Surgical anatomy of the upper eyelid: Old controversies, new concept

Expert Review of Ophthalmology

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 47-57

  Ezra, Daniel G ^a,b   Beaconsfield, Michèle ^b   Collin, Richard ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anatomy; Eyelid; Surgery

Indexed keywords

BOTULINUM TOXIN;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AGING; APONEUROSIS; BLEPHAROSPASM; CONJUNCTIVA DISEASE; CORNEA CELL; ESTHETIC SURGERY; EYE SURGERY; EYEBROW; EYELID DISEASE; EYELID MUSCLE; EYELID RECONSTRUCTION; EYELID REFLEX; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; LACRIMAL APPARATUS; LACRIMAL SAC; MUSCLE FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORBICULARIS OCULI MUSCLE; PTOSIS; REVIEW; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN STRUCTURE; SKIN SURFACE; SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE; SURGICAL ANATOMY; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY; UPPER EYELID; VISUAL SYSTEM EXAMINATION;

EID: 70049100036     PISSN: 17469899     EISSN: 17469902     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/17469899.4.1.47     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Bron AJ, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ, Wolff E. Wolff's Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit. Chapman and Hall Medical, London, UK (1997).
2. Snell RL, Lemp MA. Clinical Anatomy of the Eye. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK (1998).
3. Tyers AG, Collin JRO. Colour Atlas of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK (2001).
4. Ya-Xian Z, Suetake T, Tagami H. Number of cell layers of the stratum corneum in normal skin - relationship to the anatomical location on the body, age, sex and physical parameters. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 291(10), 555-559 (1999).
5. Wolff E. The Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit Including the Central Connections, Development, and Comparative Anatomy of the Visual Apparatus. The Blakiston Co. PA, USA (1951).
6. Blank IH. Factors which influence the water content of the stratum corneum. J. Invest. Dermatol. 18(6), 433-440 (1952).
7. Fluhr JW, Mao-Qiang M, Brown BE et al. Glycerol regulates stratum corneum hydration in sebaceous gland deficient (asebia) mice. J. Invest. Dermatol. 120(5), 728-737 (2003).
8. Pratchyapruit W, Kikuchi K, Gritiyarangasan P, Aiba S, Tagami H. Functional analyses of the eyelid skin constituting the most soft and smooth area on the face: contribution of its remarkably large superficial corneocytes to effective water-holding capacity of the stratum corneum. Skin Res. Technol. 13(2), 169-175 (2007).
9. Baker H, Kligman AM. Technique for estimating turnover time of human stratum corneum. Arch. Dermatol. 95(4), 408-411 (1967).
10. Doxanas MA, RL. Clinical Orbital Anatomy. Williams & Wilkins Baltimore, London, UK (1984).
11. Merckel F. Der Musculus supercilliaris. Anat. Anz. 2(17), (1887).
12. Henle J. Handbuch der topographischen Anatomie. Immunol. Rev. 1(1) (1876).
13. Wolff E, Eugene WR. Wolff's Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit: Including the Central Connexions, Development, and Comparative Anatomy of the Visual Apparatus. Wolff E (Ed.). HK Lewis, PA, USA (1976).
14. Whitnall SE. Anatomy of the Human Orbit and Accessory Organs of Vision. Henry Frowde and Hodder and Stoughton, London, UK (1921).
15. Yamamoto H, Morikawa K, Uchinuma E, Yamashina S. An anatomical study of the medial canthus using a three-dimensional model. Aesthetic. Plast. Surg. 25(3), 189-193 (2001).
16. Jones LT. The anatomy of the lower eyelid and its relation to the cause and cure of entropion. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 49, 29-36 (1960).
17. Dalgleish R, Smith JL. Mechanics and histology of senile entropion. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 50(2), 79-91 (1966).
18. Caldato R, Lauande-Pimentel R, Sabrosa NA et al. Role of reinsertion of the lower eyelid retractor on involutional entropion. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 84(6), 606-608 (2000).
19. Lipham WJ, Tawfik HA, Dutton JJ. A histologic analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction of the muscle of Riolan. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg, 18(2), 93-98 (2002).
20. HornerWE. Description of a Small Muscle at the Internal Commisure of the Eyelids. Whitnall, PA, USA (1824).
