drug efficacy in Uganda are explained by differences in endemicity and not by known molecular markers of drug resistance
    • Francis, D., S. L. Nsobya, A. Talisuna, A. Yeka, M. R. Kamya, R. Machekano, C. Dokomajilar, P. J. Rosenthal, and G. Dorsey. 2006. Geographic differences in antimalarial drug efficacy in Uganda are explained by differences in endemicity and not by known molecular markers of drug resistance. J. Infect. Dis. 193:978-986.
    • (2006) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.193 , pp. 978-986
    • Francis, D.1    Nsobya, S.L.2    Talisuna, A.3    Yeka, A.4    Kamya, M.R.5    Machekano, R.6    Dokomajilar, C.7    Rosenthal, P.J.8    Dorsey, G.9
  • 17
    • 0031661580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The population pharmacokinetics of long-term methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis
    • Godfrey, C., K. Sweeney, K. Miller, R. Hamilton, and J. Kremer. 1998. The population pharmacokinetics of long-term methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 46:369-376.
    • (1998) Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.46 , pp. 369-376
    • Godfrey, C.1    Sweeney, K.2    Miller, K.3    Hamilton, R.4    Kremer, J.5
  • 18
    • 33746488183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of oral methotrexate for multiple sclerosis
    • Gray, O. M., G. V. McDonnell, and R. B. Forbes. 2006. A systematic review of oral methotrexate for multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 12:507-510.
    • (2006) Mult. Scler. , vol.12 , pp. 507-510
    • Gray, O.M.1    McDonnell, G.V.2    Forbes, R.B.3
  • 19
    • 0031460379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trimetrexate: Experience with solid tumors
    • Haller, D. G. 1997. Trimetrexate: experience with solid tumors. Semin. Oncol. 24:S18-71-S18-76.
    • (1997) Semin. Oncol. , vol.24
    • Haller, D.G.1
  • 20
    • 24944557075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus erythromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in children with integrated management of childhood illness dual classifications of malaria and pneumonia
    • Hamel, M. J., T. Holtz, C. Mkandala, N. Kaimila, N. Chizani, P. Bloland, J. Kublin, P. Kazembe, and R. Steketee. 2005. Efficacy of trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole compared with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus erythromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in children with integrated management of childhood illness dual classifications of malaria and pneumonia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73:609-615.
    • (2005) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.73 , pp. 609-615
    • Hamel, M.J.1    Holtz, T.2    Mkandala, C.3    Kaimila, N.4    Chizani, N.5    Bloland, P.6    Kublin, J.7    Kazembe, P.8    Steketee, R.9
  • 23
    • 40249109761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antifolate resistance in Africa and the 164-dollar question
    • Hyde, J. E. 2008. Antifolate resistance in Africa and the 164-dollar question. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 102:301-303.
    • (2008) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.102 , pp. 301-303
    • Hyde, J.E.1
  • 24
    • 0035968580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasmodium falciparum cross-resistance between trimethoprim and pyrimethamine
    • Iyer, J. K., W. K. Milhous, J. F. Cortese, J. G. Kublin, and C. V. Plowe. 2001. Plasmodium falciparum cross-resistance between trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. Lancet 358:1066-1067.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 1066-1067
    • Iyer, J.K.1    Milhous, W.K.2    Cortese, J.F.3    Kublin, J.G.4    Plowe, C.V.5
  • 25
    • 0032765836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasmodium falciparum: Selection of serine 108 of dihydrofolate reductase during treatment of uncomplicated malaria with co-trimoxazole in Ugandan children
    • Jelinek, T., A. H. Kilian, J. Curtis, M. T. Duraisingh, G. Kabagambe, F. von Sonnenburg, and D. C. Warhurst. 1999. Plasmodium falciparum: selection of serine 108 of dihydrofolate reductase during treatment of uncomplicated malaria with co-trimoxazole in Ugandan children. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61:125-130.
    • (1999) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.61 , pp. 125-130
    • Jelinek, T.1    Kilian, A.H.2    Curtis, J.3    Duraisingh, M.T.4    Kabagambe, G.5    Von Sonnenburg, F.6    Warhurst, D.C.7
  • 26
    • 47049110401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of the dihydrofolate reductase-164L mutation in Plasmodium falciparum infections from Malawi by heteroduplex tracking assay
    • Juliano, J. J., P. Trottman, V. Mwapasa, and S. R. Meshnick. 2008. Detection of the dihydrofolate reductase-164L mutation in Plasmodium falciparum infections from Malawi by heteroduplex tracking assay. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78:892-894.
    • (2008) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.78 , pp. 892-894
    • Juliano, J.J.1    Trottman, P.2    Mwapasa, V.3    Meshnick, S.R.4
  • 27
    • 0037794109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genotypes associated with in vitro resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, sulfadoxine, and sulfamethoxazole
    • Khalil, I., A. M. Ronn, M. Alifrangis, H. A. Gabar, G. M. Satti, and I. C. Bygbjerg. 2003. Dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genotypes associated with in vitro resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, sulfadoxine, and sulfamethoxazole. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68:586-589.
