메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 23, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 450-459

Deadly pluralism? why death-concept, death-definition, death-criterion and death-test pluralism should be allowed, even though it creates some problems

Author keywords

Death; Japan; Metaphysics; New Jersey; Pluralism; Rawls

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO DEATH; BIOETHICS; BRAIN DEATH; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; CULTURAL FACTOR; HUMAN; JAPAN; LEGAL ASPECT; METAPHYSICS; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; POLICY; RELIGION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 69549121943     PISSN: 02699702     EISSN: 14678519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00669.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (20)

References (73)
  • 1
    • 69549146791 scopus 로고
    • Uniform determination of death act
    • Supp
    • Uniform Determination of Death Act. 12 Uniform Laws Annotated 320 (1990 Supp.)
    • (1990) 12 Uniform Laws Annotated 320
  • 2
    • 69549148318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • It is important to distinguish between concepts of death, which must involve definitions of death, corresponding criteria for death and tests for death. When I discuss death concepts, death definitions, death criteria and tests for death, however, I will allow myself to refer to these as 'death concepts and their implications.'
  • 4
    • 0035183576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The brain and somatic integration: Insights into the standard rationale for equating 'brain death' with death
    • A. Shewmon. The Brain and Somatic Integration: Insights into the Standard Rationale for Equating 'Brain Death' with Death. J Med Philos 2001 26 : 457 478
    • (2001) J Med Philos , vol.26 , pp. 457-478
    • Shewmon, A.1
  • 5
    • 0036224540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Death, dying and donation: Organ transplantation and the diagnosis of death
    • Kerridge, I.H. et al. Death, Dying and Donation: Organ Transplantation and the Diagnosis of Death. J Med Ethics 2002 28 : 89 94.
    • (2002) J Med Ethics , vol.28 , pp. 89-94
    • Kerridge, I.H.1
  • 6
    • 0031554517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germany passes new transplant law
    • Goldbeck-Wood. S. Germany Passes New Transplant Law. BMJ 1997 315 : 7.
    • (1997) BMJ , vol.315 , pp. 7
    • Goldbeck-Wood, S.1
  • 7
    • 0026284714 scopus 로고
    • Brain death, religious freedom, and public policy: New Jersey's landmark legislative initiative
    • R.S. Olick. Brain Death, Religious Freedom, and Public Policy: New Jersey's Landmark Legislative Initiative. Kennedy Inst Ethics J 1991 1 : 285.
    • (1991) Kennedy Inst Ethics J , vol.1 , pp. 285
    • Olick, R.S.1
  • 8
    • 23744440096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The death of the whole-brain death: The plague of the disaggregators, somaticists and mentalists
    • R.M. Veatch. The Death of the Whole-Brain Death: The Plague of the Disaggregators, Somaticists and Mentalists. J Med Philos 2005 30 : 353 378
    • (2005) J Med Philos , vol.30 , pp. 353-378
    • Veatch, R.M.1
  • 9
    • 0003624191 scopus 로고
    • New York: Columbia University Press
    • J. Rawls. 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press;
    • (1993) Political Liberalism
    • Rawls, J.1
  • 10
    • 0004168076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press. Other philosophical approaches to pluralism are certainly also worth exploring, but I will allow myself to focus on the Rawlsian one.
    • J. Rawls. 1999a. The Laws of People. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press. Other philosophical approaches to pluralism are certainly also worth exploring, but I will allow myself to focus on the Rawlsian one.
    • (1999) The Laws of People
    • Rawls, J.1
  • 12
    • 69549094977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • This is the secular version of the traditional understanding of death in the West. In the religious (i.e. Christian) version, death is thought to occur when the soul is separated from the body. Of course, this phenomenon cannot be empirically observed but it was, historically, assumed to take place at the moment of irreversible cessation of breathing and/or irreversible cessation of cardiac activity. Compare the Jewish tradition, discussed in footnote 28.
  • 13
    • 0027381883 scopus 로고
    • Brain death: Reconciling definitions, criteria, and tests
    • A. Halevy B. Brody. Brain Death: Reconciling Definitions, Criteria, and Tests. Ann Intern Med 1993 119 : 519 523.
