Analysis of power consumption in future high-capacity network nodes

Journal of Optical Communications and Networking

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 245-258

  Aleksi, Slavšia ^a  

^a VIENNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

Author keywords

Fiber optics and optical communications; Network node architecture; Power consumption; Routers and switches

Indexed keywords

ALL-OPTICAL; APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES; CIRCUIT SWITCHING; CORE NETWORKS; EDGE NODES; ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGIES; EXTREME CASE; FEATURE SIZES; FIBER OPTICS AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS; FLOW AGGREGATION; FUTURE NETWORKS; HIGH-CAPACITY; LIMITING FACTORS; LOW-POWER CONSUMPTION; NETWORK CAPACITY; NETWORK NODE; NETWORK NODE ARCHITECTURE; OPTICAL BUFFER; OPTICAL CIRCUIT SWITCHING; OPTICAL SWITCHING; PACKET-SWITCHED; POSSIBLE FUTURES; POWER CONSUMPTION; POWER EFFICIENT; PROCESSING SPEED; SI CMOS; SWITCHED ARCHITECTURE; TOTAL POWER CONSUMPTION; TRANSMISSION BIT-RATE; UPPER AND LOWER BOUNDS;

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN; CMOS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS; COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE; CONTROL THEORY; LIGHT TRANSMISSION; OPTICAL COMMUNICATION; OPTICAL MATERIALS; OPTICAL SWITCHES; OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES; PACKET SWITCHING; PHOTONICS; SWITCHING;

ELECTRIC POWER UTILIZATION;

