메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 97, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 1606-1626

Efficiency and stability of p-i-n type organic light emitting diodes for display and lighting applications

Author keywords

Controlled doping; High efficiency; Long term stability; Organic light emitting diodes; RGB and white OLEDs

Indexed keywords

DIODES; ENERGY EFFICIENCY;

EID: 69449105837     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2009.2022418     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (114)

References (157)
  • 1
    • 0022594397 scopus 로고
    • Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell
    • C. W. Tang, "Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.48, p. 183, 1986.
    • (1986) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.48 , pp. 183
    • Tang, C.W.1
  • 2
    • 21544459113 scopus 로고
    • Organic electroluminescent diodes
    • C. Tang and S. VanSlyke, "Organic electroluminescent diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.51, p. 913, 1987.
    • (1987) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.51 , pp. 913
    • Tang, C.1    Vanslyke, S.2
  • 6
    • 0032505122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices
    • M. Baldo, D. O'Brien, Y. You, S. Shoustikov, S. Sibley, M. Thompson, and S. Forrest, "Highly efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices," Nature, vol.395, p. 151, 1998.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.395 , pp. 151
    • Baldo, M.1    O'Brien, D.2    You, Y.3    Shoustikov, S.4    Sibley, S.5    Thompson, M.6    Forrest, S.7
  • 7
    • 0002632643 scopus 로고
    • Optical spectroscopy of triplet excitons and charged excitations in poly(p-phenylenevinylene) light-emitting diodes
    • A. Brown, K. Pichler, N. Greenham, D. Bradley, R. Friend, and A. Holmes, "Optical spectroscopy of triplet excitons and charged excitations in poly(p-phenylenevinylene) light-emitting diodes," Chem. Phys. Lett., vol.210, p. 61, 1993.
    • (1993) Chem. Phys. Lett. , vol.210 , pp. 61
    • Brown, A.1    Pichler, K.2    Greenham, N.3    Bradley, D.4    Friend, R.5    Holmes, A.6
  • 8
    • 0027556187 scopus 로고
    • Conjugated polymer electroluminescence
    • D. Bradley, "Conjugated polymer electroluminescence," Synth. Met., vol.54, p. 401, 1993.
    • (1993) Synth. Met. , vol.54 , pp. 401
    • Bradley, D.1
  • 9
    • 0000657963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excitonic singlet-triplet ratio in a semiconducting organic thin film
    • M. Baldo, D. O'Brien, M. Thompson, and S. Forrest, "Excitonic singlet-triplet ratio in a semiconducting organic thin film," Phys. Rev. B, vol.60, p. 14422, 1999.
    • (1999) Phys. Rev. B , vol.60 , pp. 14422
    • Baldo, M.1    O'Brien, D.2    Thompson, M.3    Forrest, S.4
  • 10
    • 2442519975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excitonic singlet-triplet ratios in molecular and polymeric organic materials
    • M. Segal, M. Baldo, R. Holmes, S. Forrest, and Z. Soos, "Excitonic singlet-triplet ratios in molecular and polymeric organic materials," Phys. Rev. B, vol.68, p. 075211, 2003.
    • (2003) Phys. Rev. B , vol.68 , pp. 075211
    • Segal, M.1    Baldo, M.2    Holmes, R.3    Forrest, S.4    Soos, Z.5
  • 11
    • 0035890412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light-emitting device
    • DOI 10.1063/1.1409582
    • [11] C. Adachi, M. A. Baldo, M. E. Thompson, and S. R. Forrest, "Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light emitting device," J. Appl. Phys., vol.90, p. 5048, 2001. (Pubitemid 33084561)
    • (2001) Journal of Applied Physics , vol.90 , Issue.10 , pp. 5048
    • Adachi, C.1    Baldo, M.A.2    Thompson, M.E.3    Forrest, S.R.4
  • 12
    • 17044364396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 100% phosphorescence quantum efficiency of Ir(III) complexes in organic semiconductor films
    • Y. Kawamura, K. Goushi, J. Brooks, J. J. Brown, H. Sasabe, and C. Adachi, "100% phosphorescence quantum efficiency of Ir(III) complexes in organic semiconductor films," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.86, p. 071104, 2005.
    • (2005) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.86 , pp. 071104
    • Kawamura, Y.1    Goushi, K.2    Brooks, J.3    Brown, J.J.4    Sasabe, H.5    Adachi, C.6
  • 13
    • 0000729891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorescent materials for application to organic light emitting devices
    • M. Baldo, M. Thompson, and S. Forrest, "Phosphorescent materials for application to organic light emitting devices," Pure Appl. Chem., vol.71, p. 2095, 1999.
    • (1999) Pure Appl. Chem. , vol.71 , pp. 2095
    • Baldo, M.1    Thompson, M.2    Forrest, S.3
  • 14
    • 0037080525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimization of external coupling and light emission in organic light-emitting devices: Modeling and experiment
    • DOI 10.1063/1.1425448
    • [14] M. Lu and J. Sturm, "Optimization of external coupling and light emission in organic light-emitting devices: Modeling and experiment," J. Appl. Phys., vol.91, p. 595, 2002. (Pubitemid 34091003)
    • (2002) Journal of Applied Physics , vol.91 , Issue.2 , pp. 595
    • Lu, M.-H.1    Sturm, J.C.2
  • 15
    • 0028446493 scopus 로고
    • Angular dependence of the emission from a conjugated polymer light-emitting diode: Implications for efficiency calculations
    • N. C. Greenham, R. H. Friend, and D. D. C. Bradley, "Angular dependence of the emission from a conjugated polymer light-emitting diode: Implications for efficiency calculations," Adv. Mater., vol.6, p. 491, 1994.
    • (1994) Adv. Mater. , vol.6 , pp. 491
    • Greenham, N.C.1    Friend, R.H.2    Bradley, D.D.C.3
  • 17
    • 84987058072 scopus 로고
    • Charge transport in disordered organic photoconductors: A monte carlo simulation study
    • H. Bässler, "Charge transport in disordered organic photoconductors: A monte carlo simulation study," Phys. Stat. Sol. B, vol.175, p. 15, 1993.
    • (1993) Phys. Stat. Sol. B , vol.175 , pp. 15
    • Bässler, H.1
  • 18
    • 0000523818 scopus 로고
    • A model of weak-field quasi-equilibrium hopping transport in disordered materials
    • V. Arkhipov and H. Bässler, "A model of weak-field quasi-equilibrium hopping transport in disordered materials," Phil Mag. Lett., vol.67, p. 343, 1993.
    • (1993) Phil Mag. Lett. , vol.67 , pp. 343
    • Arkhipov, V.1    Bässler, H.2
  • 23
    • 0141596652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low voltage organic light emitting diodes featuring doped phthalocyanine as hole transport material
    • J. Blochwitz, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, and K. Leo, "Low voltage organic light emitting diodes featuring doped phthalocyanine as hole transport material," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.73, p. 729, 1998.
