The father of ethology and the foster mother of ducks : Konrad lorenz as expert on motherhood

ISIS

Volumn 100, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 263-291

  Vicedo, Marga ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; DUCK; EMOTION; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; ETHOLOGY; FATHER; HISTORY; HUMAN; LEARNING; MOTHER; PSYCHOANALYSIS;

AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; DUCKS; EMOTIONS; ETHOLOGY; FATHERS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; IMPRINTING (PSYCHOLOGY); MODELS, ANIMAL; MOTHERS; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PARENTING; PSYCHOANALYSIS;

EID: 69649100684     PISSN: 00211753     EISSN: 15456994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/599553     Document Type: Article

References (184)

1. This is how Lorenz described himself to René Spitz and how Spitz introduced him at a conference: " Introduction, " p. 1, Box M2116, Folder 7: Lorenz 1970, René Spitz Papers, Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
2. Richard W. Burkhardt, Patterns of Behavior: Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2005).
3. Klaus Taschwer and Benedikt Föger, Konrad Lorenz: Biographie (Vienna: Zsolnay, 2003).
4. Hans Kruuk, Niko's Nature: A Life of Niko Tinbergen and His Science of Animal Behavior (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2003).
5. John R. Durant, " Innate Character in Animals and Man: A Perspective on the Origins of Ethology, " in Biology, Medicine, and Society, ed. Charles Webster (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1981), pp. 157-192.
6. Durant, " The Making of Ethology: The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour, 1936-1986, " Animal Behaviour, 1986, 34:1601-1616.
7. Theodora J. Kalikow, " History of Konrad Lorenz's Ethological Theory, 1927-1939: The Role of Meta-theory, Theory, Anomaly, and New Discoveries in a Scientific 'Evolution, '" Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 1975, 6:331-341.
8. Robert J. Richards, " The Innate and the Learned: The Evolution of Konrad Lorenz's Theory of Instinct, " Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 1974, 4:111-133.
9. Ingo Brigandt, " The Instinct Concept of the Early Konrad Lorenz, " Journal of the History of Biology, 2005, 38:571- 608.
10. Paul E. Griffiths, " Instinct in the '50s: The British Reception of Konrad Lorenz's Theory of Instinctive Behavior, " Biology and Philosophy, 2004, 19:609-631.
11. Nadine Weidman, " Gender and Aggression in 1960s Pop Ethology: Lorenz and Storr at the Animal-Human Boundary, " paper presented at the annual meeting of the History of Science Society, Pittsburgh, 2008.
12. Burkhardt, Patterns of Behavior, pp. 239-240. As Burkhardt reveals, Lorenz wrote to the ornithologist Erwin Stresemann with the news that his former mentor in psychology had been jailed, possibly for having a Jewish wife. Lorenz hoped he could take over Bu"hler's professorship at the University of Vienna and codirect his research institute, but this plan did not materialize.
13. For the early observations of birds see Konrad Lorenz, " Beobachtung an Dohlen, " Journal of Ornithology, 1927, 75:511-519.
14. Lorenz, " Beiträge zur Ethologie sozialer Corviden, " ibid., 1931, 79:67-127.
15. Lorenz, " Beobachtetes über das Fliegen der Vögel und über die Beziehungen der Flügel- und Steuerform zur Art des Fluges, " ibid., 1932, 81:107-236.
16. The 1935 paper was initially published in German: Lorenz, " Der Kumpan in der Umwelt des Vogels, " ibid., 1935, 83:137-215.
17. There were two partial translations into English: Lorenz, " The Companion in the Bird's World, " Auk, 1937, 54:245-273.
18. Lorenz, " Companionship in Bird Life, " in Instinctive Behavior, ed. Claire H. Schiller (New York: International Univ. Press, 1957), pp. 83-128. Finally, for a complete translation.
19. Lorenz, " Companions as Factors in the Bird's Environment: The Conspecific as the Eliciting Factor for Social Behaviour Patterns, " in Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1970), pp. 101-258.
20. this version will be cited throughout this essay.
21. Lorenz, " Companions as Factors in the Bird's Environment, " p. 122.
22. Konrad Lorenz, " Betrachtungen über das Erkennen der arteigenen Triebhandlungen der Vögel, " J. Ornithol., 1932, 80:50 -98.
23. trans. into English as Lorenz, " A Consideration of Methods of Identification of Species-Specific Instinctive Behaviour Patterns in Birds, " in Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Vol. 1, pp. 57-100 (see esp. p. 65).
