Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Part I: Classification of radiographs with use of the modified lateral pillar and stulberg classifications

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery

Volumn 86, Issue 10, 2004, Pages 2103-2120

  Herring, John A ^a   Hui, Hui Taek ^a,b   Browne, Richard ^a  

^a TEXAS SCOTTISH RITE HOSPITAL FOR CHILDREN   (United States)

^b Pusan National University School of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; FEMUR HEAD; HIP; HIP RADIOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MULTICENTER STUDY; OBSERVER VARIATION; OSSIFICATION; PERTHES DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; QUALITATIVE DIAGNOSIS; RELIABILITY; SCHOOL CHILD; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHILD; CLASSIFICATION; HOSPITALIZATION; RADIOGRAPHY; REPRODUCIBILITY;

ADOLESCENT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD; FEMUR HEAD; HIP JOINT; HUMANS; LEGG-PERTHES DISEASE; OBSERVER VARIATION; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 6944226439     PISSN: 00219355     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200410000-00001     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Arie E, Johnson F, Harrison MH, Hughes JR, Small P. Femoral head shape in Perthes' disease. Is the contralateral hip abnormal? Clin Orthop. 1986;209:77-88.
2. Axer A, Hendel D. Recurrent Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease. A case report. Clin Ortriop. 1977;126:170-1.
3. Axer A, Gershuni DH, Hendel D, Mirovski Y. Indications for femoral osteotomy in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop. 1980;150:78-87.
4. Baksi DP. Palliative operations for painful old Perthes' disease. Int Orthop. 1995;19:46-50.
5. Barnes JM. Premature epiphysial closure in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980;62:432-7.
6. Bellyei A, Mike G. Acetabular development in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Orthopedics. 1988;11:407-11.
7. Blakemore ME, Harrison MH. A prospective study of children with untreated Catterall group 1 Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979;61:329-33.
8. Bos CF, Bloem JL, Bloem RM. Sequential magnetic resonance imaging in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:219-24.
9. Bowen JR, Schreiber FC, Foster BK, Wein BK. Premature femoral neck physeal closure in Perthes' disease. Clin Orthop. 1982;171:24-9.
10. Catterall A. The natural history of Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1971;53:37-53.
11. Catterall A. Natural history, classification, and x-ray signs in Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease. Acta Orthop Belg. 1980;46:346-51.
12. Catterall A. Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome. Clin Orthop. 1981;158:41-52.
13. Catterall A, Pringle J, Byers PD, Fulford GE, Kemp HB, Dolman CL, Bell HM, McKibbin B, Ralis Z, Jensen OM, Lauritzen J, Ponseti IV, Ogden J. A review of the morphology of Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1982;64:269-75.
14. Catterall A. Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease. New York: Churchill Livingstone;1982.
15. Chacko V, Joseph B, Seetharam B. Perthes' disease in South India. Clin Orthop. 1986;209:95-9.
16. Clarke TE, Finnegan TL, Fisher RL, Bunch WH, Gossling HR. Legg-Perthes disease in children less than four years old. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978;60:166-8.
17. Clarke NM, Harrison MH. Painful sequelae of coxa plana. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;65:13-8.
18. Conway JJ. A scintigraphic classification of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Semin Nucl Med. 1993;23:274-95.
19. Cooperman DR, Stulberg SD. Ambulatory containment treatment in Perthes' disease. Clin Orthop. 1986;203:289-300.
20. Cotler JM, Donahue J. Innominate osteotomy in the treatment of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop. 1980;150:95-102.
21. Danielsson L, Pettersson H, Sunden G. Early assessment of prognosis in Perthes' disease. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982;53:605-11.
22. de Sanctis N, Rega AN, Rondinella F. Prognostic evaluation of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease by MRI. Part I: the role of physeal involvement. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:455-62.
23. de Sanctis N, Rondinella F. Prognostic evaluation of Legg-Calvé- Perthes disease by MRI. Part II: pathomorphogenesis and new classification. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:463-70.
24. Dickens DRV, Menelaus MB. The assessment of prognosis in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60:189-94.
