Microalgae mass production methods

Transactions of the ASABE

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 1275-1287

  Yuan, W ^a   Shen, Y ^d   Pei, Z J ^a   Wu, Q ^b   Mao, E ^c  

^a Kansas State University   (United States)

^b TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c CHINA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d NONE

Author keywords

Algae; Biodiesel; Immobilized algae culture; Open pond; Photobioreactor

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS PRODUCTIVITY; CELL DENSITY; CONSTRUCTION COSTS; CULTURE SYSTEMS; ECONOMIC BARRIERS; ECONOMIC VIABILITY; HARVESTING COSTS; IMMOBILIZED ALGAE; IMMOBILIZED ALGAE CULTURE; IMMOBILIZED CULTURE; LIPID CONTENT; MASS PRODUCTION; MATERIAL COST; MICRO-ALGAE; OPEN POND; PETROLEUM PRICES; PHOTO-BIOREACTORS; PHOTOBIOREACTOR; THREE SYSTEMS; WATER LOSS;

BIODIESEL; BIOMASS; CELL CULTURE; CELL MEMBRANES; COSTS; HARVESTING; LAKES; MACHINE TOOLS; MICROORGANISMS; PRODUCTION ENGINEERING; PRODUCTIVITY;

PHYTOPLANKTON;

ALGAL CULTURE; BIOFUEL; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; BIOMASS; BIOREACTOR; LIPID; MICROALGA; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; POLLUTION CONTROL;

ALGAE;

