Pregnancy and rare bleeding disorders

Haemophilia

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 990-1005

  Kadir, Rezan ^a   Chi, C ^a   Bolton Maggs, P ^b  

^a ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b MANCHESTER ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Labour and delivery; Neonate; Post partum haemorrhage; Pregnancy; Rare bleeding disorders

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 11; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 11 CONCENTRATE; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 11 INHIBITOR; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 12; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 13 CONCENTRATE; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 5; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7 CONCENTRATE; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 8; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 9; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR CONCENTRATE; BLOOD CLOTTING INHIBITOR; FIBRINOGEN; FIBRINOGEN CONCENTRATE; FIBRINOGEN CRYOPRECIPITATE; FRESH FROZEN PLASMA; HEMOSTATIC AGENT; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MISOPROSTOL; PROTHROMBIN; PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX; RECOMBINANT BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A; TRANEXAMIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN K GROUP; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR;

AFIBRINOGENEMIA; AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDER; BLEEDING DISORDER; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10 DEFICIENCY; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 11 DEFICIENCY; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 13 DEFICIENCY; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 5 DEFICIENCY; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7 DEFICIENCY; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; COMPRESSION GARMENT; CONSANGUINITY; CRYOPRECIPITATE; DRUG HALF LIFE; DYSFIBRINOGENEMIA; FIBRINOGEN DEFECT; HEMOPHILIA A; HEMOPHILIA B; HEMOSTASIS; HETEROZYGOSITY; HOMOZYGOSITY; HUMAN; HYDRATION; HYPOFIBRINOGENEMIA; HYSTERECTOMY; KIDNEY VEIN THROMBOSIS; LABOR; LOW DRUG DOSE; MOBILIZATION; NEONATAL HEMORRHAGE; OBSTETRIC CARE; OVARIAN THROMBOSIS; POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PRENATAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTHROMBIN DEFICIENCY; PUERPERIUM; RARE BLEEDING DISORDER; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; REVIEW; SOLUTIO PLACENTAE; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; SUBSTITUTION THERAPY; THROMBOSIS; UTERINE ATONY; VAGINAL DELIVERY; VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY;

BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS, INHERITED; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; DELIVERY, OBSTETRIC; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, HEMATOLOGIC; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PRENATAL CARE; RISK ASSESSMENT; UTERINE HEMORRHAGE;

EID: 69949099121     PISSN: 13518216     EISSN: 13652516     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2009.01984.x     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Hellgren M, Blomback M. Studies on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in pregnancy, during delivery and in the puerperium. I. Normal condition. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1981; 12: 141-54.
2. Beller FK, Ebert C. The coagulation and fibrinolytic enzyme system in pregnancy and in the puerperium. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1982; 13: 177-97.
3. Stirling Y, Woolf L, North WR, Seghatchian MJ, Meade TW. Haemostasis in normal pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 1984; 52: 176-82.
4. Clark P, Brennand J, Conkie JA et al. Activated protein C sensitivity, protein C, protein S and coagulation in normal pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79: 1166-70.
5. Kjellberg U, Andersson NE, Rosen S, Tengborn L, Hellgren M. APC resistance and other haemostatic variables during pregnancy and puerperium. Thromb Haemost 1999; 81: 527-31.
6. Donohoe S, Quenby S, Mackie I et al. Fluctuations in levels of antiphospholipid antibodies and increased coagulation activation markers in normal and heparin-treated antiphospholipid syndrome pregnancies. Lupus 2002; 11: 11-20.
7. Uchikova EH, Ledjev II. Changes in haemostasis during normal pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 119: 185-8.
8. Condie RG. A serial study of coagulation factors XII, XI and X in plasma in normal pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1976; 83: 636-9.
9. Dalaker K. Clotting factor VII during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 17-21.
10. Nilsson IM, Kullander S. Coagulation and fibrinolytic studies during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1967; 46: 273-85.
11. Konje JC, Murphy P, de Chazal R, Davidson A, Taylor D. Severe factor X deficiency and successful pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 101: 910-11.