    • (1998) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.73 , pp. 729
    • Blochwitz, J.1    Pfeiffer, M.2    Fritz, T.3    Leo, K.4
  • 24
    • 0035842799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlled p-doping of zinc phthalocyanine by coevaporation with tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane: A direct and inverse photoemission study
    • W. Gao and A. Kahn, "Controlled p-doping of zinc phthalocyanine by coevaporation with tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane: A direct and inverse photoemission study," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.79, p. 4040, 2001.
    • (2001) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.79 , pp. 4040
    • Gao, W.1    Kahn, A.2
  • 25
    • 34248386828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly efficient organic devices based on electrically doped transport layers
    • K. Walzer, B. Maennig, M. Pfeiffer, and K. Leo, "Highly efficient organic devices based on electrically doped transport layers," Chem. Rev., vol.107, p. 1233, 2007.
    • (2007) Chem. Rev. , vol.107 , pp. 1233
    • Walzer, K.1    Maennig, B.2    Pfeiffer, M.3    Leo, K.4
  • 26
    • 0010891977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlled doping of organic vacuum deposited dye layers: Basics and applications
    • TU Dresden
    • M. Pfeiffer, "Controlled doping of organic vacuum deposited dye layers: Basics and applications," Ph.D. dissertation, TU Dresden, 1999.
    • (1999) Ph.D. Dissertation
    • Pfeiffer, M.1
  • 28
    • 0000522486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlled n-type doping of a molecular organic semiconductor: Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) doped with bis(ethylenedithio)- tetrahiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF)
    • A. Nollau, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, and K. Leo, "Controlled n-type doping of a molecular organic semiconductor: Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) doped with bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrahiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF)," J. Appl. Phys., vol.87, p. 4340, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.87 , pp. 4340
    • Nollau, A.1    Pfeiffer, M.2    Fritz, T.3    Leo, K.4
  • 29
    • 18044366188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organic homojunction diodes with a high built-in potential: Interpretation of the current-voltage characteristics by a generalized einstein relation
    • K. Harada, A. G. Werner, M. Pfeiffer, C. J. Bloom, C. M. Elliott, and K. Leo, "Organic homojunction diodes with a high built-in potential: Interpretation of the current-voltage characteristics by a generalized einstein relation," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol.94, p. 036601, 2005.
    • (2005) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.94 , pp. 036601
    • Harada, K.1    Werner, A.G.2    Pfeiffer, M.3    Bloom, C.J.4    Elliott, C.M.5    Leo, K.6
  • 30
    • 0032500984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic structure of 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum/LiF/Al interface for organic electroluminescent device studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
    • T. Mori, H. Jujikawa, S. Tokito, and Y. Taga, "Electronic structure of 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum/LiF/Al interface for organic electroluminescent device studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.73, p. 2763, 1998.
    • (1998) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.73 , pp. 2763
    • Mori, T.1    Jujikawa, H.2    Tokito, S.3    Taga, Y.4
  • 31
    • 0032538726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bright organic electroluminescent devices having a metal-doped electron-injecting layer
    • J. Kido and T. Matsumoto, "Bright organic electroluminescent devices having a metal-doped electron-injecting layer," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.73, p. 2866, 1998.
    • (1998) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.73 , pp. 2866
    • Kido, J.1    Matsumoto, T.2
  • 32
    • 0037132326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophosphorescent p-i-n organic light-emitting devices for very-high-efficiency flat-panel displays
    • M. Pfeiffer, S. Forrest, K. Leo, and M. Thompson, " Electrophosphorescent p-i-n organic light-emitting devices for very-high-efficiency flat-panel displays," Adv. Mater., vol.14, p. 1633, 2002.
    • (2002) Adv. Mater. , vol.14 , pp. 1633
    • Pfeiffer, M.1    Forrest, S.2    Leo, K.3    Thompson, M.4
  • 33
    • 0035428440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced hole injection into amorphous hole-transport layers of organic light-emitting diodes using controlled p-type doping
    • X. Zhou, J. Blochwitz, M. Pfeiffer, A. Nollau, T. Fritz, and K. Leo, "Enhanced hole injection into amorphous hole-transport layers of organic light-emitting diodes using controlled p-type doping," Adv. Fund. Mater., vol.11, p. 310, 2001.
    • (2001) Adv. Fund. Mater. , vol.11 , pp. 310
    • Zhou, X.1    Blochwitz, J.2    Pfeiffer, M.3    Nollau, A.4    Fritz, T.5    Leo, K.6
  • 36
    • 69449089835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feusisberg, Switzerland: Fluxim AG
    • B. Ruhstaller, ETFOS. Feusisberg, Switzerland: Fluxim AG, 2007.
    • (2007) ETFOS.
    • Ruhstaller, B.1
  • 37
    • 0141761309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thickness-dependent changes in the optical properties of PPV- And PF-based polymer light emitting diodes
    • J. Leger, S. Carter, B. Ruhstaller, H. Nothofer, U. Scherf, H. Tillman, and H. Hörhold, "Thickness-dependent changes in the optical properties of PPV- and PF-based polymer light emitting diodes," Phys. Rev. B, vol.68, p. 054209, 2003.
    • (2003) Phys. Rev. B , vol.68 , pp. 054209
    • Leger, J.1    Carter, S.2    Ruhstaller, B.3    Nothofer, H.4    Scherf, U.5    Tillman, H.6    Hörhold, H.7
  • 39
    • 9744225080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-efficiency and low-voltage p-i-n electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with double-emission layers
    • G. He, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, M. Hofmann, J. Birnstock, R. Pudzich, and J. Salbeck, "High-efficiency and low-voltage p-i-n electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with double-emission layers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.85, p. 3911, 2004.
    • (2004) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.85 , pp. 3911
    • He, G.1    Pfeiffer, M.2    Leo, K.3    Hofmann, M.4    Birnstock, J.5    Pudzich, R.6    Salbeck, J.7
  • 42
    • 13744253595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased electrophosphorescent efficiency in organic light emitting diodes by using an exciton-collecting structure
    • D. Qin and Y. Tao, "Increased electrophosphorescent efficiency in organic light emitting diodes by using an exciton-collecting structure," J. Appl. Phys., vol.97, p. 044505, 2005.
    • (2005) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.97 , pp. 044505
    • Qin, D.1    Tao, Y.2
  • 43
    • 0037419652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New iridium complexes as highly efficient orange-red emitters in organic light-emitting diodes
    • J. Duan, P. Sun, and C. Cheng, "New iridium complexes as highly efficient orange-red emitters in organic light-emitting diodes," Adv. Mater., vol.15, p. 224, 2003.
    • (2003) Adv. Mater. , vol.15 , pp. 224
    • Duan, J.1    Sun, P.2    Cheng, C.3
  • 44
    • 0346216062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study on electrical characteristics of organic electrophosphorescent devices based on new ir complex
    • J. Kim, E. Nam, S. Y. Hong, B. Kim, S. M. Kim, S. Yoon, J. Sun, Y. Ha, and Y. Kim, "Study on electrical characteristics of organic electrophosphorescent devices based on new ir complex," Mater. Sci., Eng, C, vol.24, p. 167, 2004.