EID: 69549091642     PISSN: 21510032     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Abu-Rezq, T. S., L. Al-Musallam, J. Al-Shimmari, and P. Dias. 1999. Optimum production conditions for different high-quality marine algae. Hydrobiologia 403: 97-107.
2. Adey, W., C. Luckett, and K. Jensen. 1993. Phosphorus removal from natural waters using controlled algal production. Restoration Ecology 1(1): 29-39.
3. Alexandria, J. 1985. Review and evaluation of immobilized algae systems for the production of fuels from microalgae. Final report to U.S. DOE under Subcontract No. XK-4-04124-01. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy.
4. Becker, E. W. 1994. Microalgae Biotechnology and Microbiology Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press
5. Belay, A. 1997. Mass culture of Spirulina outdoors: The earthrise farms experience. In Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology, Cell-Biology and Biotechnology, 131-142. A. Vonshak, ed. London, U.K.: Taylor and Francis.
6. 2 capture by marine microalgae. Presented at the 2008 Microalgae Biomass Summit. Seattle, Wash.: Algal Biomass Organization.
7. 2 capture by algae. Presented at the 11th International Conference on Applied Phycology, Galway, Ireland. International Society for Applied Phycology.
8. Bender, D. A., and A. E. Bender. 1999. Benders' Dictionary of Nutrition and Food Technology, 149. 7th ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.
9. 2 and greenhouse gas abatement with microalgae: Technology roadmap. Final report to U.S. DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory under Subcontract No. 7010000926. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. Available at: www.co2captureandstorage. info/docs/01roadmp.pdf.
10. Benemann, J. R. 2008. The future of microalgae biofuels. Presented at the 2008 Microalgae Biomass Summit. Seattle, Wash.: Algal Biomass Organization.
11. Borowitzka, M. A. 1988a. Appendix: Algal media and sources of algal cultures. In. Microalgal Biotechnology, 456-465. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
12. Borowitzka, M. A. 1988b. Fats, oils, and hydrocarbons. In Microalgal Biotechnology, 257-287. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
13. Borowitzka, M. A. 1997. Microalgae for aquaculture: Opportunities and constraints. J. Appl. Phycol. 9(11): 393-401.
14. Borowitzka, M. A. 2005. Culturing microalgae in outdoor ponds. In Algal Culturing Techniques, 205-217. New York, N.Y.: Academic Press.
15. Borowitzka, L. J., and M. A. Borowitzka. 1990. Commercial production of β-carotene by Dunaliella salina in open ponds. Bull. Marine Sci. 47(1): 244-252.
16. Borowitzka, L. J., M. A. Borowitzka, and T. P. Moulton. 1984. The mass culture of Dunaliella salina for fine chemicals: From laboratory to pilot plant. Hydrobiologia 116-117: 1573-5117.
17. Brune, D. E., T., Lundquist, and J. Benemann. 2008. Algal production and harvest for food, feed, and biofuels. Presented at the 2008 Microalgae Biomass Summit. Seattle, Wash.: Algal Biomass Organization.
18. Carlozzi, P. 2003. Dilution of solar radiation through culture lamination in photobioreactor rows facing south-north: A way to improve the efficiency of light utilization by cyanobacteria (Arthrospira platensis). Biotech. Bioeng. 81(3): 305-315.
19. Chaumont, D. 1993. Biotechnology of algal biomass production: A review of systems for outdoor tubular photobioreactor. Appl Microbiol. Biotech. 45(11): 18-23.
20. Chen, F. 1996. High cell density culture of microalgae in heterotrophic growth. Trends in Biotech. 14(11): 421-426.
21. Chen, F., and Y. Zhang. 1997. High cell density mixtrophic culture of Spirulina platensis on glucose for phycocyanin production using a fed-batch system. Enzyme and Microbial Tech. 20(3): 221-224.
22. Chibata, I., and T. Tosa. 1977. Transformation of organic compounds by immobilized microbial cells. In Advances in Applied Microbiology 2: 1-27. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
23. Chisti, Y. 2007. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotech. Advances 25(2): 294-306.
24. Chisti, Y. 2008. Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol. Trends in Biotech. 26(3): 121-131.
25. 2 aeration. Bioresource Tech. 100(2): 833-838.