24. Lorenz, " Über die Bildung des Instinktbegriffes, " Naturwissenschaften, 1937, 25:289 -300.
25. trans. into English as Lorenz, " The Nature of Instinct, " in Instinctive Behavior, ed. Schiller, pp. 129-175 (see esp. p. 137). For more on instincts.
26. Lorenz, " U die;ber den Begriff der Instinkthandlung, " Folia Biotheoretica, 1937, B2:17-50.
27. Brigandt, " Instinct Concept of the Early Konrad Lorenz" (cit. n. 2).
28. Richards, " The Innate and the Learned" (cit. n. 2).
29. Lorenz, " Companions as Factors in the Bird's Environment" (cit. n. 4).
30. W. Craig, " Appetites and Aversions as Constituents of Instincts, " Biological Bulletin, 1918, 34:91-107.
31. Lorenz, " Nature of Instinct" (cit. n. 5), pp. 141-143.
32. Lorenz, " Companions as Factors in the Bird's Environment" (cit. n. 4), pp. 126-128, on p. 126.
33. Lorenz, " Companions as Factors in the Bird's Environment" (cit. n. 4), pp. 126-128, on p. 126.
34. Ibid., p. 168.
35. Ibid., p. 165.
36. Ibid., p. 244.
37. Ibid., p. 258. I discuss Lorenz's views on degeneration in Section VI.
38. Konrad Lorenz, " Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung, " Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1943, 5:235-409 (here and throughout this essay, translations into English are mine unless otherwise indicated).
39. Konrad Lorenz, " Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung, " Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1943, 5, Ibid., p. 274.
40. Ibid., p. 276.
41. Konrad Lorenz, " The Comparative Method in Studying Innate Behaviour Patterns, " Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 1950, 4:221-268, on pp. 263, 265.
42. See also William James, Principles of Psychology (1890; New York: Holt, 1900), p. 442.
43. John B. Watson, Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1919), p. 231.
44. William McDougall, An Introduction to Social Psychology (1908; Boston: Luce, 1916), p. 29.
45. Lorenz, " Comparative Method in Studying Innate Behaviour Patterns, " p. 265.Niko Tinbergen, The Study of Instinct (Oxford: Clarendon, 1951).
46. Albert Deutsch, " World Mental Health Congress Tackle Causes of War and Peace, " New York Times, 7 Nov. 1947. On the turn to psychology to address social issues and the cultural power of psychology in the postwar era.
47. Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: Univ. California Press, 1995).
48. For contemporary assessments of the difficulties in veterans' readjustment see George K. Pratt, Soldier to Civilian: Problems of Readjustment (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1944).
49. Therese Benedek, Insight and Personality Adjustment: A Study of the Psychological Effects of War (New York: Ronald, 1946). For historical analyses.
50. Rebecca Jo Plant, " The Veteran, His Wife, and Their Mothers: Prescriptions for Psychological Rehabilitation after World War II, " in Tales of the Great American Victory: World War II in Politics and Poetics, ed. Diederik Oostdijk and Markha G. Valenta (Amsterdam: Vrije Univ. Press, 2006), pp. 95-106.
51. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic, 1988). For treatments of the changing roles of women.
52. Susan M. Hartmann, " Prescriptions for Penelope: Literature on Women's Obligations to Returning World War II Veterans, " Women's Studies, 1978, 5:223-239.
53. Steven Mintz and Susan Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life (New York: Free Press, 1988).
54. Nancy Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2000).
55. Gordon W. Allport, " Scientific Models and Human Morals, " Psychological Review, 1947, 54:182-192, on p. 189. On the rise of emotions and instincts in American society and science.
56. Marga Vicedo, " Just the Right Amount of Mother Love: Science Disciplines the Maternal Instinct in Postwar America, " unpublished MS, 2008.
57. Sigmund Freud, " On Narcissism: An Introduction" (1914), in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey in collaboration with Anna Freud, assisted by Alix Strachey and Alan Tyson (London: Hogarth, 1953-1974), Vol. 14, pp. 67-102, on p. 78.
58. A. Freud and Dorothy T. Burlingham, War and Children: A Message to American Parents (New York: International Univ. Press, 1943).
59. David M. Levy, " Primary Affect Hunger, " American Journal of Psychiatry, 1937, 94:643- 652.
60. Margaret Ribble, The Rights of Infants: Early Psychological Needs and Their Satisfaction (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1943), pp. 8, 13 (Ribble's first name is sometimes given as " Margaret, " sometimes as " Margarethe" ).