EID: 69649106683     PISSN: 19430620     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/JOCN.1.000245     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. I. Keslassy, S.-T. Chuang, K. Yu, D. Miller, M. Horowitz, O. Solgaard, and N. McKeown, "Scaling internet routers using optics," in Proc. 2003 Conf. on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications, Karlsruhe, Germany, Aug. 25-29, 2003, pp. 189-200.
2. Intel IXP2855 Network Processor, Intel Corporation, http://www.intel.com/ networkprocessors.
3. Cisco IP Router CR1, Cisco Systems, http://www.cisco.com.
4. Juniper Networks, T Series Routing Platforms, http://www.juniper.net.
5. H. J. Chao, K.-L. Deng, and Z. Jing, "Petastar: a petabit photonic packet switch," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol.21, pp. 1096-1112, 2003.
6. C. Fraleigh, S. Moon, B. Lyles, C. Cotton, M. Khan, D. Moll, R. Rockell, T. Seely, and C. Diot, "Packet-level traffic measurements from the sprint IP backbone," IEEE Netw. Mag., vol.17, no.6, pp. 6-16, Nov.-Dec 2002.
7. A. Banerjee, J. Drake, J. Lang, B. Turner, D. Awduche, L. Berger, K. Kompella, and Y. Rekhter, "Generalized multiprotocol label switching: an overview of signaling enhancements and recovery techniques," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.39, no.7, pp. 144-151, July 2001.
8. A. Banerjee, J. Drake, J. Lang, B. Turner, K. Kompella, and Y. Rekhter, "Generalized multiprotocol label switching: an overview of routing and management enhancements," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.39, no.1, pp. 144-150, Jan. 2001.
9. ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector, "Architecture for the automatic switched transport network (ASTN)," ITU-T Rec. G.807/Y.1302 ed, Nov. 2001.
10. G. Bernstein, B. Rajagopalan, and D. Spears, "OIF UNI 1.0- controlling optical networks," White paper, Optical Internetworking Forum, 2001.
11. ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector, "Optical transport network (OTN)," ITU-T Rec. G.709/Y1331 ed., Mar. 2003.
12. ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector, "Optical transport hierarchy," ITU-T Rec. G.871/Y.1301 ed., 2000.
13. P. Molinero-Fernández and N. McKeown, "TCP switching: exposing circuits to IP," IEEE MICRO, vol.22, no.1, pp. 82-89, Jan.-Feb. 2002.
14. E. W. M. Wong and M. Zukerman, "Analysis of an optical hybrid switch," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol.10, pp. 108-110, 2006.
15. N. Yamanaka and K. Shiomoto, "DTM: dynamic transfer mode based on dynamically assigned short-hold time-slot relay," IE-ICE Trans. Commun., E-82b, pp. 439-446, 1999.
16. J. Baert, M. De Leenheer, B. Volckaert, T. Wauters, P. Thyse-baert, F. De Turck, B. Dhoedt, and P. Demeester, "Hybrid optical switching for data-intensive media grid applications," in Proc. of the Workshop on Design of Next Generation Optical Networks, Ghent, Belgium, Feb. 2006, pp. 9-14.
17. S. Bjørnstad, L. E. Eriksen, and D. R. Hjelme, "The OpMiGua multiservice optical hybrid packet/circuit switched network supporting TV-broadcasting QoS requirements," in 2006 Int. Conf. on Transparent Optical Networks, Nottingham, UK, June 18-22, 2006, vol.3, pp. 219-224.
18. C. M. Gauger, P. J. Kuhn, E. Van Breusegem, M. Pickavet, and P. Demeester, "Hybrid optical network architectures: bringing packets and circuits together," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.44, no.8, pp. 36-42, Aug. 2006.
19. H. R. van As, "Time for a change in electronic and photonic switching," in 10th Anniversary Int. Conf. on Transparent Optical Networks, 2008. ICTON 2008, Athens, Greece, June 22-26, 2008, vol.1, pp. 140-143.
20. R. S. Tucker, The role of optics and electronics in high-capacity routers, J. Lightwave Technol., vol.24, pp. 4655-4673, 2006.
21. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2005 ed., http://www.itrs.net.
22. G. Epps, D. Tsiang, and T. Boures, "System power challenges," presented at Cisco Routing Research Seminar, Aug. 29-30, 2006.
23. "IEEE P802.3ba 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s ethernet task force," http://www.ieee802.org/3/ba/.
24. S. Chandrasekhar, X. Liu, E. C. Burrows, and L. L. Buhl, "Hybrid 107-Gb/s polarization-multiplexed DQPSK and 42.7 DQPSK transmission at 1.4-bits/s/Hz spectral efficiency over 1280 km of SSMF and 4 bandwidth-managed ROADMs," presented at 33rd European Conf. and Exhibition on Optical Communications, Berlin, Germany, Sept. 16-20, 2007, paper PD 1.92.