26. Da Costa, A. C. A., and S. G. Ferreira Leite. 1991. Metals biosorption by sodium alginate immobilized Chlorella homosphaera cells. Biotech. Lett. 13(11): 559-562.
27. Dimitrov, K. 2007. GreenFuel Technologies: A case study for industrial photosynthetic energy capture. Available at: www.nanostring.net/Algae/CaseStudy. pdf.
28. Divakaran, R., and V. N. S. Pillai. 2002. Flocculation of algae using chitosan. J. Appl. Phycol. 14(5): 419-422.
29. DOE. 2008. Fossil fuel. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. Available at: www.energy.gov/energysources/fossilfuels.htm.
30. Donohue, T., and R. Cogdell. 2006. Microorganisms and clean energy. Nature Reviews Microbiol. 4(11): 800.
31. Dunahay, T. G., E. E. Jarvis, S. S. Dais, and P. G. Roessler. 1996. Manipulation of microalgal lipid production using genetic engineering. Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 57-58: 223-231.
32. Durand, G., and J. M. Navarro. 1978. Immobilized microbial cells. Proc. Biochem. 13: 14-23.
33. English, G., and T. W. Ewing. 2002. Vision for bioenergy and biobased products in the United States. Biomass Technical Advisory Committee. Available at: www.climatevision.gov/sectors/electricpower/pdfs/bioenergy-vision.pdf.
34. Fabregas, J., A. Maseda, A. Dominguez, and A. Otero. 2004. The cell composition of Nannochloropsis sp. changes under different irradiances in semicontinuous culture. World J. Microbiol. And Biotech 20(1): 31-35.
35. García, C. F., G. Molina, M. A. Sanchez, P. V. Gonzalez, and Y. Chisti. 2001. Carboxymethyl cellulose protects algal cells against hydrodynamic stress. Enzyme Microbial Tech. 29(10): 602-610. (Pubitemid 33132168)
36. Garcia, J., R. Mujeriego, and M. Hernandez-Marine. 2000. High-rate algal pond operating strategies for urban wastewater nitrogen removal. J. Appl. Phycol. 12(3-5): 331-339.
37. Golueke, C. G., and W. J. Oswald. 1959. Biological conversion of light energy to the chemical energy of methane. Appl. Microbiol. 7(4): 219-227.
38. Golueke, C. G., W. J. Oswald, and H. B. Gotaas. 1957. Anaerobic digestion of algae. Appl. Microbiol. 5(1): 47-55.
39. Gonzalez, M. G., J. Moreno, J. P. Canavate, V. Anguis, A. Prieto, C. Manzano, F. J. Florencio, and M. G. Guerrero. 2003. Conditions for open-air outdoor culture of Dunaliella salina in southern Spain. J. Appl. Phycol. 15(2-3): 177-184.
40. Green, F. B. 2008. Harvesting microalgae: Challenges and achievements. Presented at the 2008 Microalgae Biomass Summit. Seattle, Wash.: Algal Biomass Organization.
41. Grima, E. M. 2009. Challenges in microalgae biofuels. Presented at the Energy Manufacturing Workshop. Arlington, Va.: National Science Foundation.
42. Grima, E. M., J. Fernandez, F. G. Acien, and Y. Chisti. 2001. Tubular photobioreactor design for algal cultures. J. Biotech. 92(2): 113-131.
43. Hansen, A. C., M. R. Gratton, and W. Yuan. 2006. Diesel engine performance and NOx emissions from oxygenated biofuels and blends with diesel fuel. Trans. ASABE 49(3): 589-595.
44. Hoffmann, J. P. 1998. Wastewater treatment with suspended and nonsuspended algae. J. Phycol. 34(5): 757-763.
45. 2 concentration. Biotech. Lett. 28(13): 987-992.
46. Hu, Q., and M. Sommerfeld. 2008. Photobioreactor: System and process. Presented at the 2008 Microalgae Biomass Summit. Seattle, Wash.: Algal Biomass Organization.
47. Hu, Q., H. Guterman, and A. Richmond. 1996. A flat inclined modular photobioreactor for outdoor mass cultivation of photoautotrophs. Biotech. Bioeng. 51(1): 51-60.
48. Huntley, M. E., A. M. Nonomura, and J. de la Noue. 1989. Algal culture systems. In Biotreatment of Agricultural Wastewater, 111-130. M. E. Huntley, ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.
49. HydroMentia. 2005. Generating trading credits through application of large-scale algal turf scrubber pollutant recovery system. Ocala, Fla.: HydroMentia, Inc. Available at: www.dep.state.fl.us/water/watersheds/docs/ptpac/ HydromentiaPresentation.pdf.
50. James, S. C., and V. Boriah. 2008. Optimizing algae growth in open-channel raceways. Presented at the 2008 Microalgae Biomass Summit. Seattle, Wash.: Algal Biomass Organization.
51. Kaya, V. M., J. de la Noue, and G. Picard. 1995. A comparative study of four systems for tertiary wastewater treatment by Scenedesmus bicellularis: New technology for immobilization. J. Appl. Phycol. 7(1): 85-95.
