Olecranon orientation as an indicator of elbow joint angle in the stance phase, and estimation of forelimb posture in extinct quadruped animals

Journal of Morphology

Volumn 270, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 1107-1121

  Fujiwara, Shin Ichi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

Desmostylia; Desmostylus; Lever arm; Paleoparadoxia; Reconstruction

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BODY POSTURE; ELBOW; FORELIMB; FOSSIL; HISTOLOGY; OLECRANON; PHYSIOLOGY; ULNA;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; ELBOW JOINT; FORELIMB; FOSSILS; OLECRANON PROCESS; POSTURE; ULNA;

ANIMALIA; DESMOSTYLIA; MAMMALIA; PALEOPARADOXIA; TETRAPODA;

EID: 69449097871     PISSN: 03622525     EISSN: 10974687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10748     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Alexander RMCN. 1989. Dynamics of Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Giants. New York: Columbia University Press. 167p.
2. Biewener AA. 1983. Allometry of quadrupedal locomotion: The scaling of duty factor, bone curvature and limb orientation to body size. J Exp Biol 105:147-171.
3. Boczek-Funcke A, Kuhtz-Buschbeck JP, Illert M. 1996. Kinematic analysis of the shoulder girdle during treadmill locomotion: And x-ray study. Eur J Neurosci 8:261-272.
4. Carrier DR, Gregersen CS, Silverton NA. 1998. Dynamic gearing in running dog. J Exp Biol 201:3185-3195.
5. Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL, Schamhardt HC, Willemen MA, Colborne GR. 1998. Net joint moments and powers in the equine forelimb during the stance phase of the trot. Equine Vet J 30:384-389.
6. Cohen AH, Gans C. 1975. Muscle activity in rat locomotion: Movement analysis and electromyography of the flexors and extensors of the elbow. J Morph 146:177-196.
7. Courtine GG, Roy RR, Hodgson J, Mckay H, Raven J, Zhong H, Yang H, Tuszynski MH, Edgerton VR. 2005. Kinematic and EMG determinants in quadrupedal locomotion of a nonhuman Primate (Rhesus). J Morph 93:3127-3145.
8. Day LM, Jayne BC. 2007. Interspecific scaling of the morphology and posture of the limbs during the locomotion of cats (Felidae). J Exp Biol 210:642-654.
9. Domning DP. 2002. The terrestrial posture of desmostylians. Smith Cont Paleobiol 93:99-111.
10. Drapeau MSM. 2004. Functional anatomy of the olecranon process in hominoids and Plio-Pleistocene hominins. Am J Phys Anthrop 124:297-314.
11. Dutto DJ, Hoyt DF, Clayton HM, Cogger EA, Wickler SJ. 2006. Joint work and power for both the forelimb and hindlimb during trotting in the horse. J Exp Biol 209:3990-3999.
12. English AWM. 1977. Structural correlates of forelimb function in fur seal and sea lions. J Morph 151:325-352.
13. Fischer MS, Shilling N, Shmidt M, Haarhaus D, Witte H. 2002. Basic limb kinematics of small therian mammals. J Exp Biol 205:1315-1338.
14. Goslow GE, Seeherman HJ, Taylor CR, McCutchin MN, Heglund NC. 1981. Electrical activity and relative length changes of dog limb muscles as a function of speed and gait. J Exp Biol 94:15-42.
15. Gregersen CS, Silverton NA, Carrier DR. 1998. External work and potential for elastic storage at the limb joints of running dog. J Exp Biol 201:3197-3210.
16. Hildebrand M, Goslow GE. 2001. Analysis of Vertebrate Structure, 5th ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 635p.
17. Inuzuka N. 1996. Preliminary study on kinematic gait analysis in mammals. Mammal Study 21:43-57.
18. Inuzuka N. 2005. The Stanford skeleton of Paleoparadoxia (Mammalia: Desmostylia). Bull Ashoro Mus Paleont 3:3-110.
19. Jenkins FA, Weijs WA. 1979. The functional anatomy of the shoulder in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). J Zool Lond 188:379-410.
20. Knussmann R. 1967. Humerus, ulna und radius der simia. Bibliotheca Primatologica 5:1-399.
21. Miller S, Van der Meché FG. 1975. Movements of the forelimb of the cat during stepping on the treadmill. Brain Res 91:255-269.
22. Mori M. 1958. The skeleton and musculature of Zalophus. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 31:203-294.
23. Muybridge E. 1957. Animals in Motion. New York: Dover Publications. 264p.
24. Nowak RM. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1986p.
25. Schilling N. 2005. Ontogenetic development of locomotion in small mammals-A kinematic study. J Exp Biol 208:4013-4034.
26. Schmidt M. 2005. Quadrupedal locomotion in squirrel monkeys (Cebidae: Saimiri sciureus): A cineradiographic study of limb kinematics and related substrate reaction forces. Am J Phys Anthrop 128:359-370.
27. Schmidt M, Fischer MS. 2000. Cineradiographic study of forelimb movements during quadrupedal walking in the brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus. Primates: Lemuridae). Am J Phys Anthrop 111:245-262.
28. Shockey BJ, Flynn JJ. 2007. Morphological diversity in the postcranial skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and foot posture in notoungulates. Am Museum Novitates 3601:1-26.
29. Tuttle R, Basmajian JV. 1983. Electromyography of brachial muscles in Pan gorilla and hominoid evolution. Am J Phys Anthrop 61:75-83.
30. Van Valkenburgh B. 1987. Skeletal indicators of locomotor behavior in living and extinct carnivores. J Vert Paleont 7:162-182.
31. Wickler SJ, Hoyt DF, Biewener AA, Cogger EA, De la Paz KL. 2005. In vivo muscle function vs speed. II. Muscle function trotting up an incline. J Exp Biol 208:1191-1200.
32. Witte H, Biltzinger J, Hackert R, Schilling N, Schmidt M, Reich C, Fischer MS. 2002. Torque patterns of the limbs of small therian mammals during locomotion on flat ground. J Exp Biol 205:1339-1353.
33. Yamazaki N, Ikeuchi M. 2000. Restoration of Desmostylus walking by quadrupedal musculo-skeletal robot. Bull Ashoro Mus Paleont 1:159-165.