A protocol for sampling vascular epiphyte richness and abundance

Journal of Tropical Ecology

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 107-121

  Wolf, Jan H D ^a   Gradstein, S Robbert ^b   Nadkarni, Nalini M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^c EVERGREEN STATE COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Autocorrelation; Bromeliads; Colombia; Community ecology; Mexico; Multivariate analysis; Oak forest; Species diversity

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; EPIPHYTE; SAMPLING; SIZE EFFECT; SPATIAL VARIATION; SPECIES RICHNESS;

QUERCUS CARMENENSIS;

EID: 69749094209     PISSN: 02664674     EISSN: 14697831     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0266467408005786     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. AIKEN, L. S. & WEST, S. G. 1991. Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. SAGE Publications, Newbury Park. 211 pp.
2. ANNASELVAM, J. & PARTHASARATHY, N. 2001. Diversity and distribution of herbaceous vascular epiphytes in a tropical evergreen forest at Varagalaiar, Western Ghats, India. Biodiversity and Conservation 10:317-329. (Pubitemid 32386123)
3. BADER, M., VAN DUNNÉ, H. J. F. & STUIVER, H. J. 2000. Epiphyte distribution in a secondary cloud forest vegetation; a case study of the application of GIS in epiphyte ecology. Ecotropica 6:181-195.
4. BARKER, M. G. & PINARD, M. A. 2001. Forest canopy research: sampling problems, and some solutions. Plant Ecology 153: 23-28.
5. BARKMAN, J. J. 1958. On the ecology of cryptogamic epiphytes-with special reference to The Netherlands. Van Gorcum & Comp. N.V., Assen. 628 pp.
6. BARTAREAU, T. & SKULL, S. 1994. The effects of past fire regimes on the structural characteristics of coastal plain Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaert. woodlands and the distribution patterns of epiphytes (Dendrobium canaliculatum R. Br., Dischidia nummularia R. Br.) in Northeastern Queensland. Biotropica 26:118-123.
7. BENAVIDES, A. M., DUQUE, A. J., DUIVENVOORDEN, J. F., VASCO, G. A. & CALLEJAS, R. 2005. A first quantitative census of vascular epiphytes in rain forests of Colombian Amazonia. Biodiversity and Conservation 14:739-758.
8. BENAVIDES, A. M., WOLF, J. H. D. & DUIVENVOORDEN, J. F. 2006. Recovery and succession of epiphytes in upper Amazonian fallows. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22:705-717.
9. BENNETT, B. C. 1986. Patchiness, diversity, and abundance relationships of vascular epiphytes. Selbyana 9:70-75.
10. BERGSTROM, D. M. & TWEEDIE, C. E. 1998. A conceptual model for integrative studies of epiphytes: nitrogen utilisation, a case study. Australian Journal of Botany 46:273-280.
11. BORCARD, D. & LEGENDRE, P. 2002. All-scale spatial analysis of ecological data by means of principal coordinates of neighbour matrices. Ecological Modelling 153:51-68.
12. BORCARD, D., LEGENDRE, P. & DRAPEAU, P. 1992. Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation.Ecology 73:1045-1055.
13. BORCARD, D., LEGENDRE, P., AVOIS-JACQUET, C. & TUOMISTO, H. 2004. Dissecting the spatial structure of ecological data at multiple scales. Ecology 85:1826-1832.
14. BURNS, K. C. & DAWSON, J. 2005. Patterns in the diversity and distribution of epiphytes and vines in a New Zealand forest. Austral Ecology 30:891-899.
15. CASCANTE-MAŔIN, A. 2006. Establishment, reproduction and genetics of epiphytic bromeliad communities in successional premontane forests, Costa Rica. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
16. CASCANTE-MAŔIN, A., WOLF, J. H. D., OOSTERMEIJER, J. G. B., DEN NIJS, J. C. M., SANAHUJA, O. & DURÁ N-APUY, A. 2006. Epiphytic bromeliad communities in secondary and mature forest in a tropical premontane area. Basic and Applied Ecology 7:520-532.
17. CATLING, P. M., BROWNELL, V. R. & LEFKOVITCH, L. P. 1986. Epiphytic orchids in a Belizean grapefruit orchard: distribution, colonization and association. Lindleyana 1:194-202.
18. CHAO, A. 1984. Nonparametric estimation of the number of classes in a population. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 11:265-270.
19. CLARK, P. J. & EVANS, F. C. 1954. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measureofspatialrelationshipsinpopulations. Ecology35:445-453.
20. COLWELL, R. K. & CODDINGTON, J. K. 1994. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Series B) 345:101-118.
21. COTTAM, G. & CURTIS, J. T. 1956. The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling. Ecology 37:451-460.
22. D'ALONZO, K. T. 2004. The Johnson-Neyman procedure as an alternativetoANCOVA.Western Journal of Nursing Research 26:804-812.
23. DIAL, R. & TOBIN, S. C. 1994. Description of arborist methods for forest canopy access and movement. Selbyana 15:24-37.