    • (1993) Ann Intern Med , vol.119 , pp. 519-523
    • Halevy, A.1    Brody, B.2
  • 14
    • 0014403727 scopus 로고
    • A definition of irreversible coma
    • A Definition of Irreversible Coma. JAMA 1968 205 : 337 340.
    • (1968) JAMA , vol.205 , pp. 337-340
  • 15
    • 0019539808 scopus 로고
    • On the definition and criterion of death
    • J. Bernat, C. Culver B. Gert. On the Definition and Criterion of Death. Ann Intern Med 1981 94 : 389 394
    • (1981) Ann Intern Med , vol.94 , pp. 389-394
    • Bernat, J.1    Culver, C.2    Gert, B.3
  • 17
    • 0021384012 scopus 로고
    • The definition, criterion, and statute of death
    • J.L. Bernat. The Definition, Criterion, and Statute of death. Semin Neurol 1984 4 : 45 51.
    • (1984) Semin Neurol , vol.4 , pp. 45-51
    • Bernat, J.L.1
  • 18
    • 69549145550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 3.
    • Truog, op. cit. note 3.
    • Truog
  • 19
    • 69549100492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 13
    • This may sound straight-forward, but it should be noted that the same physiological indicators are sometimes used as criterion and sometimes as parts of definitions. As an example, the ability to experience consciousness can be seen as a marker indicating that someone is alive or as the essence of life. M.S. Pernick. 1999. Brain Death in a Cultural Context. In The Definition of Death. Contemporary Controversies. S.J. Younger, R.M. Arnold & R. Shapiro, eds. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press. It should also be noted that in the early discussion of the concept of whole-brain death, whole-brain death criteria were more discussed than whole-brain death definitions. For a discussion of some of such definitions, see Bartlett & Younger, op. cit. note 13.
    • Truog
    • Bartlett1    Younger2
  • 20
    • 69549151851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 3.
    • Truog, op. cit. note 3.
    • Truog
  • 21
    • 0023239887 scopus 로고
    • Electroencephalographic activity after brain death
    • M.M. Grigg et al. Electroencephalographic Activity after Brain Death. Arch Neurol 1987 44 : 948 954
    • (1987) Arch Neurol , vol.44 , pp. 948-954
    • Grigg, M.M.1
  • 22
    • 0035189661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond brain death?
    • A. Halevy. Beyond Brain Death? J Med Philos 2001 26 : 493 501.
    • (2001) J Med Philos , vol.26 , pp. 493-501
    • Halevy, A.1
  • 23
    • 69549098920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 3.
    • Truog, op. cit. note 3.
    • Truog1
  • 24
  • 27
    • 69549148317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J Med Philos 2001; 26
    • (2001) J Med Philos , pp. 26
  • 28
  • 29
    • 0035178214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Philosophical debates about the definition of death: Who cares?
    • S.J. Younger R.M. Arnold. Philosophical Debates about the Definition of Death: Who Cares? J Med Philos 2001 26 : 527 537
    • (2001) J Med Philos , vol.26 , pp. 527-537
    • Younger, S.J.1    Arnold, R.M.2
  • 30
    • 0026914660 scopus 로고
    • Brain death and slippery slopes
    • Veatch, R.M. Brain death and slippery slopes. J Clin Ethics 1992 3 : 181 187.
    • (1992) J Clin Ethics , vol.3 , pp. 181-187
    • Veatch, R.M.1
  • 33
    • 69549100494 scopus 로고
    • Annotated
    • New Jersey Statutes St Louis, Mo: West Publishing 232-235
    • New Jersey Statutes. Annotated. Declaration of Death. 26:6A-5. St Louis, Mo: West Publishing; 1991:232-235.
    • (1991) Declaration of Death , vol.26
  • 34
    • 69549132358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zoki no Ishoku nikansuru Horitsu
    • July 16th Law no. 104 of 1997.
    • Zoki no Ishoku nikansuru Horitsu [The Law concerning Organ Transplantation], July 16th, 1997, Law no. 104 of 1997.
