Interventions for erythema nodosum leprosum

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 3, 2009, Pages

  Van Veen, Natasja H J ^a   Lockwood, Diana N J ^b   Van Brakel, Wim H ^c   Ramirez Jr , Jose ^d   Richardus, Jan Hendrik ^a  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL TROPICAL INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; BETAMETHASONE; CHLOROQUINE; CLOFAZIMINE; CORTICOSTEROID; INDOMETACIN; LEVAMISOLE; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; THALIDOMIDE;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACNE; CONSTIPATION; DERMATITIS; DIZZINESS; DROWSINESS; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG FEVER; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ERYTHEMA NODOSUM LEPROSUM; FACE EDEMA; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEADACHE; HUMAN; ILAMMATION; INSOMNIA; LEPROSY; NAUSEA; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SKIN DISCOLORATION; SKIN DISEASE; STRIAE DISTENSAE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; XEROSIS;

EID: 70049091397     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006949.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Arora SK, Singh G, Sen PC. Levamisole in cases of E.N.L. Indian Journal of Leprosy 1985;57(1):17-21. (Pubitemid 15030379)
2. Girdhar A, Chakma JK, Girdhar BK. Pulsed corticosteroid therapy in patients with chronic recurrent ENL: a pilot study. Indian Journal of Leprosy 2002;74(3):233-236 (Pubitemid 35252134)
3. Helmy HS, Pearson JM, Waters MF. Treatment of moderately severe erythema nodosum leprosum with clofazimine - a controlled trial. Leprosy Review 1971;42(3):167-177
4. Ing TH. Indomethacin in the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum, in comparison with prednisolone. Singapore Medical Journal 1969;10(1):66-70.
5. Iyer CG, Languillon J, Ramanujam K, Tarabini-Castellani G, De las Aguas JT, Bechelli LM, et al. WHO co-ordinated short-term double-blind trial with thalidomide in the treatment of acute lepra reactions in male lepromatous patients. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1971;45(6):719-732
6. Iyer CG, Ramu G. An open trial with clofazimine in the management of recurrent lepra reaction using thalidomide as a control drug. Lepra in India 1976;48(4 Suppl):690-694
7. Karat AB, Thomas G, Rao PS. Indomethacin in the management of erythema nodosum leprosum - a double-blind controlled trial. Leprosy Review 1969;40(3):153-158
8. Karat AB, Jeevaratnam A, Karat S, Rao PS. Double-blind controlled clinical trial of clofazimine in reactive phases of lepromatous leprosy. British Medical Journal 1970;1(5690):198-200.
9. Pearson JM, Vedagiri M. Treatment of moderately severe erythema nodosum leprosum with thalidomide - a double-blind controlled trial. Leprosy Review 1969;40(2):111-116
10. Sales AM, de Matos HJ, Nery JA, Duppre NC, Sampaio EP, Sarno EN. Double-blind trial of the efficacy of pentoxifylline vs thalidomide for the treatment of type II reaction in leprosy. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas médicas e biológicas / Sociedade Brasileira de Biofísica ... [et al.] 2007;40(2):243-248
11. Sheskin J, Convit J. Results of a double-blind study of the influence of thalidomide on the lepra reaction. International Journal of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1969;37(2):135-146
12. Villahermosa LG, Fajardo TT, Abalos RM, Balagon MV, Tan EV, Cellona RV, et al.A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, controlled dose comparison of thalidomide for treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2005;72(5):518-526
13. Waters MF. An internally-controlled double blind trial of thalidomide in severe erythema nodosum leprosum. Leprosy Review 1971;42(1):26-42.