25. C. R. S. Fludger, T. Duthel, D. van den Borne, C. Schulien, E.-D. Scmidt, T. Wuth, E. de Man, G. D. Khoe, and H. de Waardt, "10X111 Gbit/s, 50 GHz spaced, POLMUX-RZ-DQPSK transmission over 2375 km employing coherent equalisation," in Optical Fiber Communication Conf. and Exposition and The Nat. Fiber Optic Engineers Conf., Anaheim, CA, March 25, 2007, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD), Washington, DC: Optical Society of America, 2007, paper PDP22.
26. H. Masuda, A. Sano, T. Kobayashi, E. Yoshida, Y Miyamoto, Y. Hibino, K. Hagimoto, T. Yamada, T. Furuta, and H. Fukuyama, "20.4-Tb/s (204X111 Gb/s) transmission over 240 km using hybrid Raman/EDFAs," in Optical Fiber Communication Conf. and Exposition and The Nat. Fiber Optic Engineers Conf., Anaheim, CA, March 25, 2007, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD), Washington, DC: Optical Society of America, 2007, paper PDP20.
27. P. J. Winzer, G. Raybon, C. R. Doerr, L. L. Buhl, T. Kawanishi, T. Sakamoto, M. Izutsu, and K. Higuma, "2000-km WDM transmission of 10 X 107-Gb/s RZ-DQPSK," presented at European Conf. on Optical Communication, Cannes, France, Sept. 24-28, 2006, paper Th 4.1.3.
28. P. J. Winzer, G. Raybon, C. R. Doerr, M. Duelk, and C. Dorrer, "107-Gb/s optical signal generation using electronic time-division multiplexing," J. Lightwave Technol., vol.24, pp. 3107-3113, 2006.
29. R. H. Derksen, G. Lehmann, C.-J. Weiske, C. Schubert, R. Lud-wig, S. Ferber, C. Schmidt-Langenhorst, M. Moeller, and J. Lutz, "Integrated 100 Gbit/s ETDM receiver in a transmission experiment over 480 km DMF," in Optical Fiber Communication Conf. and Exposition and The Nat. Fiber Optic Engineers Conf., Anaheim, CA, March 5, 2006, Technical Digest (CD), Washington, DC: Optical Society of America, 2006, paper PDP37.
30. P. J. Winzer, G. Raybon, H. Song, A. Adamiecki, S. Corteselli, A. H. Gnauck, D. A. Fishman, C. R. Doerr, S. Chandrasekhar, L. L. Buhl, T. J. Xia, G. Wellbrock, W Lee, B. Basch, T. Kawanishi, K Higuma, and Y Painchaud, "100-Gb/s DQPSK transmission: from laboratory experiments to field trials," J. Lightwave Technol., vol.26, no.20, pp. 3388-3402, 2008.
31. SHF Communication Technologies AG, http://www.shf.de.
32. R.-E. Makon, R. Driad, K. Schneider, M. Ludwig, R. Aidam, R. Quay, M. Schlechtweg, and G. Weimann, "80 Gbit/s monolithi-cally integrated clock and data recovery circuit with 1:2 DE-MUX using InP-based DHBTs," in IEEE Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symp., 2005, CSIC '05, Palm Springs, CA, Oct. 30-Nov. 2005, pp. 268-271.
33. EM4, Inc., http://www.em4inc.com/.
34. u2t Photonics AG, http://www.u2t.de/.
35. Broadcom, Corporation, http://www.broadcom.com/.
36. C. Clos, "A study of non-blocking switching networks," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol.32, pp. 406-424, 1953.
37. K.-H. Tsai and D.-W Wang, "Lower bounds for wide-sense non-blocking Clos network," in Computing and Combinatorics: 4th Annual Int. Conf., Taipei, Taiwan, August 1998, pp. 213-218, vol.1449 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Berlin, Germany: Springer, 1998.
38. N. Sahri, D. Prieto, S. Silvestre, D. Keller, F. Pommereau, M. Renaud, O. Rofidal, A. Dupas, F. Dorgueille, and D. Chiaroni, "A highly integrated 32-SOA gates optoelectronic module suitable for IP milti-terabit optical packet routers," in Optical Fiber Communication Conf. and Exhibit, 2001. OFC 2001, Anaheim, CA, 2001, vol.4, pp. PD32-1-PD32-3.
39. T. Hatta, T. Miyahara, Y. Miyazaki, K. Takagi, K. Matsumoto, T. Aoyagi, K. Motoshima, K. Mishina, A. Maruta, and K. Ki-tayama, "Polarization- insensitive monolithic 40-Gbps SOA-MZI wavelength converter with narrow active waveguides," IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., vol.13, pp. 32-39, 2007.
40. D. Wolfson, A. Kloch, T. Fjelde, C. Janz, B. Dagens, and M. Renaud, "40-Gb/s all-optical wavelength conversion, regeneration, and demultiplexing in an SOA-based all-active Mach-Zehnder interferometer," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol.12, pp. 3332-3334, 2000.
41. M. Y. Jeon, Y. A. Leem, D. C. Kim, E. Sim, S.-B. Kim, H. Ko, D. S. Yee, and K. H. Park, "40 Gbps all-optical 3R regeneration and format conversion with related InP-based semiconductor devices," ETRIJ., vol.29, pp. 633-640, 2007.