21. Duverney GJ. L'art de Dissequer Methodiquement les Muscles du Corps Humain. Delaguette, Paris, France (1749).
22. Jones LR, Wirtschafter JD. Part 1: The Orbital Adnexa. Jones L (Ed.). American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, MN, USA (1970).
23. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Miyaishi O, Nakano T, Asamoto K, Iwaki M. The lacrimal canaliculus and sac bordered by the Horner's muscle form the functional lacrimal drainage system. Ophthalmology 112(4), 710-716 (2005).
24. Doane MG. Blinking and the mechanics of the lacrimal drainage system. Ophthalmology 88(8), 844-851 (1981).
25. Pavlidis M, Stupp T, Grenzebach U, Busse H, Thanos S. Ultrasonic visualization of the effect of blinking on the lacrimal pump mechanism. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 243(3), 228-234 (2005).
26. Polgar J, Johnson MA, Weightman D, Appleton D. Data on fibre size in thirty-six human muscles. An autopsy study. J. Neurol. Sci. 19(3), 307-318 (1973).
27. Happak W, Burggasser G, Gruber H. Histochemical characteristics of human mimic muscles. J. Neurol. Sci. 83(1), 25-35 (1988).
28. Campbell SP, Williams DA, Frueh BR, Lynch GS. Contractile activation characteristics of single permeabilized fibres from levator palpebrae superioris, orbicularis oculi and vastus lateralis muscles from humans. J. Physiol. 519(Pt 2), 615-622 (1999).
29. Porter JD, Burns LA, May PJ. Morphological substrate for eyelid movements: innervation and structure of primate levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi muscles. J. Comp. Neurol. 287(1), 64-81 (1989).
30. Lander T, Wirtschafter JD, McLoon LK. Orbicularis oculi muscle fibers are relatively short and heterogeneous in length. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37(9), 1732-1739 (1996).
31. Anderson RL. Medial canthal tendon branches out. Arch. Ophthalmol. 95(11), 2051-2052 (1977).
32. Jones LT. Epiphora. II. Its relation to the anatomic structures and surgery of the medial canthal region. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 43(2), 203-212 (1957).
33. Ahl NC, Hill JC. Horner's muscle and the lacrimal system. Arch. Ophthalmol. 100(3), 488-493 (1982).
34. Fernandez-Valencia R, Gomez Pellico L. Functional anatomy of the human saccus lacrimalis. Acta Anat. (Basel) 139(1), 54-59 (1990).
35. Whitnall SE. On a tubercle on the malar bone, and on the lateral attachments of the tarsal plates. J. Anat. Physiol. 45 (Pt 4), 426-432 (1911).
36. Gioia VM, Linberg JV, McCormick SA. The anatomy of the lateral canthal tendon. Arch. Ophthalmol. 105(4), 529-532 (1987).
37. Duke-Elder S, Wybar KC. System of Ophthalmology Vol II: the anatomy of the visual system. Henry Kimpton, London, UK (1961).
38. Fralick FB. Anatomy and physiology of the eyelid. Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol. 66, 575-581 (1962).
39. Kestenbaum A. Applied Anatomy of the Eye.
40. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Nakano T, Asamoto K, Miyaishi O, Iwaki M. Microscopic findings of lateral tarsal fixation in Asians. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 24(2), 131-135 (2008).
41. Wulc AE, Dryden RM, Khatchaturian T. Where is the gray line? Arch. Ophthalmol. 105(8), 1092-1098 (1987).
42. Smith B. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Mosby, MO, USA (1987).
43. Obata H. Anatomy and histopathology of human meibomian gland. Cornea 21(7 Suppl.), S70-S74 (2002).
44. Bron AJ, Tiffany JM. The meibomian glands and tear film lipids. Structure, function, and control. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 438, 281-295 (1998).
45. McCulley JP, Shine WE. The lipid layer of tears: dependent on meibomian gland function. Exp. Eye Res. 78(3), 361-365 (2004).
46. Bohm AVD. Lehrbuch der Histologie des Menschen einschliesslich der mikroskopischen Technik. Verlag von JF (Ed.). Bergmann, Wiesbaden, Germany (1895).
47. Krause CFT. Handbuch der menschlichen Anatomie. Hanover, Germany (1842).
48. Milz S, Neufang J, Higashiyama I, Putz R, Benjamin M. An immunohistochemical study of the extracellular matrix of the tarsal plate in the upper eyelid in human beings. J. Anat. 206(1), 37-45 (2005).
49. Heinegard DO, Glycosylated matrix proteins. In: Connective Tissue and its Hereditable Disorders. Royce PS (Ed.). Wiley-Liss, NY, USA, 189-209 (1993).
50. Benjamin M, Ralphs JR. Biology of fibrocartilage cells. Int. Rev. Cytol. 233, 1-45 (2004).