14. Anonymous. Spaced clofazimine therapy of lepromatous leprosy. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1976;25(3):437-444
15. Arruda WO, Hacbarth E, Döi E, Santa-Maria JR, Barbosa J, Kajdacsy-Balla AA. Effect of thalidomide on serum levels of immunoglobulins IgM and IgA, rheumatoid factor and isohemagglutinins anti-A and anti-B in patients with lepromatous leprosy. A double-blind study [Efeito da talidomida sobre os niveis séricos de imunoglobulinas IgM e IgA, fator rheumatöide e isohemaglutinina anti-A e anti-B em pacientes com lepra lepromatosa. Um estudo duplo-cego]. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 1986;28(1):12-14
16. Browne SG, Harman DJ, Waudby H, McDougall AC. Clofazimine (Lamprene, B663) in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy in the United Kingdom. A 12 year review of 31 cases, 1966-1978. International Journal of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1981;49(2):167-176
17. Dawlah ZM, Cabrera A, Ahern K, Levis WR. A phase 2 open trial of pentoxifylline for the treatment of leprosy reactions. International Journal of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases 2002;70(1):38-43. (Pubitemid 34761194)
18. de Almeida Neto E. Comparative study of the therapeutic activity of glutamic acid phthalimide and the therapeutic activity of triamcinolone in the treatment of Hansen's reaction of Virchowian Leprosy [Estudo comparativo entre a atividade terapeutica da imidaftalica do acido glutamico e a atividade terapeutica da triancinolona no tratamento da reacao hansenica da hanseniase Virchowiana]. Hansenologia Internationalis 1981;6(2):114-121
19. de Carsalade GY, Achirafi A, Flageul B. Pentoxifylline in the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum: results of an open study [Efficacite de la pentoxifylline dans le traitement de l'erytheme noueux lepreux: resultats d'une etude ouverte]. Acta Leprologica 2003;12(3):117-122
20. De Carsalade GY, Achirafi A, Flageul B. Pentoxifylline in the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum. Journal of Dermatology 2003;30(1):64-68 (Pubitemid 36240960)
21. Garbino JA. Clinical and neurophysiologic randomized trial about ulnar neuropathy responses, in type 1 and type 2 Hansen's disease reactions under oral steroid treatment [Ensaio clinico e neurofisiologico sobre a resposta do nervo ulnar, na hanseniase emreacao tipo 1 e tipo 2, sob differentes regimes de esteroides via oral]. Thesis 2006.
22. Hastings RC, Trautman JR, Enna CD, Jacobson RR. Thalidomide in the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum. With a note on selected laboratory abnormalities in erythema nodosum leprosum. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1970;11(4):481-487
23. Huang RX, Lu LN, Shao KW. Treatment of type II lepra reaction with Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F(leigongteng) and thalidomide (Chinese). Journal of Chinese leprosy 1987;3(3):163-164
24. Imkamp FM. A treatment of corticosteroid-dependent lepromatous patients in persistent erythema nodosum leprosum. A clinical evaluation of G.30320 (B663). Leprosy Review 1968;39(3):119-125
25. Imkamp FM. The treatment of corticosteroid-dependent lepromatous patients in persistent Erythema nodosum leprosum with clofazimine. Leprosy Review 1973;44(3):127-130
26. Jamet P, Traore I, Husser JA, Ji B. Short-term trial of clofazimine in previously untreated lepromatous leprosy. International Journal of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1992;60(4):542-548 (Pubitemid 23116980)
27. Kar HK, Roy RG. Comparison of colchicine and aspirin in the treatment of type 2 lepra reaction. Leprosy Review 1988;59(3):201-203
28. Karat AB, Jeevaratnam A, Karat S, Rao PS. Controlled clinical trial of clofazimine in untreated lepromatous leprosy. British Medical Journal 1971;4(5786):514-516
29. Karat AB, Jeevaratnam A, Karat S, Rao PS. Efficacy of clofazimine in the prophylaxis and suppression of reactive phases of lepromatous leprosy. International Journal of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1971;39(4):838-841
30. Levy L, Fasal P, Levan NE, Freedman RI. Treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum with thalidomide. Lancet 1973;2(7824):324-325
31. Manungo J, Thomas JE. A comparison of the incidence of type 2 reactions in lepromatous leprosy with two regimens of treatment. Central African Journal of Medicine 1982;28(9):209-211 (Pubitemid 13181702)
32. Manungo J, Thomas JE. A study of type 2 reactions in lepromatous leprosy. Central African Journal of Medicine 1982;28(9):211-213 (Pubitemid 13181703)
33. Moreira AL, Kaplan G, Villahermosa LG, Fajardo TJ, Abalos RM, Cellona RV, et al.Comparison of pentoxifylline, thalidomide and prednisone in the treatment of ENL. International Journal of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1998;66(1):61-65 (Pubitemid 28262090)
34. Partida-Sanchez S, Favila-Castillo L, Pedraza-Sanchez S, Gomez-Melgar M, Saul A, Estrada-Parra S, et al.IgG antibody subclasses, tumor necrosis factor and IFN-gamma levels in patients with type II lepra reaction on thalidomide treatment. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 1998;116(1):60-66 (Pubitemid 28211959)
35. Penna GO, Macedo VO, Martelli CMT, Maroja MDF, Stefani MMA, Chaul A. Thalidomide in the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL): Systematic review of clinical trials and prospects of new investigations. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2005;80(5):511-522. (Pubitemid 46194096)
36. Pettit JH. The treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum with B.663. A controlled study. International Journal of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1967;35(1):11-16
37. Plock H, Leiker DL. A long term trial with clofazimine in reactive lepromatous leprosy. Leprosy Review 1976;47(1):25-34.