12. Bofill JA, Young RA, Perry KG Jr. Successful pregnancy in a woman with severe factor X deficiency. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 723.
13. Rizk DE, Castella A, Shaheen H, Deb P. Factor VII deficiency detected in pregnancy: A case report. Am J Perinatol 1999; 16: 223-6.
14. Robertson LE, Wasserstrum N, Banez E, Vasquez M, Sears DA. Hereditary factor VII deficiency in pregnancy: Peripartum treatment with factor VII concentrate. Am J Hematol 1992; 40: 38-41.
15. Braun MW, Triplett DA. Case Report: Factor VII deficiency in an obstetrical patient. J Indiana State Med Assoc 1979; 72: 900-2.
16. Eskandari N, Feldman N, Greenspoon JS. Factor VII deficiency in pregnancy treated with recombinant factor VIIa. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99: 935-7.
17. Kulkarni AA, Lee CA, Kadir RA. Pregnancy in women with congenital factor VII deficiency. Haemophilia 2006; 12: 413-6.
18. Kadir RA, Lee CA, Sabin CA, Pollard D, Economides DL. Pregnancy in women with von Willebrand's disease or factor XI deficiency. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 314-21.
19. Myers B, Pavord S, Kean L, Hill M, Dolan G. Pregnancy outcome in Factor XI deficiency: Incidence of miscarriage, antenatal and postnatal haemorrhage in 33 women with Factor XI deficiency. BJOG 2007; 114: 643-6.
20. Bolton-Maggs PH, Perry DJ, Chalmers EA et al. The rare coagulation disorders -review with guidelines for management from the United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors'Organisation. Haemophilia 2004; 10: 593-628.
21. Kobayashi T, Kanayama N, Tokunaga N, Asahina T, Terao T. Prenatal and peripartum management of congenital afibrinogenaemia. Br J Haematol 2000; 109: 364-6.
22. Burrows RF, Ray JG, Burrows EA. Bleeding risk and reproductive capacity among patients with factor XIII deficiency: A case presentation and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2000; 55: 103-8.
23. Gilabert J, Reganon E, Vila V et al. Congenital hypofibrinogenemia and pregnancy, obstetric and hematological management. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1987; 24: 271-6.
24. Asahina T, Kobayashi T, Takeuchi K, Kanayama N. Congenital blood coagulation factor XIII deficiency and successful deliveries: A review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2007; 62: 255-60.
25. Evron S, Anteby SO, Brzezinsky A, Samueloff A, Eldor A. Congenital afibrinogenemia and recurrent early abortion: A case report. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1985; 19: 307-11.
26. Goodwin TM. Congenital hypofibrinogenemia in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1989; 44: 157-61.
27. Ness PM, Budzynski AZ, Olexa SA, Rodvien R. Congenital hypofibrinogenemia and recurrent placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 1983; 61: 519-23.
28. Trehan AK, Fergusson IL. Congenital afibrinogenaemia and successful pregnancy outcome. Case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 722-4.
29. Kobayashi T, Asahina T, Maehara K et al. Congenital afibrinogenemia with successful delivery. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1996; 42: 66-9.
30. Inamoto Y, Terao T. First report of case of congenital afibrinogenemia with successful delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153: 803-4.
31. Grech H, Majumdar G, Lawrie AS, Savidge GF. Pregnancy in congenital afibrinogenaemia: Report of a successful case and review of the literature. Br J Haematol 1991; 78: 571-2.
32. Matsuno K, Mori K, Amikawa H. A case of congenital afibrinogenemia with abortion, intracranial hemorrhage and peritonitis. Jpn J Clin Hematol 1977; 18: 1438.
33. Dube B, Agarwal SP, Gupta MM, Chawla SC. Congenital deficiency of fibrinogen in two sisters. A clinical and haematological study. Acta Haematol 1970; 43: 120-7.
34. Aygoren-Pursun E, Martinez S, Saguer I et al. Retrochorionic hematoma in congenital afibrinogenemia: Resolution with fibrinogen concentrate infusions. Am J Hematol 2007; 82: 317-20.