52. Kebede-Westhead, E., C. Pizarro, and W. W. Mulbry. 2006. Treatment of swine manure effluent using freshwater algae: Production, nutrient recovery, and elemental composition of algal biomass at four effluent loading rates. J. Appl. Phycol. 18(1): 41-46.
53. Kennedy, J. F., and J. M. S. Cabral. 1983. Immobilized living cells and their applications. In Applied Biochemistry and Bioengineering 4: Immobilized Microbial Cells, 189-280. I. Chibata and B. Wingard, eds. New York, N.Y.: Academic Press.
54. Klibanov, A. M. 1983. Immobilized enzymes and cells as practical catalysts. Science 219(4585): 722-727.
55. Kolot, F. B. 1981. Microbial carriers: Strategy for selection. Proc. Biochem. 16(5): 2-9.
56. Lee, Y. K. 1997. Commercial production of microalgae in the Asia-Pacific rim. J. Appl. Phycol. 9(10): 403-411.
57. Lee, Y. K. 2001. Microalgal mass culture systems and methods: Their limitation and potential. J. Appl. Phycol. 13(4): 307-315.
58. Leon, R., and F. Galvan. 1995. Glycerol photoproduction by free and calcium-entrapped cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Biotech. 42(1): 61-67.
59. Mallick, N., and L. C. Rai. 1994. Removal of inorganic ions from wastewaters by immobilized microalgae. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 10(4): 439-443.
60. Massingill, M., J. M. Carlberg, G. Schwartz, J. C. Wan Olst, J. C. Levin, and D. E. Brune. 2008. Sustainable large-scale microalgae cultivation for the economical production of biofuels and other valuable by-products. Presented at the 2008 Microalgae Biomass Summit. Seattle, Wash.: Algal Biomass Organization.
61. Meier, R. L. 1955. Biological cycles in the transformation of solar energy into useful fuels. In Solar Energy Research, 179-83. Madison, Wisc.: University Wisconsin Press.
62. Miron, A. S., A. C. Gomez, F. G. Camacho, E. M. Grima, and Y. Chisti. 1999. Comparative evaluation of compact photobioreactors for large-scale monoculture of microalgae. J. Biotech. 70: 249-270.
63. Moheimani, N. R. 2005. The culture of Coccolithophorid algae from carbon dioxide bioremediation. PhD diss. Perth, Australia: Murdoch University.
64. Moheimani, N. R., and M. A. Borowitzka. 2006. The long-term culture of the coccolithophore Pleurochrysis carterae (Haptophyta) in outdoor raceway ponds. J. Appl. Phycol. 18(11): 703-712.
65. Mohn, F. H. 1980. Experiences and strategies in the recovery of biomass from mass cultures of microalgae. In Algae Biomass, 547 -571. G. Shelf and C. J. Soeder, eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
66. Morita, M., Y. Watanabe, and H. Saiki. 2001. Photosynthetic productivity of conical helical tubular photobioreactor incorporating Chlorella sorokiniana under field conditions. Biotech. and Bioeng. 77(2): 155-162.
67. Moster, A. 1991. Tubular bioreactors: Case study of bioreactor performance for industrial production and scientific research. Biotech. Bioeng. 37(11): 1054-1065.
68. Mulbry, W., and A. C. Wilkie. 2001. Growth of benthic freshwater algae on dairy manures. J. Appl. Phycol. 13(4): 301-306.
69. Oh, H. M., S. J. Lee, M. H. Park, H. S. Kim, H. C. Kim, J. H. Yoon, G. S. Kwon, and B. D. Yoon. 2001. Harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris using a bioflocculant from Paenibacillus sp. AM 49. Biotech. Lett. 23(15): 1229-1234.
70. Przytocka-Jusiak, M., M. Blaszczyk, E. Kosinska, and A. Bisz-Konarzewska. 1984. Removal of nitrogen from industrial wastewaters with the use of algal rotating disks and denitrification packed bed reactor. Water Resources 18(9): 1077-1082.
71. Pulz, O. 2001. Photobioreactor: Production systems for phototrophic microorganisms. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 57(8): 287-293.
72. Pyle, D. J., R. A. Garcia, and Z. Wen. 2008. Producing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich algae from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol: Effects of impurities on DHA production and algal biomass composition. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56(5): 3933-3939.
73. Renaud, S. M., and D. L. Parry. 1994. Microalgae for use in tropical aquaculture: II. Effect of salinity on growth, gross chemical composition, and fatty acid composition of three species of marine microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 6(3): 347-356