    • (1997) The Law Concerning Organ Transplantation
  • 35
    • 69549147530 scopus 로고
    • Bible. New Revised Standard Version
    • Genesis 7:22. Bible. New Revised Standard Version. 1989. For an overview of Jewish discussion on the Death Definition, see F. Rosner. 1999. The Definition of Death in Jewish Law. In The Definition of Death. Contemporary Controversies. S.J. Younger, R.M. Arnold & R. Shapiro, eds. Baltimore, Md. and London: The John Hopkins University Press. See also J.D. Bleich. 1999. Time of Death in Jewish Law. New York: Z Berman.
    • (1989) Genesis , vol.7 , pp. 22
  • 37
    • 69549149095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Jersey Statutes
    • note 25
    • New Jersey Statutes, op. cit. note 25, 26: 6A-4.
    • J Halacha Contemp Soc , vol.26
  • 38
    • 0037750244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconsidering Brain Death: A Lesson from Japan's Fifteen Years of Experience
    • M. Morioka. Reconsidering Brain Death: A Lesson from Japan's Fifteen Years of Experience. Hastings Cent Rep 2001 31 : 44.
    • (2001) Hastings Cent Rep , vol.31 , pp. 44
    • Morioka, M.1
  • 39
    • 69549149427 scopus 로고
    • Mienai Shi [Invisible Death]
    • Bungei Shunju cited in Morioka note 30
    • M. Nakajima. Mienai Shi [Invisible Death]. Bungei Shunju, 1985, cited in Morioka, op. cit. note 30.
    • (1985) Op. Cit.
    • Nakajima, M.1
  • 40
    • 69549133143 scopus 로고
    • Noshi [Brain death]
    • Chuo Koron Sha cited in Morioka note 30
    • T. Tachibana. Noshi [Brain death]. Chuo Koron Sha, 1986, cited in Morioka, op. cit. note 30.
    • (1986) Op. Cit.
    • Tachibana, T.1
  • 41
    • 29544432159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organ Transplantation Laws in Asian Countries: A Comparative Study
    • A Bagheri. Organ Transplantation Laws in Asian Countries: A Comparative Study. Transplant Proc 2005 37.
    • (2005) Transplant Proc , pp. 37
    • Bagheri, A.1
  • 42
    • 0028458990 scopus 로고
    • Brain Death and Organ Donation. Cultural Bases of Medical Technology
    • E. Ohnuki-Tierney. Brain Death and Organ Donation. Cultural Bases of Medical Technology. Current Anthropology 1994 35 : 233 254
    • (1994) Current Anthropology , vol.35 , pp. 233-254
    • Ohnuki-Tierney, E.1
  • 43
    • 69549093362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • It has also been said that the death definition debate has been largely influenced by certain Confucian-derived beliefs, such as respect for and belief in the ancestors. An anthropological study among Japanese relatives of victims of the Japan Air Lines crash in 1985 showed that relatives agreed that it was important that a corpse should be complete, and be brought home, so that the spirit would not suffer. Namihira quoted in M Lock. 1999. The Problem of Brain Death. Japanese Disputes about Bodies and Modernity. In The Definition of Death. Contemporary Controversies. S.J. Younger, R.M. Arnold & R. Shapiro, eds. Baltimore, Md. and London: The John Hopkins University Press.
  • 44
    • 0032227214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deadly Disputes; Hybrid Selves and the Calculation of Death in Japan and North America
    • M. Lock. Deadly Disputes; Hybrid Selves and the Calculation of Death in Japan and North America. Osiris 1998 13
    • (1998) Osiris , pp. 13
    • Lock, M.1
  • 45
    • 69549149426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 7
    • Veatch, op.cit. note 7, p. 140.
    • Op.cit. , pp. 140
    • Veatch1
  • 46
    • 77549085587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain death, cortical death, persistent vegetative state
    • H. Kuhse & P. Singer, eds. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
    • J. McMahan. 1998. Brain Death, Cortical Death, Persistent Vegetative State. In A Companion to Bioethics. H. Kuhse & P. Singer, eds. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing: 255.
    • (1998) A Companion to Bioethics , pp. 255
    • McMahan, J.1
  • 47
    • 77549085587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain death, cortical death, persistent vegetative state
    • McMahan J. 1998 Brain death, cortical death, persistent vegetative state, A Companion to Bioethics 255 Ibid.