35. Roque H, Stephenson C, Lee MJ et al. Pregnancy-related thrombosis in a woman with congenital afibrinogenemia: A report of two successful pregnancies. Am J Hematol 2004; 76: 267-70.
36. Frenkel E, Duksin C, Herman A, Sherman DJ. Congenital hypofibrinogenemia in pregnancy: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2004; 59: 775-9.
37. Lak M, Keihani M, Elahi F, Peyvandi F, Mannucci PM. Bleeding and thrombosis in 55 patients with inherited afibrinogenaemia. Br J Haematol 1999; 107: 204-6.
38. Dupuy E, Soria C, Molho P et al. Embolized ischemic lesions of toes in an afibrinogenemic patient: Possible relevance to in vivo circulating thrombin. Thromb Res 2001; 102: 211-9.
39. Chafa O, Chellali T, Sternberg C et al. Severe hypofibrinogenemia associated with bilateral ischemic necrosis of toes and fingers. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1995; 6: 549-52.
40. Menache D. Congenital fibrinogen abnormalities. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1983; 408: 121-30.
41. Strickland DM, Galey WT, Hauth JC. Hypofibrinogenemia as a cause of delayed postpartum hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 143: 230-1.
42. Hanss M, Biot F. A database for human fibrinogen variants. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 936: 89-90.
43. Haverkate F, Samama M. Familial dysfibrinogenemia and thrombophilia. Report on a study of the SSC Subcommittee on Fibrinogen. Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 151-61.
44. Takala T, Oksa H, Rasi V, Tuimala R. Dysfibrinogenemia associated with thrombosis and third-trimester fetal loss. A case report. J Reprod Med 1991; 36: 410-2.
45. Edwards RZ, Rijhsinghani A. Dysfibrinogenemia and placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 1043.
46. Yamanaka Y, Takeuchi K, Sugimoto M et al. Dysfibrinogenemia during pregnancy treated successfully with fibrinogen. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 972-3.
47. Peyvandi F, Mannucci PM. Rare coagulation disorders. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: 1207-14.
48. Girolami A, Scarano L, Saggiorato G et al. Congenital deficiencies and abnormalities of prothrombin. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1998; 9: 557-69.
49. Catanzarite VA, Novotny WF, Cousins LM, Schneider JM. Pregnancies in a patient with congenital absence of prothrombin activity: Case report. Am J Perinatol 1997; 14: 135-8.
50. Guidelines on the selection and use of therapeutic products to treat haemophilia and other hereditary bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2003; 9: 1-23.
51. Girolami A, Scandellari R, Lombardi AM et al. Pregnancy and oral contraceptives in factor V deficiency: A study of 22 patients (five homozygotes and 17 heterozygotes) and review of the literature. Haemophilia 2005; 11: 26-30.
52. Lak M, Sharifian R, Peyvandi F, Mannucci PM. Symptoms of inherited factor V deficiency in 35 Iranian patients. Br J Haematol 1998; 103: 1067-9.
53. Noia G, De Carolis S, De Stefano V et al. Factor V deficiency in pregnancy complicated by Rh immunization and placenta previa. A case report and review of the literature. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76: 890-2.
54. Fajardo LF, Silvert D. Pregnancy and Ac-globulin deficiency; report of a case. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1957; 74: 909-14.
55. Fadel HE, Krauss JS. Factor VII deficiency and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 73: 453-4.
56. Mannucci PM, Duga S, Peyvandi F. Recessively inherited coagulation disorders. Blood 2004; 104: 1243-52.
57. Triplett DA, Brandt JT, Batard MA, Dixon JL, Fair DS. Hereditary factor VII deficiency: Heterogeneity defined by combined functional and immunochemical analysis. Blood 1985; 66: 1284-7.
58. Jimenez-Yuste V, Villar A, Morado M et al. Continuous infusion of recombinant activated factor VII during caesarean section delivery in a patient with congenital factor VII deficiency. Haemophilia 2000; 6: 588-90.