    • (2003) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.68 , pp. 586-589
    • Khalil, I.1    Ronn, A.M.2    Alifrangis, M.3    Gabar, H.A.4    Satti, G.M.5    Bygbjerg, I.C.6
  • 28
    • 0025338194 scopus 로고
    • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: Pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse reactions
    • Kielhofner, M. A. 1990. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse reactions. Tex. Heart Inst. J. 17:86-93.
    • (1990) Tex. Heart Inst. J. , vol.17 , pp. 86-93
    • Kielhofner, M.A.1
  • 30
    • 7044264386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole: Clinical update
    • Libecco, J. A., and K. R. Powell. 2004. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole: clinical update. Pediatr. Rev. 25:375-380.
    • (2004) Pediatr. Rev. , vol.25 , pp. 375-380
    • Libecco, J.A.1    Powell, K.R.2
  • 31
    • 43949128393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of a dhfr mutation conferring high-level drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum populations from southwest Uganda
    • Lynch, C., R. Pearce, H. Pota, J. Cox, T. A. Abeku, J. Rwakimari, I. Naidoo, J. Tibenderana, and C. Roper. 2008. Emergence of a dhfr mutation conferring high-level drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum populations from southwest Uganda. J. Infect. Dis. 197:1598-1604.
    • (2008) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.197 , pp. 1598-1604
    • Lynch, C.1    Pearce, R.2    Pota, H.3    Cox, J.4    Abeku, T.A.5    Rwakimari, J.6    Naidoo, I.7    Tibenderana, J.8    Roper, C.9
  • 32
    • 33750588337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis taken by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons on the selection of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant malaria parasites among HIV-uninfected household members
    • Malamba, S. S., J. Mermin, A. Reingold, J. R. Lule, R. Downing, R. Ransom, A. Kigozi, B. M. Hunt, A. Hubbard, P. J. Rosenthal, and G. Dorsey. 2006. Effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis taken by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons on the selection of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant malaria parasites among HIV-uninfected household members. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75:375-380.
    • (2006) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.75 , pp. 375-380
    • Malamba, S.S.1    Mermin, J.2    Reingold, A.3    Lule, J.R.4    Downing, R.5    Ransom, R.6    Kigozi, A.7    Hunt, B.M.8    Hubbard, A.9    Rosenthal, P.J.10    Dorsey, G.11
  • 33
    • 0028218207 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacology of trimetrexate
    • Marshall, J. L., and R. J. DeLap. 1994. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacology of trimetrexate. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 26:190-200.
    • (1994) Clin. Pharmacokinet. , vol.26 , pp. 190-200
    • Marshall, J.L.1    Delap, R.J.2
  • 35
    • 33645829827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency distribution of antimalarial drug-resistant alleles among isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in Bangui, Central African Republic
    • Menard, D., D. Djalle, F. Yapou, A. Manirakiza, and A. Talarmin. 2006. Frequency distribution of antimalarial drug-resistant alleles among isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in Bangui, Central African Republic. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74:205-210.
    • (2006) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.74 , pp. 205-210
    • Menard, D.1    Djalle, D.2    Yapou, F.3    Manirakiza, A.4    Talarmin, A.5
  • 37
    • 42049115684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of folate derivatives on the activity of antifolate drugs used against malaria and cancer
    • Nduati, E., A. Diriye, S. Ommeh, L. Mwai, S. Kiara, V. Masseno, G. Kokwaro, and A. Nzila. 2008. Effect of folate derivatives on the activity of antifolate drugs used against malaria and cancer. Parasitol. Res. 102:1227-1234.
    • (2008) Parasitol. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 1227-1234
    • Nduati, E.1    Diriye, A.2    Ommeh, S.3    Mwai, L.4    Kiara, S.5    Masseno, V.6    Kokwaro, G.7    Nzila, A.8
  • 38
    • 33845496499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for the use of methotrexate in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
    • DOI 10.2165/00148581-200608060-00003
    • Niehues, T., and P. Lankisch. 2006. Recommendations for the use of methotrexate in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Paediatr. Drugs 8:347-356. (Pubitemid 44912719)
    • (2006) Pediatric Drugs , vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp. 347-356
    • Niehues, T.1    Lankisch, P.2
  • 39
    • 33748755472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The past, present and future of antifolates in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infection
    • Nzila, A. 2006. The past, present and future of antifolates in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57:1043-1054.
    • (2006) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.57 , pp. 1043-1054
    • Nzila, A.1
  • 41
    • 0034065697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards an understanding of the mechanism of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: Genotyping of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase of Kenyan parasites
    • Nzila, A. M., E. K. Mberu, J. Sulo, H. Dayo, P. A. Winstanley, C. H. Sibley, and W. M. Watkins. 2000. Towards an understanding of the mechanism of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: genotyping of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase of Kenyan parasites. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:991-996.