    • (2004) Mater. Sci., Eng, C , vol.24 , pp. 167
    • Kim, J.1    Nam, E.2    Hong, S.Y.3    Kim, B.4    Kim, S.M.5    Yoon, S.6    Sun, J.7    Ha, Y.8    Kim, Y.9
  • 45
    • 33746700266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLED) for displays and lighting
    • R. Meerheim, K. Walzer, G. He, M. Pfeiffer, and K. Leo, "Highly efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLED) for displays and lighting," in Proc. SPIE, 2006, vol.6192, p. 22.
    • (2006) Proc. SPIE , vol.6192 , pp. 22
    • Meerheim, R.1    Walzer, K.2    He, G.3    Pfeiffer, M.4    Leo, K.5
  • 47
    • 20144384483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In search of high-performance Platinum(II) phosphorescent materials for the fabrication of red electroluminescent devices
    • J. Kavitha, S. Chang, Y. Chi, J. Yu, Y. Hu, P. Chou, S. Peng, G. Lee, Y. Tao, C. Chien, and A. Carty, "In search of high-performance Platinum(II) phosphorescent materials for the fabrication of red electroluminescent devices," Adv. Funct. Mater., vol.15, p. 223, 2005.
    • (2005) Adv. Funct. Mater. , vol.15 , pp. 223
    • Kavitha, J.1    Chang, S.2    Chi, Y.3    Yu, J.4    Hu, Y.5    Chou, P.6    Peng, S.7    Lee, G.8    Tao, Y.9    Chien, C.10    Carty, A.11
  • 48
    • 47749104922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of charge balance and exciton distribution on efficiency and lifetime of phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices
    • R. Meerheim, S. Scholz, S. Olthof, G. Schwartz, S. Reineke, K. Walzer, and K. Leo, "Influence of charge balance and exciton distribution on efficiency and lifetime of phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices," J. April Phys., vol.104, p. 014510, 2008.
    • (2008) J. April Phys. , vol.104 , pp. 014510
    • Meerheim, R.1    Scholz, S.2    Olthof, S.3    Schwartz, G.4    Reineke, S.5    Walzer, K.6    Leo, K.7
  • 49
    • 0043128523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confinement of triplet energy on phosphorescent molecules for highly-efficient organic blue-light-emitting devices
    • S. Tokito, T. Iijima, Y. Suzuri, H. Kita, T. Tsuzuki, and F. Sato, "Confinement of triplet energy on phosphorescent molecules for highly-efficient organic blue-light-emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.83, p. 569, 2003.
    • (2003) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.83 , pp. 569
    • Tokito, S.1    Iijima, T.2    Suzuri, Y.3    Kita, H.4    Tsuzuki, T.5    Sato, F.6
  • 52
    • 0035414144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outsmarting waveguide losses in thin-film light-emitting diodes
    • K. Meerholz and D. Müller, "Outsmarting waveguide losses in thin-film light-emitting diodes," Adv, Funct., Mater., vol.11, p. 251, 2001.
    • (2001) Adv. Funct., Mater. , vol.11 , pp. 251
    • Meerholz, K.1    Müller, D.2
  • 53
    • 15844423051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microcavity effects and the outcoupling of light in displays and lighting applications based on thin emitting films
    • K. Neyts, "Microcavity effects and the outcoupling of light in displays and lighting applications based on thin emitting films," Appl. Surf. Sci., vol.244, p. 517, 2005.
    • (2005) Appl. Surf. Sci. , vol.244 , pp. 517
    • Neyts, K.1
  • 54
    • 0001023627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organic light-emitting device with an ordered monolayer of silica microspheres as a scattering medium
    • T. Yamasaki, K. Sumioka, and T. Tsutsui, "Organic light-emitting device with an ordered monolayer of silica microspheres as a scattering medium," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.76, p. 1243, 2000.
    • (2000) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.76 , pp. 1243
    • Yamasaki, T.1    Sumioka, K.2    Tsutsui, T.3
  • 55
    • 33750008657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organic light emitting devices with enhanced outcoupling via microlenses fabricated by imprint lithography
    • Y. Sun and S. Forrest, "Organic light emitting devices with enhanced outcoupling via microlenses fabricated by imprint lithography," J. Appl. Phys., vol.100, p. 073106, 2006.
    • (2006) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.100 , pp. 073106
    • Sun, Y.1    Forrest, S.2
  • 56
    • 34250636795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced outcoupling from organic light-emitting diodes using aperiodic dielectric mirrors
    • M. Agrawal, Y. Sun, S. Forrest, and P. Peumans, "Enhanced outcoupling from organic light-emitting diodes using aperiodic dielectric mirrors," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.90, p. 241112, 2007.
    • (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.90 , pp. 241112
    • Agrawal, M.1    Sun, Y.2    Forrest, S.3    Peumans, P.4
  • 57
    • 28344451081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient organic light-emitting diode using semitransparent silver as anode
    • H. Peng, X. Zhu, J. Sun, Z. Xie, S. Xie, M. Wong, and H. Kwok, "Efficient organic light-emitting diode using semitransparent silver as anode," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.87, p. 173 505, 2005.
    • (2005) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.87 , pp. 173505
    • Peng, H.1    Zhu, X.2    Sun, J.3    Xie, Z.4    Xie, S.5    Wong, M.6    Kwok, H.7
  • 58
    • 6044276726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficiency enhancement of microcavity organic light emitting diodes
    • R. Jordan, L. Rothberg, A. Dodabalapur, and R. Slusher, "Efficiency enhancement of microcavity organic light emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.69, p. 1997, 1996.
    • (1996) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.69 , pp. 1997
    • Jordan, R.1    Rothberg, L.2    Dodabalapur, A.3    Slusher, R.4
  • 59
    • 49149126235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-efficiency monochrome organic light emitting diodes employing enhanced microcavities
    • R. Meerheim, R. Nitsche, and K. Leo, "High-efficiency monochrome organic light emitting diodes employing enhanced microcavities," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.93, p. 043310, 2008.
    • (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.93 , pp. 043310
    • Meerheim, R.1    Nitsche, R.2    Leo, K.3
  • 60
    • 11144238238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precise measurement of external quantum efficiency of organic light-emitting devices
    • I. Tanaka and S. Tokito, "Precise measurement of external quantum efficiency of organic light-emitting devices," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol.43, p. 7733, 2004.
    • (2004) Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. , vol.43 , pp. 7733
    • Tanaka, I.1    Tokito, S.2
  • 61
    • 8344268624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White organic light-emitting devices for solid-state lighting
    • B. D'Andrade and S. Forrest, "White organic light-emitting devices for solid-state lighting," Adv. Mater., vol.16, p. 1585, 2004.
    • (2004) Adv. Mater. , vol.16 , pp. 1585
    • D'Andrade, B.1    Forrest, S.2
  • 62
    • 33746718757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OLEDs for lighting
    • H. Boerner, "OLEDs for lighting," in Proc. SPIE, 2006, vol.6192, p. 61920U.