    • (1998) A Companion to Bioethics , pp. 255
    • McMahan, J.1
  • 48
    • 69549100493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Address to the It should be noted that one can accept changed criteria for death without altering one's comprehensive doctrine
    • John Paul II. 2000. Address to the XVIII International Congress of the Transplantation Society, Aug 29, 2000. It should be noted that one can accept changed criteria for death without altering one's comprehensive doctrine.
    • (2000) XVIII International Congress of the Transplantation Society, Aug 29, 2000
    • Paul Ii, J.1
  • 49
    • 4744342758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • J. Carsten. 2004. After Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2004) After Kinship
    • Carsten, J.1
  • 51
    • 33646355473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organ Transplantation in a Globalised World
    • M. Crowley-Matoka M. Lock. Organ Transplantation in a Globalised World. Mortality 2006 11 : 173.
    • (2006) Mortality , vol.11 , pp. 173
    • Crowley-Matoka, M.1    Lock, M.2
  • 52
    • 33645140182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Owning up to our Agendas: On the Role and Limits of Science in Debates about Embryos and Brain Death
    • G. Khushf. Owning up to our Agendas: On the Role and Limits of Science in Debates about Embryos and Brain Death. J Law Med Ethics 2006 : 58 75.
    • (2006) J Law Med Ethics , pp. 58-75
    • Khushf, G.1
  • 53
    • 0029268229 scopus 로고
    • Abandoning Informed Consent
    • R. Veatch. Abandoning Informed Consent. J Med Ethics 1995 25 : 5 12.
    • (1995) J Med Ethics , vol.25 , pp. 5-12
    • Veatch, R.1
  • 57
    • 84935597626 scopus 로고
    • The Priority of Right and Ideas of the Good
    • John Rawls. The Priority of Right and Ideas of the Good. Philos Public Aff 1988 17 : 275 276.
    • (1988) Philos Public Aff , vol.17 , pp. 275-276
    • Rawls, J.1
  • 60
    • 69549148316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collected Papers. S. Feeman, ed. Harvard: Harvard University Press
    • J. Rawls. 1999b. Justice as Fairness: Political Not Metaphysical. In Collected Papers. S. Feeman, ed. Harvard: Harvard University Press: 394.
    • (1999) Justice As Fairness: Political Not Metaphysical , pp. 394
    • Rawls, J.1
  • 64
    • 69549154544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • A public reason why we need a uniform death definition law, apart from the possible use and misuse of life-saving support (and in order to know what qualifies as misuse we need a death definition law), is the need to know when it is legitimate to perform anorgan transplant, if the donor so wanted when alive.
  • 65
    • 1142284965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From Limited Realism to Plural Law. Normative Approach versus Cultural Perspective
    • A-J. Arnaud, From Limited Realism to Plural Law. Normative Approach versus Cultural Perspective. Ratio Juris, 1998 11 : 246 258
    • (1998) Ratio Juris , vol.11 , pp. 246-258
    • Arnaud, A.-J.1
  • 66
    • 1142284967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Other Phases of Legal Pluralism in the Contemporary World
    • M. Chiba. Other Phases of Legal Pluralism in the Contemporary World. Ratio Juris 1998 11 : 228 245.
    • (1998) Ratio Juris , vol.11 , pp. 228-245
    • Chiba, M.1
  • 67
    • 69549149093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 8 See also pp. 195-211
    • Rawls, op. cit. note 8, p.175. See also pp. 195-211.
    • Ratio Juris , pp. 175
    • Rawls1
  • 71
    • 0003677045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London and New York: Routledge
    • R. Bellamy's criticism of Rawls' views is noteworthy. Bellamy claims that at the heart of Rawls' theory lies a certain concept of citizenship that mainly those already devoted to this political liberalism may endorse: a concept of citizens as individuals who do not consider certain religious or philosophical convictions as crucial to their way of living, or even to their identity, and who therefore may find it comparably easy not to bring in comprehensive doctrines in public political debates. See R. Bellamy. 1999. Liberalism and Pluralism. Towards a Politics of Compromise. London and New York: Routledge.
    • (1999) Liberalism and Pluralism. Towards A Politics of Compromise
    • Bellamy, R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.