59. Peyvandi F, Mannucci PM, Lak M et al. Congenital factor X deficiency: spectrum of bleeding symptoms in 32 Iranian patients. Br J Haematol 1998; 102: 626-8.
60. Knight RD, Barr CF, Alving BM. Replacement therapy for congenital Factor X deficiency. Transfusion 1985; 25: 78-80.
61. Girolami A, Randi ML, Ruzzon E et al. Pregnancy and oral contraceptives in congenital bleeding disorders of the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Acta Haematol 2006; 115: 58-63.
62. Kumar M, Mehta P. Congenital coagulopathies and pregnancy: Report of four pregnancies in a factor X-deficient woman. Am J Hematol 1994; 46: 241-4.
63. Rezig K, Diar N, Benabidallah D, Audibert J. Factor X deficiency and pregnancy. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2002; 21: 521-4.
64. Girolami A, Lazzarin M, Scarpa R, Brunetti A. Further studies on the abnormal factor X (factor X Friuli) coagulation disorder: A report of another family. Blood 1971; 37: 534-41.
65. Larrain C. Congenital blood coagulation factor X deficiency. Successful result of the use prothrombin concentrated complex in the control of ++ cesarean section hemorrhage in 2 pregnancies. Rev Med Chil 1994; 122: 1178-83.
66. Romagnolo C, Burati S, Ciaffoni S et al. Severe factor X deficiency in pregnancy: Case report and review of the literature. Haemophilia 2004; 10: 665-8.
67. de Sousa C, Clark T, Bradshaw A. Antenatally diagnosed subdural haemorrhage in congenital factor X deficiency. Arch Dis Child 1988; 63: 1168-70.
68. Seligsohn U. Factor XI deficiency. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70: 68-71.
69. Peyvandi F, Lak M, Mannucci PM. Factor XI deficiency in Iranians: Its clinical manifestations in comparison with those of classic hemophilia. Haematologica 2002; 87: 512-4.
70. Rapaport SI, Proctor RR, Patch MJ, Yettra M. The mode of inheritance of PTA deficiency: Evidence for the existence of major PTA deficiency and minor PTA deficiency. Blood 1961; 18: 149-65.
71. Leiba H, Ramot B, Many A. Heredity and coagulation studies in ten families with Factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) deficiency. Br J Haematol 1965; 11: 654-65.
72. Bolton-Maggs PH, Young Wan-Yin B, McCraw AH, Slack J, Kernoff PB. Inheritance and bleeding in factor XI deficiency. Br J Haematol 1988; 69: 521-8.
73. Bolton-Maggs PH, Patterson DA, Wensley RT, Tuddenham EG. Definition of the bleeding tendency in factor XI-deficient kindreds - a clinical and laboratory study. Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 194-202.
74. Ragni MV, Sinha D, Seaman F et al. Comparison of bleeding tendency, factor XI coagulant activity, and factor XI antigen in 25 factor XI-deficient kindreds. Blood 1985; 65: 719-24.
75. Salomon O, Steinberg DM, Tamarin I, Zivelin A, Seligsohn U. Plasma replacement therapy during labor is not mandatory for women with severe factor XI deficiency. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2005; 16: 37-41.
76. Bolton-Maggs PH. The management of factor XI deficiency. Haemophilia 1998; 4: 683-8.
77. Bolton-Maggs PH, Colvin BT, Satchi BT, Lee CA, Lucas GS. Thrombogenic potential of factor XI concentrate. Lancet 1994; 344: 748-9.
78. Billon S, Le Niger C, Escoffre-Barbe M, Vicariot M, Abgrall JF. The use of recombinant factor VIIa (NovoSeven) in a patient with a factor XI deficiency and a circulating anticoagulant. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2001; 12: 551-3.
79. O'Connell NM. Factor XI deficiency - from molecular genetics to clinical management. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2003; 14(Suppl 1):S59-64.
80. Bern MM, Sahud M, Zhukov O, Qu K, Mitchell W Jr. Treatment of factor XI inhibitor using recombinant activated factor VIIa. Haemophilia 2005; 11: 20-5.