    • (2006) Proc. SPIE , vol.6192
    • Boerner, H.1
  • 63
    • 0028368820 scopus 로고
    • White light-emitting organic electroluminescent devices using the poly(N-vinylcarbazole) emitter layer doped with three fluorescent dyes
    • J. Kido, K. Hongawa, K. Okuyama, and K. Nagal, "White light-emitting organic electroluminescent devices using the poly(N-vinylcarbazole) emitter layer doped with three fluorescent dyes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.64, p. 815, 1994.
    • (1994) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.64 , pp. 815
    • Kido, J.1    Hongawa, K.2    Okuyama, K.3    Nagal, K.4
  • 64
    • 0029634018 scopus 로고
    • Multilayer white light-emitting organic electroluminescent device
    • J. Kido, M. Kimura, and K. Nagai, "Multilayer white light-emitting organic electroluminescent device," Science, vol.267, p. 1332, 1995.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 1332
    • Kido, J.1    Kimura, M.2    Nagai, K.3
  • 65
    • 31744446804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices for solid-state lighting
    • B. D'Andrade, V. Adamovich, R. Hewitt, M. Hack, and J. J. Brown, "Phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices for solid-state lighting," in Proc. SPIE, 2005, vol.5937, p. 593 701.
    • (2005) Proc. SPIE , vol.5937 , pp. 593701
    • D'Andrade, B.1    Adamovich, V.2    Hewitt, R.3    Hack, M.4    Brown, J.J.5
  • 66
    • 0032685087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A full-color transparent metal-free stacked organic light emitting device with simplified pixel biasing
    • G. Parthasarathy, G. Gu, and S. Forrest, "A full-color transparent metal-free stacked organic light emitting device with simplified pixel biasing," Adv. Mater., vol.11, p. 907, 1999.
    • (1999) Adv. Mater. , vol.11 , pp. 907
    • Parthasarathy, G.1    Gu, G.2    Forrest, S.3
  • 68
    • 79956034847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bright white small molecular organic light-emitting devices based on a red-emitting guest-host layer and blue-emitting 4,4(′)-bis(2,2(′)- eliphenylvinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl
    • K. Cheon and J. Shinar, "Bright white small molecular organic light-emitting devices based on a red-emitting guest-host layer and blue-emitting 4,4(′)-bis(2,2(′)-eliphenylvinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl, " Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.81, p. 1738, 2002.
    • (2002) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.81 , pp. 1738
    • Cheon, K.1    Shinar, J.2
  • 69
    • 0037116526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlling exciton diffusion in multilayer white phosphorescent organic light emitting devices
    • B. D'Andrade, M. Thompson, and S. Forrest, "Controlling exciton diffusion in multilayer white phosphorescent organic light emitting devices," Adv. Mater., vol.14, p. 147, 2002.
    • (2002) Adv. Mater. , vol.14 , pp. 147
    • D'Andrade, B.1    Thompson, M.2    Forrest, S.3
  • 70
    • 0032614725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White-light-emitting organic electroluminescent devices based on interlayer sequential energy transfer
    • R. Deshpande, V. Bulovic, and S. Forrest, "White-light-emitting organic electroluminescent devices based on interlayer sequential energy transfer," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.75, p. 888, 1999.
    • (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.75 , pp. 888
    • Deshpande, R.1    Bulovic, V.2    Forrest, S.3
  • 71
    • 79956048092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-efficiency white organic light-emitting devices with dual doped structure
    • DOI 10.1063/1.1413220
    • [71] Y. Huang, J. Jou, W. Weng, and J. Liu, "High-efficiency white organic light-emitting devices with dual doped structure," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.80, p. 2782, 2002. (Pubitemid 34573556)
    • (2002) Applied Physics Letters , vol.80 , Issue.15 , pp. 2782
    • Huang, Y.-S.1    Jou, J.-H.2    Weng, W.-K.3    Liu, J.-M.4
  • 72
    • 35349026844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Four-wavelength white organic light-emitting diodes using 4, 4′-bis-[carbazoyl-(9)]-stiloene as a deep blue emissive layer
    • C. H. Jeong, J. T. Lim, M. S. Kim, J. H. Lee, J. W. Bae, and G. Y. Yeom, "Four-wavelength white organic light-emitting diodes using 4, 4′-bis-[carbazoyl-(9)]-stiloene as a deep blue emissive layer, Org. Electron., vol. 8, p. 683, 2007.
    • (2007) Org. Electron. , vol.8 , pp. 683
    • Jeong, C.H.1    Lim, J.T.2    Kim, M.S.3    Lee, J.H.4    Bae, J.W.5    Yeom, G.Y.6
  • 73
    • 22144469441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-efficiency top-emissive white-light-emitting organic electrophosphorescent devices
    • H. Kanno, Y. Sun, and S. Forrest, "High-efficiency top-emissive white-light-emitting organic electrophosphorescent devices," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.86, p. 263 502, 2005.
    • (2005) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.86 , pp. 263502
    • Kanno, H.1    Sun, Y.2    Forrest, S.3
  • 74
    • 17944377269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White organic light-emitting diode comprising of blue fluorescence and red phosphorescence
    • D. Qin and Y. Tao, "White organic light-emitting diode comprising of blue fluorescence and red phosphorescence," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.86, p. 113 507, 2005.
    • (2005) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.86 , pp. 113507
    • Qin, D.1    Tao, Y.2
  • 75
    • 33747821670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly efficient white organic light emitting diodes comprising an interlayer to separate fluorescent and phosphorescent regions
    • G. Schwartz, K. Fehse, M. Pfeiffer, K. Walzer, and K. Leo, "Highly efficient white organic light emitting diodes comprising an interlayer to separate fluorescent and phosphorescent regions," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.89, p. 083509, 2006.
    • (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.89 , pp. 083509
    • Schwartz, G.1    Fehse, K.2    Pfeiffer, M.3    Walzer, K.4    Leo, K.5
  • 76
    • 36349017720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harvesting triplet excitons from fluorescent blue emitters in white organic light-emitting diodes
    • G. Schwartz, M. Pfeiffer, S. Reineke, K. Walzer, and K. Leo, "Harvesting triplet excitons from fluorescent blue emitters in white organic light-emitting diodes," Adv. Mater., vol.19, p. 3672, 2007.
    • (2007) Adv. Mater. , vol.19 , pp. 3672
    • Schwartz, G.1    Pfeiffer, M.2    Reineke, S.3    Walzer, K.4    Leo, K.5
  • 77
    • 33746751507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-efficiency white organic-light-emitting diodes combining fluorescent and phosphorescent emitter systems
    • G. Schwartz, K. Walzer, M. Pfeiffer, and K. Leo, "High-efficiency white organic-light-emitting diodes combining fluorescent and phosphorescent emitter systems," in Proc. SPIE, 2006, vol.6192, p. 61920Q.