61. Therese Benedek, " The Psychosomatic Implications of the Primary Unit: Mother-Child, " American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1949, 19:642- 654.
62. René A. Spitz, " Hospitalism: An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood, " Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1945, 1:53-74.
63. Spitz, " Hospitalism: A Follow-up Report, " ibid., 1946, 2:113-117.
64. ibid., pp. 313-342
65. John Bowlby, Child Care and the Growth of Love, abridged and ed. by Margery Fry (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1953), pp. 57, 59.
66. this volume is based on Bowlby, Maternal Care and Mental Health (Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 3) (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1951), pp. 355-539.
67. Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1942).
68. Edward A. Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons: The Psychiatrist Examines an American Problem (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1946). On Wylie and views about motherhood in postwar America.
69. Rebecca Jo Plant, Mom: The Transformation of Motherhood in Modern America (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, forthcoming). For a discussion of momism in the context of psychoanalytic views about child rearing and their relation to studies of national character.
70. Mari Jo Buhle, Feminism and Its Discontents: A Century of Struggle with Psychoanalysis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1998), Ch. 4. On momism.
71. Ruth Feldstein, Motherhood in Black and White: Race and Sex in American Liberalism, 1930-1965 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 2000).
72. Erik H. Erikson, Childhood and Society (New York: Norton, 1950).
73. Geoffrey Gorer, The American People: A Study in National Character (New York: Norton, 1948).
74. Ashley Montagu, "The Origins and Meaning of Love," in The Meaning of Love, ed. Montagu (New York: Julian, 1953), pp. 3-22, on pp. 18, 19.
75. Pitirim A. Sorokin and Robert C. Hanson, " The Power of Creative Love, " ibid., pp. 97-159.
76. Ruth Bloch, " American Feminine Ideals in Transition: The Rise of the Moral Mother, 1785-1815, " Feminist Studies, 1978, 4:101-126.
77. Jan Lewis, " Mother's Love: The Construction of an Emotion in Nineteenth- Century America, " in Mothers and Motherhood: Readings in American History, ed. Rima D. Apple and Janet Golden (Columbus: Ohio State Univ. Press, 1997), pp. 52-71.
78. Ashley Montagu, " The Triumph and Tragedy of the American Woman, " Saturday Review, 27 Sept. 1958, 41(3):13-15, 34-35, on pp. 34, 14. On these debates see May, Homeward Bound (cit. n. 20).
79. Maxine L. Margolis, Mothers and Such: Views of American Women and Why They Changed (Berkeley: Univ. California Press, 1984).
80. Marga Vicedo, " The Social Nature of the Mother's Tie to Her Child: John Bowlby's Theory of Attachment in Post-War America, " unpublished MS, 2008.
81. Samuel R. Pinneau, " A Critique of the Articles by Margaret Ribble, " Child Development, 1950, 21:203- 228, on p. 222.
82. he is citing Harold Orlansky, " Infant Care and Personality, " Psychological Bulletin, 1949, 46:1- 48, on p. 12.
83. David M. Levy, " Psychosomatic Studies of Some Aspects of Maternal Behavior, " Psychosomatic Medicine, 1942, 4:223-227, on p. 223. The turn to biology also fit well with the " medicalization" of psychoanalysis that took place in America and that scholars have shown speeded up during World War II.
84. Buhle, Feminism and Its Discontents (cit. n. 26), p. 9.
85. J. S. Kennedy, " Is Modern Ethology Objective?" British Journal of Animal Behaviour, 1954, 2:12-19, pointed out some of the similarities between ethology and psychoanalysis.
86. Konrad Lorenz, " U" ber angeborene Instinktformeln beim Menschen, " Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1953, 78:1566 -1569, 1600-1604, esp. p. 1603.
87. The proceedings of the study group meetings were published by Tavistock in 1956 (both the 1953 and the 1954 meetings), 1958, and 1960. They were later collected in an edition that ran the four volumes consecutively: J. M. Tanner and Baurbel Inhelder, eds., Discussions on Child Development (London: Tavistock, 1971).
88. all citations here are to this edition.
89. Bowlby, in Tanner and Inhelder, eds., Discussions on Child Development, Vol. 1, p. 27.
90. Konrad Lorenz, " Memorandum on Ethology, " 7 Jan. 1953, PP/BOW/4/32, John Bowlby Papers, Wellcome Library, Archives and Manuscripts, London.