81. Mannucci PM, Bauer KA, Santagostino E et al. Activation of the coagulation cascade after infusion of a factor XI concentrate in congenitally deficient patients. Blood 1994; 84: 1314-9.
82. Girolami A, Sartori MT, Simioni P. An updated classification of factor XIII defect. Br J Haematol 1991; 77: 565-6.
83. Mikkola H, Muszbek L, Laiho E et al. Molecular mechanism of a mild phenotype in coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency: A splicing mutation permitting partial correct splicing of FXIII A-subunit mRNA. Blood 1997; 89: 1279-87.
84. Kobayashi T, Terao T, Kojima T et al. Congenital factor XIII deficiency with treatment of factor XIII concentrate and normal vaginal delivery. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990; 29: 235-8.
85. Asahina T, Kobayashi T, Okada Y et al. Studies on the role of adhesive proteins in maintaining pregnancy. Horm Res 1998; 50 (Suppl 2):37-45.
86. Board PG, Losowsky MS, Miloszewski KJ. Factor XIII: Inherited and acquired deficiency. Blood Rev 1993; 7: 229-42.
87. Fukue H, Arai M. Factor XIIIA subunit deficiency. Jpn J Thromb Hemost 2001; 12: 66-73.
88. Padmanabhan LD, Mhaskar R, Mhaskar A, Ross CR. Factor XIII deficiency: A rare cause of repeated abortions. Singapore Med J 2004; 45: 186-7.
89. McMahon MJ, James AH. Combined deficiency of factors II, VII, IX, and X (Borgschulte-Grigsby deficiency) in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97: 808-9.
90. Millar DS, Cooper DN, Kakar VV, Schwartz M, Scheibel E. Prenatal exclusion of severe factor VII deficiency by DNA sequencing. Lancet 1992; 339: 1359.
91. McVey JH, Boswell EJ, Takamiya O et al. Exclusion of the first EGF domain of factor VII by a splice site mutation causes lethal factor VII deficiency. Blood 1998; 92: 920-6.
92. Giansily-Blaizot M, Aguilar-Martinez P, Mazurier C et al. Prenatal diagnosis of severe factor VII deficiency using mutation detection and linkage analysis. Br J Haematol 2001; 112: 251-2.
93. Ariffin H, Millar DS, Cooper DN, Chow T, Lin HP. Prenatal exclusion of severe factor VII deficiency. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003; 25: 418-20.
94. Camire R, Ann DR, Day GA III et al. Prenatal diagnosis of factor X using a combination of direct mutation detection and linkage analysis with an intragenic single nucleotide polymorphism. Prenat Diagn 2003; 23: 457-60.
95. Ingerslev J, Herlin T, Sorense B et al. Severe factor X deficiency in a pair of siblings: Clinical presentation phenotypic and genotypic features, prenatal diagnosis and treatment. Haemophilia 2007; 13: 334-6.
96. Kangsadalampai S, Coggan M, Caglayan SH, Aktuglu G, Board PG. Application of HUMF 13A01(AAAG)n STR polymorphism to the genetic diagnosis of coagulation factor XIII deficiency. Thromb Haemost 1996; 76: 879-82.
97. Killick CJ, Barton CJ, Aslam S, Standen G. Prenatal diagnosis in factor XIII-A deficiency. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999; 80: F238-9.
98. Shetty S, Ghosh K. Robustness of factor assays following cordocentesis in the prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia and other bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2007; 13: 172-7.
99. Mota L, Ghosh K, Shetty S. Second trimester antenatal diagnosis in rare coagulation factor deficiencies. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2007; 29: 137-9.
100. Lee CA, Chi C, Pavord SR et al. The obstetric and gynaecological management of women with inherited bleeding disorders - review with guidelines produced by a taskforce of UK Haemophilia Centre Doctors' Organization. Haemophilia 2006; 12: 301-36.
101. Walker ID, Walker JJ, Colvin BT et al. Investigation and management of haemorrhagic disorders in pregnancy. Haemostasis and Thrombosis Task Force. J Clin Pathol 1994; 47: 100-8.