42. J. P. Wang, S. J. Savage, B. S. Robinson, S. A. Hamilton, E. P. Ippen, R. Mu, H. Wang, L. Spiekman, and B. B. Stefanov, "Regeneration using an SOA-MZI in a 100-pass 10,000-km recir-culating fiber loop," in Conf. on Lasers and Electro-Optics / Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conf. and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Baltimore, MD, May 6, 2007, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD), Washington, DC: Optical Society of America, 2007, paper CMZ1.
43. W Mao, X. Wang, M. Al-Mumin, and G. Li, "40 Gb/s all-optical clock recovery using three section self-pulsation DFB lasers," in Optical Fiber Communication Conf., Baltimore, MD, March 7, 2000, OSA Technical Digest Series, Washington, DC: Optical Society of America, 2000, paper ThF2, pp. 79-80.
44. C. Bornholdt, B. Sartorius, S. Schelhase, M. Möhrle, and S. Bauer, "Self-pulsating DFB laser for all-optical clock recovery at 40 Gbit/s," Electron. Lett., vol.36, pp. 327-328, 2000.
45. O. Leclerc, B. Lavigne, B. Balmefrezol, P. Brindel, L. Pierre, D. Rouvillain, and F. Seguineau, "All-optical signal regeneration: from first principles to a 40 Gbit/s system demonstration," C. R. Phys., vol.4, no.1, pp. 163-173, Jan.-Feb. 2003.
46. J. P. Mack, H. N. Poulsen, and D. J. Blumenthal, "40Gb/s autonomous optical packet synchronizer," in Optical Fiber Communication Conf. and Exposition and The Nat. Fiber Optic Engineers Conf., San Diego, CA, Feb. 24, 2008, OSA Technical Digest (CD), Washington, DC: Optical Society of America, 2008, paper OTuD3.
47. A. Stavdas, A. Salis, A. Dupas, and D. Chiaroni, "All-optical packet synchronizer for slotted core/metropolitan networks," J. Opt. Netw., vol.7, pp. 88-93, 2008.
48. T. Sakamoto, A. Okada, M. Hirayama, Y. Sakai, O. Moriwaki, I. Ogawa, R. Sato, K. Noguchi, and M. Matsuoka, "Optical packet synchronizer using wavelength and space switching," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol.14, pp. 1360-1362, 2002.
49. Z. Hu, J. Sun, L. Liu, and J. Wang, "All-optical tunable delay line based on wavelength conversion in semiconductor optical amplifiers and dispersion in dispersion-compensating fiber," Appl. Phys. B, vol.91, nos. 3-4, pp. 421-424, June 2008.
50. M. Yano, F. Yamagishi, and T. Tsuda, "Optical MEMS for photonic switching-compact and stable optical crossconnect switches for simple, fast, and flexible wavelength applications in recent photonic networks," IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., vol.11, pp. 383-394, 2005.
51. Crosspoint Switches VSC3040, VSC3004, and VSC3008, Vitesse Semiconductor Corporation, http://www.vitesse.com/ products
52. C. Kromer, G. Sialm, C. Berger, T. Morf, M. L. Schmatz, F. El-linger, D. Erni, G.-L. Bona, and H. Jäckel, "A 100-mW 410 Gb/s transceiver in 80-nm CMOS for high-density optical interconnects," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.40, pp. 2667-2679, 2005.
53. P. T. Wolkotte, G. J. M. Smit, G. K. Rauwerda, and L. T. Smit, "An energy-efficient reconfigurable circuit-switched network-on-chip," in 19th IEEE Int. Parallel and Distributed Processing Symp., 2005. Proceedings, Denver, CO, Apr. 4-8, 2005, paper A155.
54. P.-H. Pham, Y. Kumar, and C. Kim, "High performance and area-efficient circuit-switched network on chip design," in The 6th IEEE Int. Conf. on Computer and Information Technology, 2006. CIT '06, Seoul, South Korea, Sept. 2006, p. 243.
55. K.-C. Chang, J.-S. Shen, and T.-F. Chen, "Tailoring circuit-switched network-on-chip to application-specific system-on-chip by two optimization schemes," in ACM Trans. Design Au-tom. Electron. Syst., vol.13, no.1, article 12, Jan. 2008.
56. Extreme Networks, Inc., "Black diamond 20808 switch," http:// www.extremenetworks.com/.
57. R. F. Kalman, L. G. Kazovsky, and J. W Goodman, "Space division switches based on semiconductor optical amplifiers," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol.4, pp. 1040-1051, 1992.
58. N. A. Olsson, "Lightwave systems with optical amplifiers," J. Lightwave Technol., vol.7, pp. 1071-1082, 1989.
59. S. Tanaka, S.-H. Jeong, S. Yamazaki, S. Tomabechi, A. Uetake, M. Ekawa, and K. Morito, "Polarization-insensitive monolithically-integrated 8:1 SOAgate switch with large gain and high extinction ratio," in Optical Fiber Communication Conf. and Exposition and The Nat. Fiber Optic Engineers Conf., San Diego, CA, Feb. 24, 2008, OSA Technical Digest (CD), Washington, DC: Optical Society of America, 2008, paper OWE2.