Validation of the subscales of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in a sample of women with unsettled infants

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volumn 118, Issue 1-3, 2009, Pages 101-112

  Phillips, Jane ^a,b   Charles, Margaret ^a   Sharpe, Louise ^a   Matthey, Stephen ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b Karitane ^*  (Australia)

^c SYDNEY SOUTH WEST AREA HEALTH SERVICE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Anxiety disorders; Postnatal depression; Screening; Sensitivity and Specificity

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; BECK ANXIETY INVENTORY; BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY; BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY II; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EDINBURGH POSTNATAL DEPRESSION SCALE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUERPERAL DEPRESSION; PUERPERIUM; SCORING SYSTEM; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; VALIDATION PROCESS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION, POSTPARTUM; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT BEHAVIOR; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONS; PARENTING; PATIENT ADMISSION; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 70249085916     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.02.004     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Adouard F., Glangeaud-Freudenthal N.M.C., and Golse B. Validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) in a sample of women with high-risk pregnancies in France. Arch. Women Ment. Health 8 (2005) 89-95
2. Astbury J., Brown S., Lumley J., and Small R. Birth events, birth experiences and social differences in postnatal depression. Aust. J. Public Health 18 (1994) 176-184
3. Austin M.P. Antenatal screening and early intervention for "perinatal" distress, depression and anxiety: where to from here?. Arch. Women Ment. Health 7 (2004) 1-6
4. Austin M.P., Hadzi-Pavlovic D., Leader L., Saint K., and Parker G. Maternal trait anxiety, depression and life event stress in pregnancy: relationships with infant temperament. Early Hum. Dev. 81 (2005) 183-190
5. Austin M.P., Tully L., and Parker G. Examining the relationship between antenatal anxiety and postnatal depression. J. Affect. Disord. 101 (2007) 169-174
6. Barnett B., and Parker G. Possible determinants, correlates and consequences of high levels of anxiety in primiparous mothers. Psychol. Med. 16 (1986) 177-185
7. Barnett B., Matthey S., and Gyaneshwar R. Screening for postnatal depression in women of non-English speaking backgrounds. Arch. Women Ment. Health 2 (1999) 67-74
8. Beck A.T., and Steer R.A. Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual (1993), The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company, San Antonio
9. Beck A.T., Epstein N., Brown G., and Steer R.A. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 56 (1988) 893-897
10. Beck A.T., Steer R.A., and Brown G.K. Beck Depression Inventory Manual - Second Edition (BDI-II) (1996), The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company, San Antonio
11. Bentler P.M. On tests and indices for evaluating structural models. Pers. Individ. Differ. 42 (2007) 825-829
12. Berle J.O., Aarre T.F., Mykletun A., Dahl A.A., and Holsten F. Screening for postnatal depression: validation of the Norwegian version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and assessment of risk factors for postnatal depression. J. Affect. Disord. 76 (2003) 151-156
13. Bollen K.A. Structural equations with latent variables (1989), John Wiley & Sons, New York
14. Brockington I.F., Macdonald E., and Wainscott G. Anxiety, obsessions and morbid preoccupations in pregnancy and the puerperium. Arch. Women Ment. Health 9 (2006) 253-263
15. Brouwers E.P.M., Van Baar A.L., and Pop V.J.M. Does the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale measure anxiety?. J. Psychosom. Res. 51 (2001) 659-663
16. Brouwers E.P.M., Van Baar A.L., and Pop V.J.M. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and subsequent infant development. Infant Behav. Dev. 24 (2001) 95-106
17. Buist A.E., Barnett B.E.W., Milgrom J., Pope S., Condon J.T., Ellwood D.A., Boyce P.M., Austin M.P.V., and Hayes B.A. To screen or not to screen - that is the question in perinatal depression. Med. J. Aust. 177 (2002) s101-s105
18. Buitelaar J.K., Huizink A.C., Mulder E.J., Robles De Medina P.G., and Visser G.H.A. Prenatal stress and cognitive development and temperament in infants. Neurobiol. Aging 24 (2003) s53-s60
19. Chabrol H., and Teissedre F. Relation between Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores at 2-3 days and 4-6 weeks postpartum. J. Reprod. Infant Psychol. 22 (2004) 33-39
20. Clark L.A., and Watson D. Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J. Abnorm. Psychology 100 (1991) 316-336
21. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (1988), L. Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J.