102. Ljung R, Lindgren AC, Petrini P, Tengborn L. Normal vaginal delivery is to be recommended for haemophilia carrier gravidae. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83: 609-11.
103. Kulkarni R, Lusher JM, Henry RC, Kallen DJ. Current practices regarding newborn intracranial haemorrhage and obstetrical care and mode of delivery of pregnant haemophilia carriers: A survey of obstetricians, neonatologists and haematologists in the United States, on behalf of the National Hemophilia Foundation's Medical and Scientific Advisory Council. Haemophilia 1999; 5: 410-5.
104. Chediak JR, Alban GM, Maxey B. von Willebrand's disease and pregnancy: management during delivery and outcome of offspring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155: 618-24.
105. Michaud JL, Rivard GE, Chessex P. Intracranial hemorrhage in a newborn with hemophilia following elective cesarean section. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1991; 13: 473-5.
106. Kadir RA, Economides DL, Braithwaite J, Goldman E, Lee CA. The obstetric experience of carriers of haemophilia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 803-10.
107. Anim-Somuah M, Smyth R, Howell C. Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 4: Art.
108. Juul J, Lie B, Friberg Nielsen S. Epidural analgesia vs. general anesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998; 67: 203-6.
109. Lie B, Juul J. Effect of epidural vs. general anesthesia on breastfeeding. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1988; 67: 207-9.
110. Evans CM, Murphy JF, Gray OP, Rosen M. Epidural versus general anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Effect on Apgar score and acid-base status of newborn. Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 778-82.
111. Crawford JS. Some maternal complications of epidural analgesia for labour. Anaesthesia 1985; 40: 1219-25.
112. Scott DB, Hibbard BM. Serious non-fatal complications associated with extradural block in obstetric practice. Br J Anaesth 1990; 64: 527-41.
113. Vandermeulen EP, Van Aken H, Vermylen J. Anticoagulants and spinalepidural anesthesia. Anesth Analog 1994; 79: 1165-77.
114. Abramovitz S, Beilin Y. Thrombocytopenia, low molecular weight heparin and obstetric anesthesia. Anesthesiol Clin North America 2003; 21: 99-109.
115. Chi C, Lee CA, Kadir RA et al. Intrapartum pain relief in women with inherited bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2006; 12(Suppl 2): 146 (abstract).
116. Begley CM, Devane D, Murrohy CJ et al. Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; CD007412.
117. Gulmezoglu AM, Forna F, Villar J, Hofmeyr GJ. Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD000494.
118. Khan RU, El Refaey H. Pharmacokinetics and adverse-effect profile of rectally administered misoprostol in the third stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101: 968-74.
119. Hofmeyr GJ, Walraven G, Gulmezoglu AM et al. Misoprostol to treat postpartum haemorrhage: A systematic review. BJOG 2005; 112: 547-53.
120. Greer IA, Lowe GD, Walker JJ, Forbes CD. Haemorrhagic problems in obstetrics and gynaecology in patients with congenital coagulopathies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 909-18.
121. Mannucci PM. The choice of plasma-derived clotting factor concentrates. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1996; 9: 273-90.
122. Azzi A, Ciappi S, Zakvrzewska K et al. Human parvovirus B19 infection in hemophiliacs first infused with two high-purity, virally attenuated factor VIII concentrates. Am J Hematol 1992; 39: 228-30.
123. Mannucci PM, Gdovin S, Gringeri A et al. Transmission of hepatitis A to patients with hemophilia by factor VIII concentrates treated with organic solvent and detergent to inactivate viruses. The Italian Collaborative Group. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 1-7.
124. Lusher JM. Clinical guidelines for treating von Willebrand disease patients who are not candidates for DDAVP - a survey of European physicians. Haemophilia 1998; 4(Suppl 3): 11-4.
125. Stones RW, Paterson CM, Saunders NJ. Risk factors for major obstetric haemorrhage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1993; 48: 15-8.
126. Sheiner E, Sarid L, Levy A, Seidman DS, Hallak M. Obstetric risk factors and outcome of pregnancies complicated with early postpartum hemorrhage: a population-based study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005; 18: 149-54.