24. DRAY, S., LEGENDRE, P. & PERES-NETO, P. R. 2006. Spatial modelling: a comprehensive framework for principal coordinate analysis of neighbour matrices (PCNM). Ecological Modelling 196:483-493.
25. DUNN, R. R. 2000. Bromeliad communities in isolated trees and three successional stages of an Andean cloud forest in Ecuador. Selbyana 21:137-143.
26. FLORES-PALACIOS, A. & GARCIA-FRANCO, J. G. 2006. The relationship between tree size and epiphyte species richness: testing four different hypotheses. Journal of Biogeography 33:323-330.
27. GENTRY, A. H. & DODSON, C. H. 1987a. Contribution of nontrees to species richness of a tropical rain forest. Biotropica 19:149-156.
28. GENTRY, A. H. & DODSON, C. H. 1987b. Diversity and biogeography of neotropical vascular epiphytes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74:205-233.
29. GONZÁLEZ-ESPINOSA, M., QUINTANA-ASCENCIO, P. F., RAḾIREZ-MARCIAL, N. & GAYATÁ N-GUZMÁN, P. 1991. Secondary succession in disturbed Pinus-Quercus forests in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science 2:351-360.
30. GOTTSBERGER, G. & DÖ RING, J. 1995. COPAS. An innovative technology for long-term studies of tropical rain forest canopies. Phyton (Horn, Austria) 35:165-173.
31. GRADSTEIN, S. R., HIETZ, P., LÜCKING, R., LÜCKING, A., SIPMAN, H.J.M., VESTER, H.F.M., WOLF, J.H.D. & GARDETTE, E.1 996.How to sample the epiphytic diversity of tropical rain forests. Ecotropica 2:59-72.
32. GRADSTEIN, S. R., NADKARNI, N. M., KRÖMER, T., HOLZ, I. & NÖSKE, N. 2003. A protocol for rapid and representative sampling of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte diversity of tropical rain forests. Selbyana 24:105-111.
33. HIETZ, P. 2005. Conservation of vascular epiphyte diversity in Mexican coffee plantations. Conservation Biology 19:391-399.
34. HIETZ, P. & HIETZ-SEIFERT, U. 1995. Structure and ecology of epiphyte communities of a cloud forest in central Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science 6:719-728. (Pubitemid 3009072)
35. HIETZ-SEIFERT, U., HIETZ, P. & GUEVARA, S. 1996. Epiphyte vegetation and diversity on remnant trees after forest clearance in southern Veracruz, Mexico. Biological Conservation 75:103-111.
36. HOLZ, I. & GRADSTEIN, S. R. 2005. Cryptogamic epiphytes in primary and recovering upper montane oak forests of Costa Rica-species richness, community composition and ecology. Plant Ecology 178:89-109.
37. HSU, C. C., HORNG, F. W. & KUO, C. M. 2002. Epiphyte biomass and nutrient capital of a moist subtropical forest in north-eastern Taiwan. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18:659-670.
38. HUITEMA, B. E. 1980. The analysis of covariance and alternatives. Wiley, New York. 460 pp.
39. JOHANSSON, D. 1974. Ecology of vascular epiphytes in west African rain forest. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 59:1-123.
40. JOHNSON, P. O. & NEYMAN, J. 1936. Tests of certain linear hypotheses and their application to some educational problems. Statistical Research Memoirs 1:57-93.
41. JONGMAN, R. H. G., TER BRAAK, C. J. F. & VAN TONGEREN, O. F. R. 1987. Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Pudoc, Wageningen. 299 pp.
42. KEPPEL, G. 1991. Design and analysis: a researcher's handbook. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs. 672 pp.
43. LAMAN, T. G. 1995. Safety recommendations for climbing rain forest trees with single rope technique. Biotropica 27:406-409.
44. LAUBE, S. & ZOTZ, G. 2006. Neither host-specific nor random: vascular epiphytes on three tree species in a Panamanian lowland forest. Annals of Botany 97:1103-1114.
45. LEGENDRE, P. & LEGENDRE, L. 1998. Numericalecology. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. 853 pp.
46. MADISON, M. 1979. Distribution of epiphytes in a rubber plantation in Sarawak. Selbyana 5:107-115.
47. MAGURRAN, A. E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 179 pp.
48. MCCUNE, B. 1990. Rapid estimation of abundance of epiphytes on branches. The Bryologist 93:39-43.
49. MITCHELL, A. W., SECOY, K. & JACKSON, T. 2002. The Global Canopy handbook. Techniques of access and study in the forest roof. Global Canopy Programme, Oxford. 248 pp.
50. MOFFETT, M. W. 1993. The high frontier: exploring the tropical rain forest canopy. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 192 pp.
51. MUIR, P. S., NORMAN, K. N. & SIKES, K. G. 2006. Quantity and value of commercial moss harvest from forests of the Pacific Northwest and Appalachian regions of the U.S. Bryologist 109:197-214.
52. NADKARNI, N. M. & PARKER, G. G. 1994. A profile of forest canopy science and scientists-who we are, what we want to know, and obstacles we face: results of an international survey. Selbyana 15:38-50.