22. Cooper P.J., and Murray L. Fortnightly review: postnatal depression. BMJ 316 (1998) 1884-1886
23. Cox J. Perinatal psychiatry: Use and misuse of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (1994), Gaskell, London
24. Cox J.L., Holden J.M., and Sagovski R. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br. J. Psychiatry 150 (1987) 782-786
25. Cox J.L., Chapman G., Murray D., and Jones P. Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in non-postnatal women. J. Affect. Disord. 39 (1996) 185-189
26. Eberhard-Gran M., Eskild A., Tambs K., Opjordsmoen S., and Samuelsen S.O. Review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 104 (2001) 243-249
27. First M.B., Gibbon M., Spitzer R.L., and Williams J.W. Users guide to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders - Research Version - (SCID-I for DSM-IV-TR, November 2002 Revision) (2002), Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
28. Floyd F.J., and Widaman K.F. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instructions. Psychol. Assess. 7 (1995) 286-299
29. Gorman L.L., O'Hara M.W., Figueiredo B., Hayes S., Jacquemain F., Kammerer M.H., Klier C.M., Rosi S., Seneviratne G., Sutter-Dallay A.L., and The TCS-PND Group. Adaptation of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders for assessing depression in women during pregnancy and post-partum across countries and cultures. Br. J. Psychiatry 184 (2004) s17-s23
30. Green J.M. Postnatal depression or perinatal dysphoria? Findings from a longitudinal community-based study using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. J. Reprod. Infant Psychol. 16 (1998) 143-155
31. Guerdeney N., and Fermanian J. Validation study of the French version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS): new results about use and psychometric properties. Eur. Psychiatr. 13 (1998) 83-89
32. In: Henshaw C., and Elliot S. (Eds). Screening for perinatal depression (2005), Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London
33. Heron J., O'Connor T.G., Evans J., Golding J., Glover V., and The ALSPAC Study Team. The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. J. Affect. Disord. 80 (2004) 65-73
34. Hu L.T., and Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Modeling 6 (1999) 1-55
35. Ip W.Y., and Martin C.R. The factor structure of the Chinese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). J. Reprod. Infant Psychol. 25 (2007) 83-86
36. Jomeen J., and Martin C.R. Confirmation of an occluded anxiety component within the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during early pregnancy. J. Reprod. Infant Psychol. 23 (2005) 143-154
37. Jomeen J., and Martin C.R. Replicability and stability of the multidimensional model of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in late pregnancy. J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs. 14 (2007) 319-324
38. Keedwell P., and Snaith R.P. What do anxiety scales measure?. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 93 (1996) 177-180
39. Kline R.B. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2005), The Guilford Press, New York
40. Markland D. The golden rule is that there are no golden rules: a commentary on Paul Barrett's recommendations for reporting model fit in structural equation modelling. Pers. Individ. Differ. 42 (2007) 851-858
41. Matthey S. Detection and treatment of postnatal depression (perinatal depression or anxiety). Curr. Opin. Psychiatr. 17 (2004) 21-29
42. Matthey S. Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale to screen for anxiety disorders. Depress. Anxiety 25 (2008) 926-931
43. Matthey S., Barnett B., Kavanagh D.J., and Howie P. Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for men, and comparison of item endorsement with their partners. J. Affect. Disord. 64 (2001) 175-184
44. Matthey S., Barnett B., Howie P., and Kavanagh D.J. Diagnosing postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: whatever happened to anxiety?. J. Affect. Disord. 74 (2003) 139-147
45. McVey C., and Tuohy A. Differential effects of marital relationship and social support on three subscales identified within the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. J. Reprod. Infant Psychol. 25 (2007) 203-209
46. Miles J., and Shevlin M. A time and place for incremental fit indices. Pers. Individ. Differ. 42 (2007) 869-874
47. Milgrom J., Ericksen J., Negri L.M., and Gemmill A.W. Screening for postnatal depression in routine primary care: Properties of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in an Australian sample. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 39 (2005) 833-839
48. Millsap R.E. Structural equation modeling made difficult. Pers. Individ. Differ. 42 (2007) 875-881
49. Montazeri A., Torkan B., and Omidvari S. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. B.M.C. Psychiatry 7 (2007) 11-16
50. Moore P.S., Whaley S.E., and Sigman M. Interactions between mothers and children: impacts of maternal and child anxiety. J. Abnorm. Psychology 113 (2004) 471-476
51. Mulaik S. There is a place for approximate fit in structural equation modelling. Pers. Individ. Differ. 42 (2007) 883-891
52. Muzik M., Klier C.M., Rosenblum K.L., Holzinger A., Umek W., and Katschnig H. Are commonly used self-report inventories suitable for screening postpartum depression and anxiety disorders?. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 102 (2000) 71-73