    • (2000) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.44 , pp. 991-996
    • Nzila, A.M.1    Mberu, E.K.2    Sulo, J.3    Dayo, H.4    Winstanley, P.A.5    Sibley, C.H.6    Watkins, W.M.7
  • 43
    • 3042595929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular monitoring of the Leu-164 mutation of dihydrofolate reductase in a highly sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine-resistant area in Africa
    • DOI 10.1186/1475-2875-2-1, 1
    • Ochong, E., A. Nzila, S. Kimani, G. Kokwaro, T. Mutabingwa, W. Watkins, and K. Marsh. 2003. Molecular monitoring of the Leu-164 mutation of dihydrofolate reductase in a highly sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine-resistant area in Africa. Malar. J. 2:46. (Pubitemid 38809235)
    • (2003) Malaria Journal , vol.2 , pp. 1-3
    • Ochong, E.1    Nzila, A.2    Kimani, S.3    Kokwaro, G.4    Mutabingwa, T.5    Watkins, W.6    Marsh, K.7
  • 44
    • 0035725247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-trimoxazole compared with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Kenyan children
    • Omar, S. A., A. Bakari, A. Owiti, I. S. Adagu, and D. C. Warhurst. 2001. Co-trimoxazole compared with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Kenyan children. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 95:657-660.
    • (2001) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.95 , pp. 657-660
    • Omar, S.A.1    Bakari, A.2    Owiti, A.3    Adagu, I.S.4    Warhurst, D.C.5
  • 47
    • 0014933946 scopus 로고
    • Methotrexate therapy for Plasmodium vivax malaria
    • Sheehy, T. W., and H. Dempsey. 1970. Methotrexate therapy for Plasmodium vivax malaria. JAMA 214:109-114.
    • (1970) JAMA , vol.214 , pp. 109-114
    • Sheehy, T.W.1    Dempsey, H.2
  • 49
    • 0021716856 scopus 로고
    • In vitro antimalarial activity of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitors
    • Sixsmith, D. G., W. M. Watkins, J. D. Chulay, and H. C. Spencer. 1984. In vitro antimalarial activity of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33:772-776.
    • (1984) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.33 , pp. 772-776
    • Sixsmith, D.G.1    Watkins, W.M.2    Chulay, J.D.3    Spencer, H.C.4
  • 50
    • 23944496597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of antifolates - Co-trimoxazole and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine - on gametocytes in children with acute, symptomatic, uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria
    • Sowunmi, A., B. A. Fateye, A. A. Adedeji, F. A. Fehintola, A. E. Bamgboye, C. P. Babalola, T. C. Happi, and G. O. Gbotosho. 2005. Effects of antifolates- co-trimoxazole and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine - on gametocytes in children with acute, symptomatic, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 100:451-455. (Pubitemid 41190701)
    • (2005) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , vol.100 , Issue.4 , pp. 451-455
    • Sowunmi, A.1    Fateye, B.A.2    Adedeji, A.A.3    Fehintola, F.A.4    Bamgboye, A.E.5    Babalola, C.P.6    Happi, T.C.7    Gbotosho, G.O.8
  • 51
    • 2442686477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between age, molecular markers, and response to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment in Kampala, Uganda
    • Staedke, S. G., H. Sendagire, S. Lamola, M. R. Kamya, G. Dorsey, and P. J. Rosenthal. 2004. Relationship between age, molecular markers, and response to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment in Kampala, Uganda. Trop. Med. Int. Health 9:624-629.
    • (2004) Trop. Med. Int. Health , vol.9 , pp. 624-629
    • Staedke, S.G.1    Sendagire, H.2    Lamola, S.3    Kamya, M.R.4    Dorsey, G.5    Rosenthal, P.J.6
  • 54
    • 0030813699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of antifolate antimalarial combinations in Africa: A predictive model based on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analyses
    • PII S0169475897011241
    • Watkins, W. M., E. K. Mberu, P. A. Winstanley, and C. V. Plowe. 1997. The efficacy of antifolate antimalarial combinations in Africa: a predictive model based on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analyses. Parasitol. Today 13:459-464. (Pubitemid 127752379)
    • (1997) Parasitology Today , vol.13 , Issue.12 , pp. 459-464
    • Watkins, W.M.1    Mberu, E.K.2    Winstanley, R.A.3    Plowe, C.V.4
  • 55
    • 15744382300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermittent presumptive treatment for malaria
    • White, N. J. 2005. Intermittent presumptive treatment for malaria. PLoS Med. 2:e3.
    • (2005) PLoS Med. , vol.2
    • White, N.J.1
  • 57
  • 58
    • 0015592957 scopus 로고
    • Methotrexate in the therapy of malaria
    • Wildbolz, A. 1973. Methotrexate in the therapy of malaria. Ther. Umsch. 30:218-222.
    • (1973) Ther. Umsch. , vol.30 , pp. 218-222
    • Wildbolz, A.1
  • 59
    • 33645846023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV-positive TB patients in developing countries
    • Zachariah, R., and M. Massaquoi. 2006. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV-positive TB patients in developing countries. Trop. Doct. 36:79-82.
    • (2006) Trop. Doct. , vol.36 , pp. 79-82
    • Zachariah, R.1    Massaquoi, M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.