91. Lorenz, in Tanner and Inhelder, eds., Discussions on Child Development, Vol. 1, p. 117.
92. Lorenz, in Tanner and Inhelder, eds., Discussions on Child Development, Vol. 1, pp. 215, 216, 211.
93. Lorenz, in Tanner and Inhelder, eds., Discussions on Child Development, Vol. 1, pp. 215, 216, 211.
94. 39 Ibid., p. 222.
95. 40 Ibid., p. 223.
96. See Tinbergen, Study of Instinct (cit. n. 18), pp. 44-45.
97. Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen, " Taxis und Instinkthandlung in der Eirollbewegung der Graugans, " Z. Tierpsychol., 1938, 2:1-29.
98. Lorenz called them " merkantiler Attrappensversuche" in " Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung" (cit. n. 13), p. 398.
99. Leta S. Hollingworth, " Social Devices for Impelling Women to Bear and Rear Children, " American Journal of Sociology, 1916, 22:19 -29.
100. Ruth Reed, " Changing Conceptions of the Maternal Instinct, " Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, 1923, 18:78-87. On the maternal instinct.
101. Marga Vicedo, " Human Nature and Mother Love: A History of the Maternal Instinct" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard Univ., 2005).
102. Lorenz in Tanner and Inhelder, eds., Discussions on Child Development (cit. n. 35), Vol. 1, pp. 227-228.
103. ibid., p. 228.
104. Lorenz, in Tanner and Inhelder, eds., Discussions on Child Development, Vol. 3, pp. 36, 69; see also p. 45.
105. Lorenz's most popular book was King Solomon's Ring (New York: Crowell, 1952). In some editions it included a subtitle: " He Spoke with the Beasts, the Birds, and the Fish".
106. this was the title of the German edition: Er redete mit dem Vieh, den Vo"geln und den Fischen (Vienna: Borotha-Schoeler, 1949). On Lorenz's focus on parental behavior in his films.
107. Gregg Mitman, Reel Nature: America's Romance with Wildlife on Film (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1999).
108. " An Adopted Mother Goose: Filling A Parent's Role, a Scientist Studies Goslings' Behavior, " Life Magazine, July/Aug. 1955, 39:73-78. For an analysis of Lorenz's role as " mother" of the animals he studied see Marga Vicedo, " Outside or Inside the Animal? Konrad Lorenz on Intuition and Empathy in the Study of Animal Behavior, " unpublished MS, 2008.
109. Abraham Myerson, " Let's Quit Blaming Mom, " Science Digest, 1951, 29:10 -15, on p. 11.
110. William H. Sewell, " Infant Training and the Personality of the Child, " Amer. J. Sociol., 1952, 58:150 -159, on p. 151.
111. Samuel R. Pinneau, " The Infantile Disorders of Hospitalism and Anaclitic Depression, " Psychol. Bull., 1955, 52:429-452, on p. 448 (see also pp. 453 ff for Spitz's reply).
112. René Spitz, untitled introduction to Lorenz's talk, p. 3, 11 Jan. 1970, Box M2116, Folder 7: Lorenz 1970, Spitz Papers.
113. Spitz, The First Year of Life: A Psychoanalytic Study of Normal and Deviant Development of Object Relations, with W. Godfrey Cobliner (New York: International Univ. Press, 1965), p. 118.
114. Therese Benedek, " The Organization of the Reproductive Drive, " International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1960, 41:1-15, on pp. 1, 9.
115. Benedek, " The Psychobiology of Pregnancy, " in Parenthood: Its Psychology and Psychopathology, ed. E. James Anthony and Benedek (1970; London: Aronson, 1996), pp. 137-151, on p. 137.
116. ibid., pp. 153-165.
117. Therese Benedek, " Fatherhood and Providing, " in Parenthood, ed. Anthony and Benedek, pp. 167-183, on p. 169.
118. John Bowlby, " The Nature of the Child's Tie to His Mother, " Int. J. Psychoanal., 1958, 39:350 -373, on pp. 351, 362.
119. Ibid., p. 361.
120. Mortimer Osrow, " Psychoanalysis and Ethology, " Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1960, 8:526 -534. For later reviews.
121. Leonard S. Zegans, " An Appraisal of Ethological Contributions to Psychiatric Theory and Research, " Amer. J. Psychiatr., 1967, 124:729 -739.
122. For Bowlby's view on the reception of his work by psychoanalysts see John Bowlby to Yven Gauthier, 14 Mar. 1984, PP/BOW/B2/4, Bowlby Papers. For responses to Bowlby's presentation of " Grief and Mourning in Infancy and Early Childhood, " Psychoanal. Stud. Child, 1960, 15:3-39.