    • (2006) Proc. SPIE , vol.6192
    • Schwartz, G.1    Walzer, K.2    Pfeiffer, M.3    Leo, K.4
  • 78
    • 34547326804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White organic light-emitting devices employing phosphorescent iridium complex as RGB dopants
    • R. Song, Y. Duan, S. Chen, Y. Zhao, J. Hou, and S. Liu, "White organic light-emitting devices employing phosphorescent iridium complex as RGB dopants," Semicond, Sci., Tech., vol.22, p. 728, 2007.
    • (2007) Semicond, Sci., Tech. , vol.22 , pp. 728
    • Song, R.1    Duan, Y.2    Chen, S.3    Zhao, Y.4    Hou, J.5    Liu, S.6
  • 79
    • 33645881353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of singlet and triplet excitons for efficient white organic light-emitting devices
    • Y. Sun, N. Giebink, H. Kanno, B. Ma, M. Thompson, and S. Forrest, "Management of singlet and triplet excitons for efficient white organic light-emitting devices," Nature, vol.440, p. 908, 2006.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.440 , pp. 908
    • Sun, Y.1    Giebink, N.2    Kanno, H.3    Ma, B.4    Thompson, M.5    Forrest, S.6
  • 81
    • 0142090029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-efficiency white phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with greenish-blue and red-emitting layers
    • S. Tokito, T. Iijima, T. Tsuzuki, and F. Sato, "High-efficiency white phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with greenish-blue and red-emitting layers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.83, p. 2459, 2003.
    • (2003) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.83 , pp. 2459
    • Tokito, S.1    Iijima, T.2    Tsuzuki, T.3    Sato, F.4
  • 82
    • 0033072650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White light emission induced by confinement in organic multiheterostructures
    • Z. Xie, J. Huang, C. Li, S. Liu, Y. Wang, Y. Li, and J. Shen, "White light emission induced by confinement in organic multiheterostructures," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.74, p. 641, 1999.
    • (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.74 , pp. 641
    • Xie, Z.1    Huang, J.2    Li, C.3    Liu, S.4    Wang, Y.5    Li, Y.6    Shen, J.7
  • 83
    • 36248953924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient white organic light-emitting devices based on phosphorescent platinum (II)/fluorescent dual-emitting layers
    • B.-P. Yan, C. C. C. Cheung, S. C. F. Kui, H.-F. Xiang, V. A. L. Roy, S.-J. Xu, and C.-M. Che, "Efficient white organic light-emitting devices based on phosphorescent platinum (II)/fluorescent dual-emitting layers," Adv. Mater., vol.19, p. 3599, 2007.
    • (2007) Adv. Mater. , vol.19 , pp. 3599
    • Yan, B.-P.1    Cheung, C.C.C.2    Kui, S.C.F.3    Xiang, H.-F.4    Roy, V.A.L.5    Xu, S.-J.6    Che, C.-M.7
  • 84
    • 34547729144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient white organic light-emitting devices using 4,7-diphenyl-1,10- phenanthroline as block layer
    • H. Yang, Y. Shi, Y. Zhao, J. Hou, and S. Liu, "Efficient white organic light-emitting devices using 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline as block layer," J. Lum., vol.127, p. 367, 2007.
    • (2007) J. Lum. , vol.127 , pp. 367
    • Yang, H.1    Shi, Y.2    Zhao, Y.3    Hou, J.4    Liu, S.5
  • 85
    • 41449103937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-performance white organic light-emitting device using non-doped-type structure
    • H. Yang, Y. Shi, Y. Zhao, and S. Liu, "High-performance white organic light-emitting device using non-doped-type structure," Sol. Stat. Electron., vol.52, p. 657, 2008.
    • (2008) Sol. Stat. Electron. , vol.52 , pp. 657
    • Yang, H.1    Shi, Y.2    Zhao, Y.3    Liu, S.4
  • 86
    • 41049102938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extremely low voltage and high bright p-i-n fluorescent white organic light-emitting diodes
    • Y. Duan, M. Mazzeo, V. Maiorano, F. Mariano, D. Qin, R. Cingolani, and G. Gigli, "Extremely low voltage and high bright p-i-n fluorescent white organic light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.92, p. 113304, 2008.
    • (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.92 , pp. 113304
    • Duan, Y.1    Mazzeo, M.2    Maiorano, V.3    Mariano, F.4    Qin, D.5    Cingolani, R.6    Gigli, G.7
  • 87
    • 10944222036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White organic light-emitting diodes based on 2,7-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)- 9, 9'-spirobifluorene: Improvement in operational lifetime
    • C. Chuen, Y. Tao, F. Wu, and C. Shu, "White organic light-emitting diodes based on 2,7-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)-9, 9'-spirobifluorene: Improvement in operational lifetime," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.85, p. 4609, 2004.
    • (2004) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.85 , pp. 4609
    • Chuen, C.1    Tao, Y.2    Wu, F.3    Shu, C.4
  • 88
    • 2442430586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient organic electrophosphorescent white-light-emitting device with a triple doped emissive layer
    • B. D'Andrade, R. Holmes, and S. Forrest, "Efficient organic electrophosphorescent white-light-emitting device with a triple doped emissive layer," Adv. Mater., vol.16, p. 624, 2004.
    • (2004) Adv. Mater. , vol.16 , pp. 624
    • D'Andrade, B.1    Holmes, R.2    Forrest, S.3
  • 89
    • 37549009173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driving voltage reduction in white organic light-emitting devices from selectively doping in ambipolar blue-emitting layer
    • C.-H. Hsiao, C.-F. Lin, and J.-H. Lee, "Driving voltage reduction in white organic light-emitting devices from selectively doping in ambipolar blue-emitting layer," J. Appl. Phys., vol.102, p. 094508, 2007.
    • (2007) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.102 , pp. 094508
    • Hsiao, C.-H.1    Lin, C.-F.2    Lee, J.-H.3
  • 90
    • 34547856292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High efficiency white organic light-emitting diodes from one emissive layer
    • C. H. Jeong, J. T. Lim, M. S. Kim, J. H. Lee, J. W. Bae, and G. Y. Yeom, "High efficiency white organic light-emitting diodes from one emissive layer," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol.46, p. 806, 2007.
    • (2007) Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. , vol.46 , pp. 806
    • Jeong, C.H.1    Lim, J.T.2    Kim, M.S.3    Lee, J.H.4    Bae, J.W.5    Yeom, G.Y.6
  • 92
    • 44849142618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Color-stable, efficient fluorescent pure-white organic light-emitting diodes with device architecture preventing excessive exciton formation on guest
    • J.-H. Jou, C.-J. Wang, Y.-P. Lin, Y.-C. Chung, P.-H. Chiang, M.-H. Wu, C-P. Wang, C.-L. Lai, and C. Chang, "Color-stable, efficient fluorescent pure-white organic light-emitting diodes with device architecture preventing excessive exciton formation on guest," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.92, p. 223 504, 2008.