38. Ramu G, Girdhar A. Treatment of steroid dependant cases of recurrent lepra reaction with a combination of thalidomide and clofazimine. Leprosy in India 1979;51(4):497-504. (Pubitemid 10149662)
39. Rodriguez JN, Abalos RM, Reich CV, Tolentino JG. Effects of the administration of B663 [G 30 320, Lamprene, clofazimine (Geigy)] on three groups of lepromatous and borderline of leprosy. International Journal of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1974;42(3):276-288
40. Sharma VK, Saha K, Sehgal VN. Serum immunoglobulins an autoantibodies during and after erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). International Journal of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1982;50(2):159-163 (Pubitemid 13142803)
41. Sharma VK, Kumar B, Kaur I, Singh M, Kaur S. Colchicine in the treatment of type 2 lepra reaction. Indian Journal of Leprosy 1986;58(1):43-47 (Pubitemid 17173499)
42. Sheskin J, Magora A, Sagher F. Motor conduction velocity studies in patients with leprosy reaction treated with thalidomide and other drugs. International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1969;37(4):359-364
43. Sheskin J, Sagher F. Five years' experience with thalidomide treatment in leprosy reaction. International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1971;39(2):585-588
44. Sheskin J, Muckter H, Frankus E. Supidimide, a non-teratogenic thalidomide analog for the treatment of leprosy reaction?. Hautarzt 1983;34(4):168-170 (Pubitemid 13162933)
45. Sunderkotter CH, Lan Ma H. Clofazimine. Current status of therapy with clofazimine (Lampren) for leprosy, erythema leprosum, and other dermatoses after donation of the medicine to the WHO by Novartis. Hautarzt 2005;56(5):478-479
46. Vides EA, Cabrera A, Ahern KP, Levis WR. Effect of zafirlukast on leprosy reactions. International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1999;67(1):71-75
47. Zaheer SA, Misra RS, Sharma AK, Beena KR, Kar HK, Mukherjee A, et al.Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium w vaccine decreases the incidence and severity of type 2 (ENL) reactions. Leprosy Review 1993;64(1):7-14. (Pubitemid 23103716)
48. Zhang Z. Therapeutic effect observation of ENL reaction treated with combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Abstracts of the 17th International Leprosy Congress Hyderabad, India. 2008.
49. Salim AH. Montelukast in ENL reaction. Available from http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00406861.
50. Barton RP. A clinical study of the nose in lepromatous leprosy. Leprosy Review 1974;45(2):135-144
51. Faber WR, Jensema AJ, Goldschmidt WFM. Treatment of recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum with infliximab. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;355(7):739. (Pubitemid 44244561)
52. Hastings RC, Gillis TP, Krahenbuhl JL, Franzblau SG. Leprosy. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1988;1(3):330-348
53. Heijnders ML. The dynamics of stigma in leprosy. International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases 2004;72(4):437-447
54. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.0.1 [updated September 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org, 2008.
55. The International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations (ILEP). The management of erythema nodosum leprosum. ILEP Technical Bulletin 1996, issue 9.
56. The International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations (ILEP). How to diagnose and treat leprosy. London: ILEP, 2001.
57. The International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations (ILEP). How to recognise and manage reactions. London: ILEP, 2002.