123. Max Schur, " Discussion of Dr. John Bowlby's Paper, " ibid., pp. 63-68.
124. René Spitz, " Discussion of Dr. Bowlby's Paper, " ibid., pp. 85-94. For the history of the focus of psychoanalysis on object relations and the implications of Bowlby's turn to biology.
125. Jay R. Greenberg and Stephen A. Mitchell, Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1983).
126. Marga Vicedo, " Bios and Psyche: The Maternal Instinct in Psychoanalysis from Freud to John Bowlby, " unpublished MS, 2008.
127. Lawrence Casler, " Maternal Deprivation: A Critical Review of the Literature, " Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1961, 26(2) (Serial No. 80), pp. 1-63, on p. 9.
128. N. O'Connor, " The Evidence for the Permanently Disturbing Effects of Mother-Child Separation, " Acta Psychologica, 1956, 12:174 -191.
129. 97-165ibid., pp. 97-165.
130. Bowlby, " Nature of the Child's Tie to His Mother" (cit. n. 52), p. 369.
131. Evelyn Fox Keller, " Physics and the Emergence of Molecular Biology: A History of Cognitive and Political Synergy, " J. Hist. Biol., 1990, 23:389-409, esp. p. 390. On the history and significance of objectivity in science.
132. Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison, Objectivity (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2007).
133. Daniel Lehrman, " A Critique of Konrad Lorenz's Theory of Instinctive Behavior, " Quarterly Review of Biology, 1953, 28:337-363.
134. Robert Hinde, " Ethological Models and the Concept of 'Drive, '" British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1956, 6:321-331.
135. Hinde, " Unitary Drives, " Animal Behav., 1959, 7:130 -140.
136. Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression (London: Methuen, 1966).
137. this text was originally published in German: Lorenz, Das sogenannte Böse: Zur Naturgeschichte der Aggression (Vienna: Borotha-Schoeler, 1963). For a collection of critical responses.
138. Ashley Montagu, ed., Man and Aggression (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1968).
139. Robert Hinde, " The Nature of Imprinting, " in Determinants of Infant Behaviour, II, ed. B. M. Foss (London: Methuen, 1963), pp. 227-233.
140. W. H. Thorpe, Learning and Instinct in Animals (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1956), p. 358.
141. Howard Moltz, " Imprinting: Empirical Basis and Theoretical Significance, " Psychol. Bull., 1960, 57:291-314, on p. 300.
142. Howard S. Hoffman and Alan M. Ratner, " A Reinforcement Model of Imprinting: Implications for Socialization in Monkeys and Men, " Psychol. Rev., 1973, 80:527-544, argue that the phenomenon can be explained with behavioral principles.
143. T. C. Schneirla and Jay Rosenblatt, " Critical Periods in the Development of Behavior, " Science, 1963, 139:1110, 1112-1114, esp. p. 1112.
144. Julian Jaynes, " Imprinting: The Interaction of Learned and Innate Behavior, I: Development and Generalization, " Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1956, 49:201-206.
145. Jaynes, " Imprinting: The Interaction of Learned and Innate Behavior, II: The Critical Period, " ibid., 1957, 50:6 -10.
146. Jaynes, " Imprinting: The Interaction of Learned and Innate Behavior, III: Practice Effects on Performance, Retention, and Fear, " ibid., 1958, 51:234 -237.
147. Jaynes, " Imprinting: The Interaction of Learned and Innate Behavior, IV: Generalization and Emergent Discrimination, " ibid., pp. 238-242.
148. E. H. Hess, " Imprinting, " Science, 1959, 130:133-141. For a review.
149. Gordon M. Burghardt, " Instinct and Innate Behavior: Toward an Ethological Psychology, " in The Study of Behavior, ed. John A. Nevin (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1973), pp. 323-400.
150. Konrad Lorenz to Eckhard Hess, 13 July 1964, Konrad Lorenz Papers, Konrad Lorenz Institute, Altenberg, Austria.
151. Lorenz is quoted in Joseph Alsop, " Profiles: A Condition of Enormous Improbability, " New Yorker, 8 Mar. 1969, pp. 39-93, on p. 65.
152. Lorenz to William Thorpe, 12 Mar. 1958, in W.TH/M/201.307 Add 8784 M 16, William Thorpe Papers, Cambridge University Library, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Cambridge.
