Accuracy of spencer-attix cavity theory and calculations of fluence correction factors for the air kerma formalism

Medical Physics

Volumn 36, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 4173-4183

  La Russa, D J ^a   Rogers, D W O ^a  

^a CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Air kerma; EGSnrc; Fluence perturbation correction; Primary standards; Spencer Attix cavity theory

Indexed keywords

CHARGED PARTICLES; IONIZATION CHAMBERS;

AIR KERMA; CAVITY THEORY; EGSNRC; PERTURBATION CORRECTION; PRIMARY STANDARDS;

CALCULATIONS;

ACCURACY; AIR; AIR KERMA; ARTICLE; CALCULATION; DOSIMETRY; IONIZATION CHAMBER; LOW ENERGY RADIATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPENCER ATTIX CAVITY THEORY; THEORY;

AIR; AIR PRESSURE; ALGORITHMS; ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS; COBALT RADIOISOTOPES; COPPER; ELECTRONS; GRAPHITE; LEAD; LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; PHOTONS; RADIATION; UNCERTAINTY;

EID: 69549133599     PISSN: 00942405     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1118/1.3174862     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. D. W. O. Rogers, in Advances in Radiation Oncology Physics, Medical Physics Monograph No. 19, edited by, J. Purdy, (AAPM, New York, 1992), pp. 181-223.
2. A. F. Bielajew, " Ionization cavity theory: A formal derivation of perturbation factors for thick-walled ion chambers in photon beams.," Phys. Med. Biol. 0031-9155 31, 161-170 (1986). 10.1088/0031-9155/31/2/005
3. D. W. O. Rogers and I. Kawrakow, " Monte Carlo calculated correction factors for primary standards of air-kerma.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 30, 521-543 (2003). 10.1118/1.1563663 (Pubitemid 36443956)
4. D. T. Burns, " A new approach to the determination of air kerma using primary-standard cavity ionization chambers.," Phys. Med. Biol. 0031-9155 51, 929-942 (2006). 10.1088/0031-9155/51/4/012
5. J. Borg, I. Kawrakow, D. W. O. Rogers, and J. P. Seuntjens, " Monte Carlo study of correction factors for Spencer-Attix cavity theory at photon energies at or above 100 keV.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 27, 1804-1813 (2000). 10.1118/1.1287054 (Pubitemid 30666356)
6. L. A. Buckley, I. Kawrakow, and D. W. O. Rogers, " An EGSnrc investigation of cavity theory for ion chambers measuring air kerma.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 30, 1211-1218 (2003). 10.1118/1.1573891 (Pubitemid 36735987)
7. L. V. Spencer and F. H. Attix, " A theory of cavity ionization.," Radiat. Res. 0033-7587 3, 239-254 (1955). 10.2307/3570326
8. F. H. Attix, L. DeLa Vergne, and V. H. Ritz, " Cavity ionization as a function of wall material.," J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 0160-1741 60, 235-243 (1958).
9. T. E. Burlin, " An experimental examination of theories relating the absorption of γ -ray energy in a medium to the ionization produced in a cavity.," Phys. Med. Biol. 0031-9155 6, 33-53 (1961). 10.1088/0031-9155/6/ 1/303
10. F. H. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry (Wiley, New York, 1986).
11. A. E. Nahum, " Water/air stopping-power ratios for megavoltage photon and electron beams.," Phys. Med. Biol. 0031-9155 23, 24-38 (1978). 10.1088/0031-9155/23/1/002
12. U. H. Nyström and A. E. Nahum, " A re-examination of the Spencer-Attix cavity integral.," Phys. Med. Biol. 0031-9155 37, 2143-2146 (1992). 10.1088/0031-9155/37/11/012
13. D. V. Cormack and H. E. Johns, " The measurement of high-energy radiation intensity.," Radiat. Res. 0033-7587 1, 133-157 (1954). 10.2307/3570293
14. G. N. Whyte, " Measurement of the Bragg-Gray stopping power correction.," Radiat. Res. 0033-7587 6, 371-379 (1957). 10.2307/3570618
15. D. J. La Russa and D. W. O. Rogers, " Accuracy of EGSnrc calculations of the response of various ion chambers to C 60 o beams.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 35, 5629-5640 (2008). 10.1118/1.3013701
16. D. W. O. Rogers, I. Kawrakow, J. P. Seuntjens, and B. R. B. Walters, " NRC user codes for EGSnrc.," National Research Council of Canada Technical Report No. PIRS-702, 2000, http://www.irs.inms.nrc.ca/inms/irs/EGSnrc/ EGSnrc.html.
17. I. Kawrakow, " Accurate condensed history Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport. I. EGSnrc, the new EGS4 version.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 27, 485-498 (2000). 10.1118/1.598917 (Pubitemid 30171797)
