The origins and early days of the three Rs concept

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 255-265

  Balls, Michael ^a  

^a RUSSELL AND BURCH HOUSE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alternatives; Animal experimentation; Nottingham University; Reduction; Refinement; Replacement; Russell Archive; Three Rs; UFAW

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; INTROSPECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLICATION; REVIEW; UNITED KINGDOM; UNIVERSITY;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 69849093585     PISSN: 02611929     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/026119290903700306     Document Type: Review

References (32)

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2. Hume, C.W. (1959). Man and Beast, 222pp. South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts., UK: UFAW.
3. Russell, W.M.S. & Burch, R.L. (1995). Prefatory note. ATLA 23, 11-13.
4. Reprinted in ATLA 37, 267-268, 2009.
5. Burch, R.L. (1995). The progress of humane experimental technique since 1959: a personal view. ATLA 23, 776-783.
6. Reprinted in ATLA 37, 269-275, 2009.
7. Russell, W.M.S. (1999). The progress of humane experimental technique. ATLA 27, 915-922.
8. Reprinted in ATLA 37, 277-283, 2009.
9. Russell, W.M.S. (2005). The Three Rs: past, present and future. Animal Welfare 14, 279-286.
10. Worden, A.N., ed. (1947). The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals, 368pp. London, UK: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox.
11. Balls, M. (2008). Professor W.M.S. Russell (1925-2006); Doyen of the Three Rs. AATEX 14, Special Issue, 1-7.
12. Burch, R.L. (1954). Letter dated 18 October 1954 to W.M.S. Russell. WCR Archive.
13. Russell, W.M.S. (1954). Letter dated 9 November 1954 to R.L. Burch. WCR Archive.
14. Russell, W.M.S. (1996). In Editorial: Rex Leonard Burch (1926-1996). ATLA 24, 313-316.
15. Russell, W.M.S. (1959). Letter dated 22 July 1959 to D.J.B. Copp. WCR Archive.
16. Smyth, D.H. (1978). Alternatives to Animal Experiments, 218pp. London: Scolar Press.
17. Hegarty, T. (1971). Alternatives. In Animals, Men and Morals (ed. S. Godlovitch, R. Godlovitch & J. Harris). London, UK: Gollanz.
18. Russell, W.M.S. (1995). W.M.S. Russell speech at the Awards Luncheon. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences: Education, Research and Testing (ed. A.M. Goldberg & L.M. van Zutphen). Alternative Methods in Toxicology and the Life Sciences 11, 71-80. New York, NY, USA: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
19. Burch, R.L. (1954). Attachment to letter dated 18 October 1954 to W.M.S. Russell. WCR Archive.
20. Russell, W.M.S. (1954). Attachment to letter dated 9 November 1954 to R.L. Burch. WCR Archive.
21. Hume, W.W. (1954). Attachment dated 16 November 1954 to letter to P.B. Medawar. WCR Archive.
22. Medawar, P.B. (1954). Letter dated 22 November 1954 to W.M.S. Russell. WCR Archive.
23. Russell, W.M.S. (1955). A research on the history and progress of human experimental techniques. UFAW Courier 11, 16-20.
24. Russell, W.M.S. (1957). The increase of humanity in experimentation: replacement, reduction, refinement. Collected Papers of the Laboratory Animals 6, 23-25.
25. Porter, H. (2009). Renewal, reform, responsibility - the three 'Rs' every MP needs to learn. The Observer, Sunday, 17 May 2009. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/may/17/mps-expenses-commons-reform- conservatives-labour-cameron (Accessed 25.05.09).
26. Renee, M. (2009). Breaking through the Three "R"oadblocks to success. The Huffington Post, 25 May 2009. Available at: http://www. huffingtonpost.com/michelle-renee/breaking-through-the-thre-b-199473.html (Accessed 25.05.09).
27. Hurlbut, R.R. (1997). The Three R's of use case formalism: realization, refinement and reification. Available at: http://www.iit.edu/~rhurlbut/xpt-tr- 97-06.html (Accessed 25.05.09).
28. Hume, C.W. (1957). Letter dated 20 August 1957 to W.M.S. Russell. WCR Archive.
29. Balls, M. (2009). The Three Rs and the Humanity Criterion. xix + 131 pp. Nottingham, UK: FRAME.
30. Balls, M. (2009). Preface to the abridged version. In The Three Rs and the Humanity Criterion (by M. Balls), vii-xv. Nottingham, UK: FRAME.
31. Russell, W.M.S. & Burch, R.L. (1994). Memorandum to Michael Balls from W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch. Undated, but given to MB by RLB on 4 August 1994.
32. Stephens, M. (2006). Remembering William Russell. ATLA 34, 474-476.