    • (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.92 , pp. 223504
    • Jou, J.-H.1    Wang, C.-J.2    Lin, Y.-P.3    Chung, Y.-C.4    Chiang, P.-H.5    Wu, M.-H.6    Wang, C.-P.7    Lai, C.-L.8    Chang, C.9
  • 93
    • 0942277780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combinatorial fabrication and studies of bright white organic light-emitting devices based on emission from rubrene-doped 4,4′-bis(2, 2′-diphenylvinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl
    • G. Li and J. Shinar, "Combinatorial fabrication and studies of bright white organic light-emitting devices based on emission from rubrene-doped 4,4′-bis(2,2′-diphenylvinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.83, p. 5359, 2003.
    • (2003) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.83 , pp. 5359
    • Li, G.1    Shinar, J.2
  • 95
    • 36549066889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixing of excimer and exciplex emission: A new way to improve white light emitting organic electrophosphorescent diodes
    • J. Kalinowski, M. Cocchi, D. Virgili, V. Tattori, and J. A. G. Williams, "Mixing of excimer and exciplex emission: A new way to improve white light emitting organic electrophosphorescent diodes, " Adv. Mater., vol.19, p. 4000, 2007.
    • (2007) Adv. Mater. , vol.19 , pp. 4000
    • Kalinowski, J.1    Cocchi, M.2    Virgili, D.3    Tattori, V.4    Williams, J.A.G.5
  • 97
    • 0038845222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White light emission from blends of blue-emitting organic molecules: A general route to the white organic light-emitting diode?
    • J. Thompson, R. Blyth, M. Mazzeo, M. Anni, G. Gigli, and R. Cingolani, "White light emission from blends of blue-emitting organic molecules: A general route to the white organic light-emitting diode?" Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.79, p. 560, 2001.
    • (2001) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.79 , pp. 560
    • Thompson, J.1    Blyth, R.2    Mazzeo, M.3    Anni, M.4    Gigli, G.5    Cingolani, R.6
  • 98
    • 0037025686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White light emission using triplet excimers in electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting devices
    • B. D'Andrade, J. Brooks, V. Adamovich, M. Thompson, and S. Forrest, "White light emission using triplet excimers in electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting devices," Adv. Mater., vol.14, p. 1032, 2002.
    • (2002) Adv. Mater. , vol.14 , pp. 1032
    • D'Andrade, B.1    Brooks, J.2    Adamovich, V.3    Thompson, M.4    Forrest, S.5
  • 99
    • 34948882244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organic light-emitting devices for illumination quality white light
    • DOI 10.1063/1.1478786
    • [99] A. Duggal, J. Shiang, C. Heller, and D. Foust, "Organic light-emitting devices for illumination Quality white light," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.80, p. 3470, 2002. (Pubitemid 34637289)
    • (2002) Applied Physics Letters , vol.80 , Issue.19 , pp. 3470
    • Duggal, A.R.1    Shiang, J.J.2    Heller, C.M.3    Foust, D.F.4
  • 100
    • 0037252483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of multiwavelength resonant cavities for white organic light-emitting diodes
    • T. Shiga, H. Fujikawa, and Y. Taga, "Design of multiwavelength resonant cavities for white organic light-emitting diodes," J. Appl. Phys., vol.93, p. 19, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.93 , pp. 19
    • Shiga, T.1    Fujikawa, H.2    Taga, Y.3
  • 101
    • 0028529526 scopus 로고
    • Color variation with electroluminescent organic semiconductors in multimode resonant cavities
    • A. Dodabalapur, L. Rothberg, and T. Miller, "Color variation with electroluminescent organic semiconductors in multimode resonant cavities," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.65, p. 2308, 1994.
    • (1994) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.65 , pp. 2308
    • Dodabalapur, A.1    Rothberg, L.2    Miller, T.3
  • 102
    • 0141522790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of exciton and charge confinement on the performance of white organic p-i-n electrophosphorescent emissive excimer devices
    • B. D'Andrade and S. Forrest, "Effects of exciton and charge confinement on the performance of white organic p-i-n electrophosphorescent emissive excimer devices," J. Appl. Phys., vol.94, p. 3101, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.94 , pp. 3101
    • D'Andrade, B.1    Forrest, S.2
  • 103
    • 38949188636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced efficiency roll-off in high-efficiency hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes
    • G. Schwartz, S. Reineke, K. Walzer, and K. Leo, "Reduced efficiency roll-off in high-efficiency hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.92, p. 053311, 2008.
    • (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.92 , pp. 053311
    • Schwartz, G.1    Reineke, S.2    Walzer, K.3    Leo, K.4
  • 104
    • 41549094867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A yellow-emitting iridium complex for use in phosphorescent multiple-emissive-layer white organic light-emitting diodes with high color quality and efficiency
    • X.-M. Yu, G.-J. Zhou, C.-S. Lam, W.-Y. Wong, X.-L. Zhu, J.-X. Sun, M. Wong, and H.-S. Kwok, "A yellow-emitting iridium complex for use in phosphorescent multiple-emissive-layer white organic light-emitting diodes with high color quality and efficiency," J. Org. Met. Chem., vol.693, p. 1518, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Org. Met. Chem. , vol.693 , pp. 1518
    • Yu, X.-M.1    Zhou, G.-J.2    Lam, C.-S.3    Wong, W.-Y.4    Zhu, X.-L.5    Sun, J.-X.6    Wong, M.7    Kwok, H.-S.8
  • 105
    • 48849109470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced light out-coupling of organic light-emitting devices using embedded low-index grids
    • Y. Sun and S. Forrest, "Enhanced light out-coupling of organic light-emitting devices using embedded low-index grids," Nature, vol.2, p. 483, 2008.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.2 , pp. 483
    • Sun, Y.1    Forrest, S.2
  • 106
    • 69449087464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online
    • 2008. [Online]. Available: www.novaled.com
    • (2008)
  • 107
    • 69449087991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online
    • 2008. [Online]. Available: www.universaldisplay.com
    • (2008)
  • 108
    • 69449104128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online
    • 2008. [Online]. Available: www.osramos.com
    • (2008)
  • 109
    • 34547929094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invited paper: Development of phosphorescent white OLED with extremely high power efficiency and long lifetime
    • T. Nakayama, K. Hiyama, K. Furukawa, and H. Ohtani, "Invited paper: Development of phosphorescent white OLED with extremely high power efficiency and long lifetime," J. Soc. Inf. Disp., vol.38, p. 1018, 2007.
    • (2007) J. Soc. Inf. Disp. , vol.38 , pp. 1018
    • Nakayama, T.1    Hiyama, K.2    Furukawa, K.3    Ohtani, H.4
  • 112
    • 0032613546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interface engineering in preparation of organic surface-emitting diodes
    • L. Hung and C. Tang, "Interface engineering in preparation of organic surface-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.74, p. 3209, 1999.
    • (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.74 , pp. 3209
    • Hung, L.1    Tang, C.2
  • 114
    • 0037545837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transparent-cathode for top-emission organic light-emitting diodes
    • S. Han, X. Feng, Z. Lu, D. Johnson, and R. Wood, "Transparent- cathode for top-emission organic light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.82, p. 2715, 2003.