18. I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers, " The EGSnrc code system: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport.," National Research Council of Canada Technical Report No. PIRS-701, 2007, http://www.irs.inms.nrc. ca/inms/irs/EGSnrc/EGSnrc.html.
19. E. Mainegra-Hing, I. Kawrakow, and D. W. O. Rogers, " Calculations for plane-parallel ion chambers in C 60 o beams using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 30, 179-189 (2003). 10.1118/1.1536291 (Pubitemid 36222853)
20. I. Kawrakow, " Accurate condensed history Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport. II. Application to ion chamber response simulations.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 27, 499-513 (2000). 10.1118/1.598918 (Pubitemid 30171798)
21. G. Mora, A. Maio, and D. W. O. Rogers, " Monte Carlo simulation of a typical C 60 o therapy source.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 26, 2494-2502 (1999). 10.1118/1.598770
22. C. -M. Ma and A. E. Nahum, " Bragg-Gray theory and ion chamber dosimetry for photon beams.," Phys. Med. Biol. 0031-9155 36, 413-428 (1991). 10.1088/0031-9155/36/4/001
23. TP correction factor for ion chambers in kilovoltage x-rays.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 33, 4590-4599 (2006). 10.1118/1.2392407 (Pubitemid 44868096)
24. J. P. Seuntjens, I. Kawrakow, J. Borg, F. Hobeila, and D. W. O. Rogers, in " Recent developments in accurate radiation dosimetry.," Proceedings of the International Workshop, edited by, J. P. Seuntjens, and, P. Mobit, (Medical Physics, Madison, WI, 2002), pp. 69-84.
25. U. Fano, " Note on the Bragg-Gray cavity principle for measuring energy dissipation.," Radiat. Res. 0033-7587 1, 237-240 (1954). 10.2307/3570368
26. D. W. O. Rogers, " Fifty years of Monte Carlo simulations for medical physics.," Phys. Med. Biol. 0031-9155 51, R287-R301 (2006). 10.1088/0031-9155/51/13/R17 (Pubitemid 43958620)
27. P. J. Allisy-Roberts, D. T. Burns, and C. Kessler, " Summary of the BIPM.RI(I)-K1 comparison for air kerma in C 60 o gamma radiation.," Metrologia 0026-1394 44, 06006 (2007). 10.1088/0026-1394/44/1A/06006
28. ICRU, " Stopping powers for electrons and positrons.," ICRU Report No. 37 (ICRU, Washington, DC, 1984).
29. L. L. W. Wang and D. W. O. Rogers, " Calculation of the replacement correction factors for ion chambers in megavoltage beams by Monte Carlo simulation.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 35, 1747-1755 (2008). 10.1118/1.2898139 (Pubitemid 351614788)
30. A. C. A. Janssens, " Modified energy-deposition model, for the computation of the stopping-power ratio for small cavity sizes.," Phys. Rev. A 1050-2947 23, 1164-1176 (1981). 10.1103/PhysRevA.23.1164
31. E. S. M. Ali and D. W. O. Rogers, " Benchmarking EGSnrc in the kilovoltage energy range against experimental measurements of charged particle backscatter coefficients.," Phys. Med. Biol. 0031-9155 53, 1527-1543 (2008). 10.1088/0031-9155/53/6/002
32. L. L. W. Wang, D. J. La Russa, and D. W. O. Rogers, " Systematic uncertainties in the Monte Carlo calculation of ion chamber replacement correction factors.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 36, 1785-1789 (2009). 10.1118/1.3115982
33. M. J. Berger, " ESTAR, PSTAR and ASTAR: computer programs for calculating stopping-power and ranges for electrons, protons, and helium ions.," NIST Report No. NISTIR-4999, 1992, available online at http://physics.nist.gov/Star.
34. D. W. O. Rogers, G. M. Ewart, A. F. Bielajew, and G. van Dyk, " Calculation of electron contamination in a C 60 o therapy beam.," Proceedings of the IAEA International Symposium on Dosimetry in Radiotherapy (IAEA, Vienna, 1988), Vol 1, pp. 303-312.
35. E. Storm and H. I. Israel, " Photon cross sections from 1 keV to 100 MeV for elements Z=1 to Z=100.," At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 0092-640X 7, 565-681 (1970). 10.1016/S0092-640X(70)80017-1
36. M. J. Berger and J. H. Hubbell, " XCOM: Photon cross sections on a personal computer.," National Institute of Standards Technology Report No. NBSIR87-3597, 1987.
37. M. J. Berger, J. H. Hubbell, S. M. Seltzer, J. S. Coursey, and D. S. Zucker, " XCOM: Photon cross section database (version 1.2).," NIST Report, 1999, see http://physics.nist.gov/xcom.