153. " Editor's Preface, " in Konrad Lorenz, King Solomon's Ring (New York: Time, 1966), pp. vii-xiv, on p. xiv. I do not mean to suggest that child analysts were Lorenz's only supporters, as he had some followers in the field of animal research as well. Later in his life Lorenz was also very successful in Vienna among philosophers interested in his views about evolutionary epistemology and people interested in his views on ecology.
154. Konrad Lorenz, " Introduction, " in Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Vol. 1 (cit. n. 4), pp. xxii-xx, on p. xii.
155. Ibid., p. xii.
156. Alsop, " Profiles" (cit. n. 64), p. 82.
157. Brendan Gill, " The Unfinished Man" [rev. of Philip Roth, Portnoy's Complaint], New Yorker, 8 Mar. 1969, pp. 118-120, on p. 120.
158. Konrad Lorenz, in Ko"nigsberger Allgemeine Zeitung, 2 Nov. 1940.
159. Lorenz, " Über angeborene Instinktformeln beim Menschen" (cit. n. 34).
160. Lorenz, On Aggression (cit. n. 59), pp. 46, 113.
161. Spitz, First Year of Life (cit. n. 49), p. 300.
162. Spitz, " Discussion of Dr. Lorenz's Paper, " p. 12, 11 Jan. 1970, Box M2116, Folder 7: Lorenz 1970, Spitz Papers.
163. The Family, to Lorenz, Is All, " New York Times, 22 Jan. 1970.
164. " Rats, Apes, Naked Apes, Kipling, Instincts, Guilt, the Generations, and Instant Copulation-A Talk with Konrad Lorenz, " New York Times, 5 July 1970.
165. Burkhardt, Patterns of Behavior (cit. n. 2), Ch. 10. On Lorenz's racist writings and Nazi ideology.
166. Ute Deichmann, Biologists under Hitler (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1996), pp. 185-205.
167. Burkhardt, Patterns of Behavior.
168. Benedikt Föger and Klaus Taschwer, Die andere Seite des Spiegels: Konrad Lorenz und der Nationalsozialismus (Vienna: Czernin, 2001).
169. Taschwer and Föger, Konrad Lorenz (cit. n. 2).
170. Theo J. Kalikow, " Konrad Lorenz's Ethological Theory, 1939-1943: 'Explanations' of Human Thinking, Feeling, and Behaviour, " Phil. Soc. Sci., 1976, 6:15-34.
171. On eugenics see Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, 1865 to the Present (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities, 1995).
172. Press release: Karolinska Institutet, www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/ 1973.
173. To the surprise of many, Tinbergen talked about mothers in his acceptance speech, as he and his wife were at the time writing on autism. The story of how Tinbergen also ended up blaming mothers for some of their children's conditions and, specifically, autism is fascinating, but it is beyond the scope of this essay. I cover this in my current book project, tentatively entitled: The Nature and Nuture of Love: How Mother Love Became a Biological Instinct in Post-War America.
174. Konrad Lorenz, Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974), pp. 43, 48 (the German version had appeared in 1973). For Lorenz's early views on the perils of racial degeneration.
175. Lorenz, " Über Ausfallserscheinungen im Instinktverhalten von Haustieren und ihre sozialpsychologische Bedeutung, " in Charakter und Erziehung: Bericht über den 16. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in Bayreuth (Leipzig: Teubner, 1939), pp. 139-147.
176. Lorenz, " Durch Domestikation verursachte Störungen arteigenen Verhaltens, " Zeitschrift für Angewandte Psychologie und Charakterkunde, 1940, 59:2- 81. For a discussion of Lorenz and National Socialism.
177. Föger and Taschwer, Die andere Seite des Spiegels (cit. n. 76).
178. Burkhardt, Patterns of Behavior (cit. n. 2).
179. Lorenz, Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins, pp. 48, 53, 59.
180. Konrad Lorenz, quoted in " Nobel Laureate Watches Fish for Clues to Human Violence, " New York Times, 8 May 1977.
181. In the late 1950s, Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys raised with dolls as mother substitutes were also connected to Bowlby and Spitz, but analyzing these experiments is beyond the scope of this essay.
182. Marga Vicedo, " Mothers, Machines, and Morals: Harry Harlow's work on Primate Love from Lab to Legend, " Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 45, no. 3 forthcoming 2009.
183. See Alec Nisbett, Konrad Lorenz (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976).
184. Franz M. Wuketits, Konrad Lorenz: Leben und Werk eines grossen Naturforschers (Munich: Piper, 1990).