74. Robinson, P. K., A. L. Mak, and M. D. Trevan. 1986. Immobilized algae: A review. Proc. Biochem. 21(8): 122-127.
75. Rodolfi, L., G. C. Zittelli, N. Bassi, G. Padovani, N. Biondi, G. Bonini, and M. R. Tredici. 2009. Microalgae for oil: Strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis, and outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor. Biotech. Bioeng. 102(1): 100-112.
76. Roessler, P. G., L. M. Brown, T. G. Dunahay, D. A. Heacox, E. E. Jarvis, and J. C. Schneider. 1994. Genetic-engineering approaches for enhanced production of biodiesel fuel from microalgae. In Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass for Fuels Production, 255-270. ACS Symposium Series No. 566 New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
77. Rossignol, N., T. Lebeau, P. Jaouen, and J. M. Robert. 2000. Comparison of two membrane-photobioreactors, with free or immobilized cells, for the production of pigments by a marine diatom. Bioproc. Eng. 23(5): 495-501.
78. Schenk, P. M., S. R. Thomas-Hall, E. Stephens, U. C. Marx, J. H. Mussgnug, C. Posten, O. Kruse, and B. Hankamer. 2008. Second-generation biofuels: High-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioenerg. Res. 1(3): 20-43.
79. Sheehan, J., T. Dunahay, J. Benemann, and P. Roessler. 1998 A look back at the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program: Biodiesel from algae. TP-580-24190. Report under Contract No. DE-AC36-83CH10093. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Available at: www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24190.pdf.
80. Shen, Y., W. Yuan, Z. Pei, and E. Mao. 2008. Culture of microalga Botryococcus in livestock wastewater. Trans. ASABE 54(4): 1395-1400.
81. Shen, Y., M. Ty, W. Yuan, and Z. Pei. 2009a. The effect of growth medium on biomass and lipid yield of microalgae Nannochloropsis. ASABE Paper No. MC09507. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
82. Shen, Y., M. Anderson, W. Yuan, and Z. Pei. 2009b. Growing algae in photobioreactors for lipid production. ASABE Paper No. MC09506. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
83. Shen Y., Z. Pei, W. Yuan, and E. Mao. 2009c. Effect of nitrogen and extraction method on algae lipid yield. Intl. J. Agric. and Biol. Eng. 2(1): 51-57.
84. Suzuki, T., and S. Yamaya. 2005. Removal of hydrocarbons in a rotating biological contactor with biodrum. Proc. Biochem. 40(11): 3429-3433.
85. Torpey, W. N., H. Heukelekian, A. J. Kaplovsky, and R. Epstein. 1971. Rotating disks with biological growths prepare wastewater for disposal or reuse. J. Water Pollution Control Fed. 43(11): 2181-2188.
86. Tredici, M. R. 2004. Mass production of miroalgae: Photobioreactors. In Microalgal Culture, 178-214. A. Richmond, ed. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Science.
87. Tredici, M. R. 2008. Microalgae biofuels: Potential and limitations. Presented at the 2008 Microalgae Biomass Summit. Seattle, Wash.: Algal Biomass Organization.
88. Ugwu, C. U., H. Aoyagi, and H. Uchiyama. 2008. Photobioreactors for mass cultivation of algae. Bioresource Tech. 99(10): 4021-4028.
89. Walker, T. L., S. Purton, D. K. Becker, and C. Collet. 2005. Microalgae as bioreactors. Plant Cell Rep. 24(8): 629-641.
90. Yuan, W., A. C. Hansen, M. E. Tat, J. H. Van Gerpen, and Z. Tan. 2005. Spray, ignition, and combustion modeling of biodiesel fuels in a DI diesel engine. Trans. ASABE 48(3): 933-940.
91. Yuan, W., A. C. Hansen, and Q. Zhang. 2007. Computational modeling of NOx emissions from biodiesel combustion based on accurate fuel properties. Intl. J. Vehicle Design 45(1/2): 12-32.
92. Zhang, K., S. Miyachi, and N. Kurano. 2001. Evaluation of a vertical flat-plate photobioreactor for outdoor biomass production and carbon dioxide bio-fixation: Effects of reactor dimensions, irradiation, and cell concentration on the biomass productivity and irradiation utilization efficiency. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 55(4): 428-433.
93. Zittelli, G. C., F. Lavista, A. Bastianini, L. Rodolfi, M. Vincenzini, and M. R. Tredici. 1999. Production of eicosapentaenoic acid by Nannochloropsis sp. cultures in outdoor tubular photobioreactors. J. Biotech. 70: 299-312.