53. O'Connor T., Heron J., Glover V., and The ALSPAC Study Team. Antenatal anxiety predicts child behavioral/emotional problems independently of postnatal depression. J. Am. Acad. Child Psych. 41 (2002) 1470-1477
54. O'Connor T.G., Heron J., Golding J., Beveridge M., and Glover V. Maternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years: report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of parents and children. Br. J. Psychiatry 180 (2002) 502-508
55. O'Connor T.G., Heron J., Golding J., Glover V., and The ALSPAC Study Team. Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: a test of a programming hypothesis. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 44 (2003) 1025-1036
56. O'Connor T.G., Ben-Shlomo Y., Heron J., Golding J., Adams D., and Glover V. Prenatal anxiety predicts individual differences in cortisol in pre-adolescent children. Biol. Psychiatry 58 (2005) 211-217
57. O'Connor T.G., Caprariello P., Robertson Blackmore E., Gregory A.M., Glover V., Fleming P., and The ALSPAC Study Team. Prenatal mood disturbance predicts sleep problems in infancy and toddlerhood. Early Hum. Dev. 83 (2007) 451-458
58. O'Hara M.W., Zekoski E.M., Philipps L.H., and Wright E.J. Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: comparison of childbearing and nonchildbearing women. J. Abnorm. Psychology 99 (1990) 3-15
59. Phillips J., Sharpe L., and Matthey S. Rates of depressive and anxiety disorders in a residential mother-infant unit for unsettled infants. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 41 (2007) 836-842
60. Pop V.J., Komproe I.H., and Van Son M.J. Characteristics of the Edinburgh post natal depression scale in the Netherlands. J. Affect. Disord. 26 (1992) 105-110
61. Riskind J.H., Beck A.T., Berchick R.J., Brown G., and Steer R.A. Reliability of DSM-III diagnoses for major depression and generalized anxiety disorder using the structured clinical interview for DSM-III. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44 (1987) 817-820
62. Ross L.E., and McLean L.M. Anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review. J. Clin. Psychiatry 67 (2006) 1285-1298
63. Ross L.E., Gilbert Evans S.E., Sellers E.M., and Romach M.K. Measurement issues in postpartum depression part 1: Anxiety as a feature of postpartum depression. Arch. Women Ment. Health 6 (2003) 51-57
64. Rowe H.J., Fisher J.R.W., and Loh W.M. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale detects but does not distinguish anxiety disorders from depression in mothers of infants. Arch. Women Ment. Health 11 (2008) 103-108
65. Sanderson W.C., DiNardo P.A., Rapee R.M., and Barlow D.H. Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III-R anxiety disorder. J. Abnorm. Psychology 99 (1990) 308-312
66. Small R., Lumley J., Yelland J., and Brown S. The performance of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in English speaking and non-English speaking populations in Australia. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 42 (2007) 70-78
67. Stuart S., Couser G., Schilder K., O'Hara M.W., and Gorman L. Postpartum anxiety and depression: onset and comorbidity in a community sample. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 186 (1998) 420-424
68. Sutter-Dallay A.L., Giaconne-Marcesche V., Glatigny-Dallay E., and Verdoux H. Women with anxiety disorders during pregnancy are at increased risk of intense postnatal depressive symptoms: a prospective survey of the MATQUID cohort. Eur. Psychiatr. 19 (2004) 459-463
69. Tabachnick B.G., and Fidell L.S. Using multivariate statistics (2001), Allyn and Bacon, Boston
70. Tuohy A., and McVey C. Subscales measuring symptoms of non-specific depression, anhedonia, and anxiety in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 47 (2008) 153-169
71. Van Den Bergh B.R.H., and Marcoen A. High antenatal maternal anxiety is related to ADHD symptoms, externalizing problems, and anxiety in 8- and 9-year olds. Child Dev. 75 (2004) 1085-1097
72. Van Den Bergh B.R.H., Mennes M., Oosterlaan J., Stevens V., Stiers P., Marcoen A., and Lagae L. High antenatal maternal anxiety is related to impulsivity during performance on cognitive tasks in 14- and 15-year-olds. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 29 (2005) 259-269
73. Wenzel A., Gorman L.L., O'Hara M.W., and Stuart S. The occurrence of panic and obsessive compulsive symptoms in women with postpartum dysphoria: a prospective study. Arch. Women Ment. Health 4 (2001) 5-12
74. Wenzel A., Haugen E.N., Jackson L.C., and Robinson K. Prevalence of generalized anxiety at eight weeks postpartum. Arch. Women Ment. Health 6 (2003) 43-49
75. Wenzel A., Haugen E.N., Jackson L.C., and Brendle J.R. Anxiety symptoms and disorders at eight weeks postpartum. J. Anxiety Disord. 19 (2005) 295-311
76. Whaley S.E., Pinto A., and Sigman M. Characterizing interactions between anxious mothers and their children. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 67 (1999) 826-836
77. Wittchen H.-U., Lieb R., Wunderlich U., and Schuster P. Comorbidity in primary care: presentation and consequences. J. Clin. Psychiatry 60 (1999) 29-36
78. Wittchen H.-U., Beesdo K., Bittner A., and Goodwin R.D. Depressive episodes - evidence for a causal role of primary anxiety disorders?. Eur. Psychiatr. 18 (2003) 384-393
79. Zanarini M.C., Skodol A.E., Bender D., Dolan R., Sanislow C., Schaefer E., Morey L.C., Grilo C.M., Shea M.T., McGlashan T.H., and Gunderson J.G. The collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study: reliability of Axis I and II diagnoses. J. Pers. Disord. 14 (2000) 291-299