    • (2003) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.82 , pp. 2715
    • Han, S.1    Feng, X.2    Lu, Z.3    Johnson, D.4    Wood, R.5
  • 115
    • 0000019648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of an ultrathin LiF/Al bilayer in organic surface-emitting diodes
    • L. Hung, C. Tang, M. Mason, P. Raychaudhuri, and J. Madathil, "Application of an ultrathin LiF/Al bilayer in organic surface-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.78, p. 544, 2001.
    • (2001) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.78 , pp. 544
    • Hung, L.1    Tang, C.2    Mason, M.3    Raychaudhuri, P.4    Madathil, J.5
  • 116
    • 33845936002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MoOx modified ag anode for top-emitting organic light-emitting devices
    • J. Cao, X. Jiang, and Z. Zhang, "MoOx modified ag anode for top-emitting organic light-emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.89, p. 252 108, 2006.
    • (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.89 , Issue.108 , pp. 252
    • Cao, J.1    Jiang, X.2    Zhang, Z.3
  • 117
    • 33845887762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RGB tricolor produced by white-based top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with microcavity structure
    • J. Cao, X. Liu, M. A. Khan, W. Zhu, X. Jiang, Z. Zhang, and S. Xu, "RGB tricolor produced by white-based top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with microcavity structure," Curr. Appl. Phys., vol.7, p. 300, 2007.
    • (2007) Curr. Appl. Phys. , vol.7 , pp. 300
    • Cao, J.1    Liu, X.2    Khan, M.A.3    Zhu, W.4    Jiang, X.5    Zhang, Z.6    Xu, S.7
  • 118
    • 0942299447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Top-emitting organic light-emitting devices using surface-modified ag anode
    • C. Chen, P. Hsieh, H. Chiang, C. Lin, H. Wu, and C. Wu, "Top-emitting organic light-emitting devices using surface-modified ag anode," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.83, p. 5127, 2003.
    • (2003) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.83 , pp. 5127
    • Chen, C.1    Hsieh, P.2    Chiang, H.3    Lin, C.4    Wu, H.5    Wu, C.6
  • 119
    • 40749085625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using one-emissive layer of the DCJTB doped DPVBi layer
    • M. S. Kim, C. H. Jeong, J. T. Lim, and G. Y. Yeom, "White top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using one-emissive layer of the DCJTB doped DPVBi layer," Thin Solid Films, vol.516, p. 3590, 2008.
    • (2008) Thin Solid Films , vol.516 , pp. 3590
    • Kim, M.S.1    Jeong, C.H.2    Lim, J.T.3    Yeom, G.Y.4
  • 120
    • 33646911077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of thickness of organic and multilayer anode on luminance efficiency in top-emission organic light emitting diodes
    • S. Lin, H. Ueng, and F. Juang, "Effects of thickness of organic and multilayer anode on luminance efficiency in top-emission organic light emitting diodes," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1, vol.45, p. 3717, 2006.
    • (2006) Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1 , vol.45 , pp. 3717
    • Lin, S.1    Ueng, H.2    Juang, F.3
  • 121
    • 33846875905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Top-emitting organic light-emitting devices with improved light outcoupling and angle-independence
    • Z. Wu, H. Guo, J. Wang, and S. Liu, "Top-emitting organic light-emitting devices with improved light outcoupling and angle-independence, " J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., vol.39, p. 5160, 2006.
    • (2006) J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. , vol.39 , pp. 5160
    • Wu, Z.1    Guo, H.2    Wang, J.3    Liu, S.4
  • 123
    • 24344481779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly efficient top-emitting white organic electroluminescent devicesAppl. Phys
    • S. Hsu, C. Lee, S. Hwang, and C. Chen, "Highly efficient top-emitting white organic electroluminescent devices," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.86, p. 253 508, 2005.
    • (2005) Lett. , vol.86 , pp. 253508
    • Hsu, S.1    Lee, C.2    Hwang, S.3    Chen, C.4
  • 124
    • 34547838354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-performance top-emitting white organic light-emitting devices
    • X. Zhu, J. Sun, X. Yu, M. Wong, and H.-S. Kwok, "High-performance top-emitting white organic light-emitting devices," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1, vol.46, p. 4054, 2007.
    • (2007) Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1 , vol.46 , pp. 4054
    • Zhu, X.1    Sun, J.2    Yu, X.3    Wong, M.4    Kwok, H.-S.5
  • 126
    • 24344494913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of electron injection in inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using an insulating magnesium oxide buffer layer
    • H. Choi, S. Kim, W. Kim, and J. Lee, "Enhancement of electron injection in inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using an insulating magnesium oxide buffer layer," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.87, p. 082102, 2005.
    • (2005) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.87 , pp. 082102
    • Choi, H.1    Kim, S.2    Kim, W.3    Lee, J.4
  • 127
    • 15844375529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using transparent conductive NiO electrode
    • S. Park, J. Choi, E. Kim, and S. Im, "Inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using transparent conductive NiO electrode," Appl. Surf Sci., vol.244, p. 439, 2005.
    • (2005) Appl. Surf Sci. , vol.244 , pp. 439
    • Park, S.1    Choi, J.2    Kim, E.3    Im, S.4
  • 128
    • 44149085381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient, long-life and lambertian source of top-emitting white OLEDs using low-reflectivity molybdenum anode and co-doping technology
    • M.-T. Lee and M.-R. Tseng, "Efficient, long-life and lambertian source of top-emitting white OLEDs using low-reflectivity molybdenum anode and co-doping technology," Curr. Appl. Phys., vol.8, p. 616, 2008.
    • (2008) Curr. Appl. Phys. , vol.8 , pp. 616
    • Lee, M.-T.1    Tseng, M.-R.2
  • 129
    • 7544227453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An effective cathode structure for inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting devices
    • C. Chen, C. Lin, and C. Wu, "An effective cathode structure for inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.85, p. 2469, 2004.
    • (2004) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.85 , pp. 2469
    • Chen, C.1    Lin, C.2    Wu, C.3
  • 131
    • 0038095546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A low drive voltage, transparent, metal-free n-i-p electrophosphorescent light emitting diode
    • M. Pfeiffer, S. Forrest, X. Zhou, and K. Leo, "A low drive voltage, transparent, metal-free n-i-p electrophosphorescent light emitting diode," Org. Electron., vol.4, p. 21, 2003.
    • (2003) Org. Electron. , vol.4 , pp. 21
    • Pfeiffer, M.1    Forrest, S.2    Zhou, X.3    Leo, K.4
  • 132
    • 33645133571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microcavity two-unit tandem organic light-emitting devices having a high efficiency
    • T. Cho, C. Lin, and C. Wu, "Microcavity two-unit tandem organic light-emitting devices having a high efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.88, p. 111 106, 2006.