58. Job CK, Jayakumar J, Kearney M, Gillis TP. Transmission of leprosy: a study of skin and nasal secretions of household contacts of leprosy patients using PCR. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2008;78(3):518-521 (Pubitemid 351845207)
59. Juni P, Altman DG, Egger M. Systematic reviews in health care: assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. BMJ 2001;323:42-46 (Pubitemid 32682008)
60. Kahawita IP, Lockwood DN. Towards understanding the pathology of erythema nodosum leprosum. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2008;102(4):329-337
61. Kumar B, Dogra S, Kaur I. Epidemiological characteristics of leprosy reactions: 15 years experience from north India. International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases 2004;72(2):125-133 (Pubitemid 39006885)
62. Lockwood DN. The management of erythema nodosum leprosum: current and future options. Leprosy Review 1996;67(4):253-259
63. Lockwood DN, Sarno E, Smith WC. Classifying leprosy patients - searching for the perfect solution?. Leprosy Review 2007;78(4):317-320 (Pubitemid 351171799)
64. Mahajan PM, Jadhav VH, Patki AH, Jogaikar DG, Mehta JM. Oral zinc therapy in recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum: a clinical study. Indian Journal of Leprosy 1994;66(1):51-57
65. Manandhar R, LeMaster JW, Roche PW. Risk factors for erythema nodosum leprosum. International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1999;67(3):270-278 (Pubitemid 29536457)
66. Naafs B. Reactions: the body as battlefield I: clinical aspects. Memisa Medisch 2003;69(2):330-336
67. Naafs B. Reactions: the body as battlefield II: immunopathology. Memisa Medisch 2003;69(2):337-342
68. Nery JA, Vieira LM, de Matos HJ, Gallo ME, Sarno EN. Reactional states in multibacillary Hansen disease patients during multidrug therapy. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 1998;40(6):363-370
69. Nery JA, Perisse AR, Sales AM, Vieira LM, Souza RV, Sampaio EP, et al.The use of pentoxifylline in the treatment of type 2 reactional episodes in leprosy. Indian Journal of Leprosy 2000;72(4):457-467
70. Pedly JC, Geater JG. Does droplet infection play a role in the transmission of leprosy?. Leprosy Review 1976;47(2):97-102.
71. Pocaterra L, Jain S, Reddy R, Muzaffarullah S, Torres O, Suneetha S, et al.Clinical course of erythema nodosum leprosum: an 11-year cohort study in Hyderabad, India. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006;74(5):868-879 (Pubitemid 46774411)
72. Rafferty J. Curing the stigma of leprosy. Leprosy Review 2005;76(2):119-126
73. Ridley DS, Jopling WH. Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system. International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases 1966;34(3):255-273
74. Saunderson P, Gebre S, Byass P. ENL reactions in the multibacillary cases of the AMFES cohort in central Ethiopia: incidence and risk factors. Leprosy Review 2000;71(3):318-324 (Pubitemid 30845915)
75. Smith WC, Nicholls PG. Special workshop on repeated and late reactions. International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases 2002;70(4):339-341
76. Uyemura K, Dixon JF, Wong L, Rea TH, Modlin RL. Effect of cyclosporine A in erythema nodosumleprosum. Journal of Immunology 1986;137(11):3620-3623
77. van Brakel WH, Nicholls PG, Das L, Barkataki P, Suneetha SK, Jadhav RS, et al.The INFIR Cohort Study: investigating prediction, detection and pathogenesis of neuropathy and reactions in leprosy. Methods and baseline results of a cohort of multibacillary leprosy patients in north India. Leprosy Review 2005;76(1):277-295 (Pubitemid 43161277)
78. Walker SL, Waters MF, Lockwood DN. The role of thalidomide in the management of erythema nodosum leprosum. Leprosy Review 2007;78(3):197-215. (Pubitemid 351171817)
79. World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines for the management of severe erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reactions. Available from http://www.who.int/ lep/research/WHOenlguide.pdf (Accessed 4 August 2008).
80. World Health Organization. WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 1998;874:1-43.
81. World Health Organization. Guide to Eliminate Leprosy as a Public Health Problem. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000.
82. World Health Organization. The Final Push Strategy to Eliminate Leprosy as a Public Health Problem. Questions and Answers. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.
83. World Health Organization. Leprosy. Available from http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs101/en/index.html (Accessed 27 November 2006).
84. World Health Organization. Global leprosy situation, beginning of 2008. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2008;83(33):293-300.
85. Zaheer SA, Misra RS, Sharma AK, Beena KR, Kar HK, Mukherjee A, et al.Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium w vaccine decreases the incidence and severity of type 2 (ENL) reactions. Leprosy Review 1993;64(1):7-14. (Pubitemid 23103716)