53. NIEDER, J. & ZOTZ, G. 1998. Methods of analyzing the structure and dynamics of vascular epiphyte communities. Ecotropica 4:33-39.
54. NIEDER, J., ENGWALD, S., KLAWUN, M. & BARTHLOTT, W. 2000. Spatial distribution of vascular epiphytes (including hemiepiphytes) inalowlandAmazonianrainforest(Surumonicraneplot)ofsouthern Venezuela. Biotropica 32:385-396.
55. OCHSNER, F. 1935. Oekologische Untersuchungen an Epiphytenstan-dorten. Bericht über das Geobotanische Forschungsinstitut Rübel in Z ürich 60:69-80.
56. PARKER, G.G., SMITH, A.P. & HOGAN, K.P. 1992. Accesstothe upper forest canopy with a large tower crane: sampling the treetops in three dimensions. BioScience 42:664-671.
57. PERRY, D. R. 1978. A method of access into the crowns of emergent and canopy trees. Biotropica 10:155-157.
58. REICHARD, J. S. 2002. A computer program for use with pace and compass exercises. Journal of Geoscience Education 50:544-548.
59. SANFORD, W. W. 1968. Distribution of epiphytic orchids in semi-deciduous tropical forest in southern Nigeria. Journal of Ecology 56:697-705.
60. SCHIMPER, A. F. W. 1888. Die epiphytische Vegetation Amerikas. Botanische Mittheilungen aus den Tropen, Heft 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena. 162 pp.
61. SCHULTEA, R. P. O., EGBERT, A., LANTING, A. B. & HAWKINS, M. J. 2005. A new family of Fisher-curves estimates Fisher's alpha more accurately. Journal of Theoretical Biology 232:305-313.
62. SOKAL, R. R. & ROHLF, F. J. 1981. Biometry. W.H. Freeman and Company, London.
63. TER BRAAK, C. J. F. 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67:1167-1179.
64. TER BRAAK, C. J. F. 1988. CANOCO-an extension of DECORANA to analyze species-environment relationships. Vegetatio 75:159-160.
65. TER STEEGE, H. & CORNELISSEN, J.H.C. 1988. Collecting and studying bryophytesin the canopy of standing rain forest trees. Pp. 285-290 in Glime, J. M. (ed.). Methods in bryology. Hattori Botanical Laboratory, Nichinan.
66. VAN OYE, P. 1924. Sur l'écologie des épiphytes de la surface des troncs d'arbres à Java. Revue Géńerale Botanique 36:12-30, 68-83.
67. WENT, F. W. 1940. Soziologie der Epiphyten eines tropischen Urwaldes. Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 50:1-98.
68. WERNER, F. A., HOMEIER, J. & GRADSTEIN, S. R. 2005. Diversity of vascular epiphytes on isolated remnant trees in the montane forest belt of southern Ecuador. Ecotropica 11:21-40.
69. WESTHOFF, V. & Van Der MAAREL, E. 1973. The Braun-Blanquet approach. Handbook of Vegetation Science 5:617-726.
70. WHITEACRE, D. F. 1981. Additional techniques and safety hints for climbing tall trees, and some equipment and information sources. Biotropica 13:286-291.
71. WOLF, J. H. D. 1993a. Epiphyte communities of tropical montane rain forests in the northern Andes. I. Lower montane communities. Phytocoenologia 22:1-52.
72. WOLF, J. H. D. 1993b. Epiphyte communities of tropical montane rain forests in the northern Andes. II. Upper montane communities. Phytocoenologia 22:53-103.
73. WOLF, J.H.D. 1994. Factors controlling the distribution of vascular and nonvascular epiphytes in the northern Andes. Vegetatio 112:15-28.
74. WOLF, J. H. D. 2005. The response of epiphytes to anthropogenic disturbance of pine-oak forests in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 212:376-393.
75. WOLF, J. H. D. & FLAMENCO-S., A. 2003. Patterns in species richness and distribution of vascular epiphytes in Chiapas, Mexico. Journal of Biogeography 30:1689-1707.
76. WOLF, J. H. D. & KONINGS, C. J. F. 2001. Toward the sustainable harvesting of epiphytic bromeliads: a pilot study from the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Biological Conservation 101:23-31.
77. ZIMMERMAN, J. K. & OLMSTED, I. C. 1992. Host tree utilization by vascular epiphytes in a seasonally inundated forest (Tintal)in Mexico. Biotropica 24:402-407.
78. ZOTZ, G. 2007a. Johansson revisited: the spatial structure of epiphyte assemblages. Journal of Vegetation Science 18:123-130.
79. ZOTZ, G. 2007b. The population structureof the vascular epiphytesin a lowland forest in Panama correlates with species abundance. Journal of Tropical Ecology 23:337-342.
80. ZOTZ, G. & SCHULTZ, S. 2008. The vascular epiphytes of a lowland forest in Panama-species composition and spatial structure. Plant Ecology 195:131-141.
81. ZOTZ, G. & VOLLRATH, B. 2003. The epiphyte vegetation of the palm Socratea exorrhiza-correlations with tree size, tree age and bryophyte cover. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19:81-90.
82. ZOTZ, G., BERMEJO, P. & DIETZ, H. 1999. The epiphyte vegetation of Annona glabra on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Journal of Biogeography 26:761-776.