    • (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.88 , pp. 111106
    • Cho, T.1    Lin, C.2    Wu, C.3
  • 133
    • 33645147286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly top emitting organic light-emitting diodes with organic outcoupling enhancement layers
    • Q. Huang, K. Walzer, M. Pfeiffer, V. Lyssenko, G. He, and K. Leo, "Highly top emitting organic light-emitting diodes with organic outcoupling enhancement layers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.88, p. 113 515, 2006.
    • (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.88 , Issue.515 , pp. 113
    • Huang, Q.1    Walzer, K.2    Pfeiffer, M.3    Lyssenko, V.4    He, G.5    Leo, K.6
  • 135
    • 0037455357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorescent top-emitting organic light-emitting devices with improved light outcoupling
    • H. Riel, S. Karg, T. Beierlein, B. Ruhstaller, and W. Riess, "Phosphorescent top-emitting organic light-emitting devices with improved light outcoupling," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.82, p. 466, 2003.
    • (2003) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.82 , pp. 466
    • Riel, H.1    Karg, S.2    Beierlein, T.3    Ruhstaller, B.4    Riess, W.5
  • 136
    • 33644559673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing light outcoupling of organic light-emitting devices by locating emitters around the second antinode of the reflective metal electrode
    • C. Lin, T. Cho, C. Chang, and C. Wu, "Enhancing light outcoupling of organic light-emitting devices by locating emitters around the second antinode of the reflective metal electrode," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.88, p. 081114, 2006.
    • (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.88 , pp. 081114
    • Lin, C.1    Cho, T.2    Chang, C.3    Wu, C.4
  • 137
    • 8544278942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degradation phenomena in small-molecule organic light-emitting devices
    • H. Aziz and Z. Popovic, "Degradation phenomena in small-molecule organic light-emitting devices," Chem. Mater., vol.16, p. 4522, 2004.
    • (2004) Chem. Mater. , vol.16 , pp. 4522
    • Aziz, H.1    Popovic, Z.2
  • 140
    • 0000322612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the sites of dark spots in organic light-emitting devices
    • Y. Liew, H. Aziz, N. Hu, H. Chan, G. Xu, and Z. Popovic, "Investigation of the sites of dark spots in organic light-emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.77, p. 2650, 2000.
    • (2000) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.77 , pp. 2650
    • Liew, Y.1    Aziz, H.2    Hu, N.3    Chan, H.4    Xu, G.5    Popovic, Z.6
  • 142
    • 0037425192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accelerated pre-oxidation method for healing progressive electrical short in organic light-emitting devices
    • Y. Kim, D. Choi, H. Lim, and C. Ha, "Accelerated pre-oxidation method for healing progressive electrical short in organic light-emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.82, p. 2200, 2003.
    • (2003) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.82 , pp. 2200
    • Kim, Y.1    Choi, D.2    Lim, H.3    Ha, C.4
  • 143
    • 0035297946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water vapor and oxygen degradation mechanisms in organic light emitting diodes
    • M. Schaer, F. Nuesch, D. Berner, W. Leo, and L. Zuppiroli, "Water vapor and oxygen degradation mechanisms in organic light emitting diodes," Adv. Funct. Mater., vol.11, p. 116, 2001.
    • (2001) Adv. Funct. Mater. , vol.11 , pp. 116
    • Schaer, M.1    Nuesch, F.2    Berner, D.3    Leo, W.4    Zuppiroli, L.5
  • 144
    • 0036571919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bubble formation and growth in organic light-emitting diodes composed of a polymeric emitter and a calcium cathode
    • W. Wang, S. Lim, and S. Chua, "Bubble formation and growth in organic light-emitting diodes composed of a polymeric emitter and a calcium cathode," J. Appl. Phys., vol.91, p. 5712, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.91 , pp. 5712
    • Wang, W.1    Lim, S.2    Chua, S.3
  • 146
    • 79956002105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bubble formation due to electrical stress in organic light emitting devices
    • L. Ke, S. Chua, K. Zhang, and P. Chen, "Bubble formation due to electrical stress in organic light emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.80, p. 171, 2002.
    • (2002) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.80 , pp. 171
    • Ke, L.1    Chua, S.2    Zhang, K.3    Chen, P.4
  • 147
    • 0031232824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrathin organic films grown by organic molecular beam deposition and related techniques
    • S. R. Forrest, "Ultrathin organic films grown by organic molecular beam deposition and related techniques," Chem. Rev., vol.97, p. 793, 1997.
    • (1997) Chem. Rev. , vol.97 , pp. 793
    • Forrest, S.R.1
  • 151
    • 33847754274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operational degradation of organic light-emitting diodes: Mechanism and identification of chemical products
    • D. Kondakov, W. Lenhart, and W. Nichols, "Operational degradation of organic light-emitting diodes: Mechanism and identification of chemical products," J. Appl. Phys., vol.101, p. 024512, 2007.
    • (2007) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.101 , pp. 024512
    • Kondakov, D.1    Lenhart, W.2    Nichols, W.3
  • 152
    • 0022011006 scopus 로고
    • Electrically conductive metallomacrocyclic assemblies
    • T. Marks, "Electrically conductive metallomacrocyclic assemblies," Science, vol.227, p. 881, 1985.
    • (1985) Science , vol.227 , pp. 881
    • Marks, T.1
  • 153
    • 0000387135 scopus 로고
    • Molecular material based junctions: Formation of a schottky contact with metallophatlocyanine thin films doped by the cosublimation method
    • M. Maitrot, G. Guillaud, B. Boudjema, J. Andre, and J. Simon, "Molecular material based junctions: Formation of a schottky contact with metallophatlocyanine thin films doped by the cosublimation method," J. Appl. Phys., vol.60, p. 2396, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.60 , pp. 2396
    • Maitrot, M.1    Guillaud, G.2    Boudjema, B.3    Andre, J.4    Simon, J.5
  • 154
    • 33747114697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrastable and efficient red organic light emitting diodes with doped transport layers
    • R. Meerheim, K. Walzer, M. Pfeiffer, and K. Leo, "Ultrastable and efficient red organic light emitting diodes with doped transport layers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.89, p. 061111, 2006.
    • (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.89 , pp. 061111
    • Meerheim, R.1    Walzer, K.2    Pfeiffer, M.3    Leo, K.4
  • 156
    • 27144463154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly efficient, deep-blue doped organic light-emitting devices
    • M. Lee, C. Liao, C. Tsai, and C. Chen, "Highly efficient, deep-blue doped organic light-emitting devices," Adv. Mater., vol.17, p. 2493, 2005.
    • (2005) Adv. Mater. , vol.17 , pp. 2493
    • Lee, M.1    Liao, C.2    Tsai, C.3    Chen, C.4
  • 157
    • 27744559789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent development of blue fluorescent OLED materials and devices
    • S. Wen, M. Lee, and C. Chen, "Recent development of blue fluorescent OLED materials and devices," IEEE/OSA J. Disp. Tech., vol.1, p. 90, 2005.
    • (2005) IEEE/OSA J. Disp. Tech. , vol.1 , pp. 90
    • Wen, S.1    Lee, M.2    Chen, C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.