51. Kessing SV. Mucous gland system of the conjunctiva. A quantitative normal anatomical study. Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh) (Suppl. 95), 91 (1968).
52. Steuhl KP, Sitz U, Knorr M, Thanos S, Thiel HJ. [Age-dependent distribution of Langerhans cells within human conjunctival epithelium]. Ophthalmologe 92(1), 21-25 (1995).
53. Montagne WBR. Advances in Biology of the Skin. MacMillan, NY, USA (1964).
54. Gipson IK. The epithelial basement membrane zone of the limbus. Eye 3(Pt 2), 132-140 (1989).
55. Allansmith MR, Greiner JV, Baird RS. Number of inflammatory cells in the normal conjunctiva. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 86(2), 250-259 (1978).
56. Spencer WH. Conjunctiva. In: Ophthalmic Pathology, an Atlas and Textbook. WB Saunders Co., PA, USA, 600 (1985).
57. Kato N, Fukagawa K, Dogru M, Fujishima H, Tsubota K. Mechanisms of giant papillary formation in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Cornea 25(10 Suppl. 1), S47-S52 (2006).
58. Bron AJ, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ, Wolff EA. Wolff's Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit. Chapman & Hall Medical, London, UK (1997).
59. Goldberg RA, Wu JC, Jesmanowicz A, Hyde JS. Eyelid anatomy revisited. Dynamic high-resolution magnetic resonance images of Whitnall's ligament and upper eyelid structures with the use of a surface coil. Arch. Ophthalmol. 110(11), 1598-1600 (1992).
60. Bang YH, Park SH, Kim JH, Cho JH, Lee CJ, Roh TS. The role of Muller's muscle reconsidered. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 101(5), 1200-1204 (1998).
61. Siegel R. Surgical anatomy of the upper eyelid fascia. Ann. Plast. Surg. 13(4), 263-273 (1984).
62. Anderson RL, Beard C. The levator aponeurosis. Attachments and their clinical significance. Arch. Ophthalmol. 95(8), 1437-1441 (1977).
63. Wolff E. The Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit Including the Central Connections, Development, and Comparative Anatomy of the Visual Apparatus. HK Lewis & Co., London, UK (1954).
64. Werb A. Senile ptosis. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK 104(Pt 1), 22-25 (1985).
65. Collin JR, Beard C, Wood I. Experimental and clinical data on the insertion of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 85(6), 792-801 (1978).
66. Demirci H, Nelson CC. Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the upper eyelid structures in normal eyelids. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 23(2), 122-125 (2007).
67. Hosal BM, Ayer NG, Zilelioglu G, Elhan AH. Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the levator aponeurosis in congenital and aponeurotic blepharoptosis. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 20(4), 308-311 (2004).
68. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Nakano T, Asamoto K, Miyaishi O, Iwaki M. The levator aponeurosis consists of two layers that include smooth muscle. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 21(4), 281-284 (2005).
69. Doxanas MT, Anderson RL. Oriental eyelids. An anatomic study. Arch. Ophthalmol. 102(8), 1232-1235 (1984).
70. Hwang K, Kim DJ, Chung RS, Lee SI, Hiraga Y. An anatomical study of the junction of the orbital septum and the levator aponeurosis in Orientals. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 51(8), 594-598 (1998).
71. Galatoire O, Touitou V, Heran F et al. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the upper eyelid: correlation with the position of the skin crease in the upper eyelid. Orbit 26(3), 165-171 (2007).
72. Kuwabara T, Cogan DG, Johnson CC. Structure of the muscles of the upper eyelid. Arch. Ophthalmol. 93(11), 1189-1197 (1975).
73. Collin JR, Beard C, Wood I. Terminal course of nerve supply to Muller's muscle in the rhesus monkey and its clinical significance. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 87(2), 234-246 (1979).
74. Putterman AM, Urist MJ. Surgical anatomy of the orbital septum. Ann. Ophthalmol. 6(3), 290-294 (1974).
75. Gray H. Anatomy of the Human Body. Lea & Febiger, PA, USA (1959).
76. Hintschich CRL, Ludwig K, Wegscheider E, Stephani FH. Ultrasound biomicroscopy of ocular adnexal structures. Orbit 16(2), 85-97 (1997).
77. Section 7: Orbit, eyelids and lacrimal system. In: 2008/9 Basic and Clinical Science Course (BCSC). Holds JB (Ed.). American Academy of Ophthalmology, CA, USA (2009).