25. Dominguez R, Oh KS, Young LW, Goodman M. Acute chondrolysis complicating Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Skeletal Radiol. 1987;16:377-82.
26. Ellis W. Metaphysis in Perthes disease: a method of assessment and selection for treatment. J Pediatr Orthop. 1984;4:731-4.
27. Fisher RL, Roderique JW, Brown DC, Danigelis JA, Ozonoff MB, Sziklas JJ. The relationship of isotopic bone imaging findings to prognosis in Legg-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop. 1980;150:23-9.
28. Fulford GE, Lunn PG, Macnicol MF. A prospective study of nonoperative and operative management for Perthes' disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:281-5.
29. Gershuni DH. Preliminary evaluation and prognosis in Legg-Calvé- Perthes disease. Clin Orthop. 1980;150:16-22.
30. Gower WE, Johnston RC. Legg-Perthes disease. Long-term follow-up of thirty-six patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1971;53:759-68.
31. Green NE, Beauchamp RD, Griffin PP. Epiphyseal extrusion as a prognostic index in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:900-5.
32. Griffin PP, Green NE, Beauchamp RD. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: treatment and prognosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 1980;11:127-39.
33. Herring JA, Lundeen MA, Wenger DR. Minimal Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980;62:25-30.
34. Herring JA. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: a review of current knowledge. Instr Course Lect. 1989;38:309-15.
35. Herring JA, Neustadt JB, Williams JJ, Early JS, Browne RH. The lateral pillar classification of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992;12:143-50.
36. Herring JA, Williams JJ, Neustadt JN, Early JS. Evolution of femoral head deformity during the healing phase of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:41-5.
37. Herring JA. The treatment of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. A critical review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76:448-58.
38. Herring J. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1996.
39. Hirohashi K, Kanbara T, Kuroda K, Okajima M, Hyashi M, Shimazu A. Perthes' disease - a classification based on the extent of epiphyseal and metaphyseal involvement. Int Orthop. 1980;4:47-55.
40. Hoffinger SA, Henderson RC, Renner JB, Dales MC, Rab GT. Magnetic resonance evaluation of "metaphyseal" changes in Legg-Calvé- Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:602-6.
41. Holkka V, Poussa M, Yrjonen T, Osterman K. Intertrochanteric varus osteotomy for Perthes' disease. Radiographic changes after 2-16-year follow-up of 126 hips. Acta Orthop Scand. 1991;62:549-53.
42. Ippolito E, Tudisco C, Farsetti P. Long-term prognosis of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease developing during adolescence. J Pediatr Orthop. 1985;5:652-6.
43. Ippolito E, Tudisco C, Farsetti P. The long-term prognosis of unilateral Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1987;69:243-50.
44. Ismail A, Macnicol M. Prognosis in Perthes' disease: a comparison of radiological predictors. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998;80:310-4.
45. Joseph B. Morphological changes in the acetabulum in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71:756-63.
46. Keret D, Harrison MH, Clarke NM, Hall DJ. Coxa plana - the fate of the physis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66:870-7.
47. Klepurska A. Late results of treatment in Perthes' disease by a functional method. Clin Orthop. 1991;272:76-81.
48. Leitch JM, Paterson DC, Foster BK. Growth disturbance in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease and the consequences of surgical treatment. Clin Orthop. 1991;262:178-84.
49. McAndrew MP, Weinstein SL. A long-term follow-up of Legg-Calvé- Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66:860-9.
50. Norlin R, Hammerby S, Tkaczuk H. The natural history of Perthes' disease. Int Orthop. 1991;15:13-6.
51. Poussa M, Yrjonen T, Hoikka V, Osterman K. Prognosis after conservative and operative treatment in Perthes' disease. Clin Orthop. 1993;297:82-6.
52. Reinker KA, Larsen IJ. Patterns of progression in Legg-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1983;3:455-60.
53. Salter RB, Thompson GH. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. The prognostic significance of the subchondral fracture and a two-group classification of the femoral head involvement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66:479-89.
54. Song HR, Dhar S, Na JB, Cho SH, Ahn BW, Ko SM, Suh SW, Koo KH. Classification of metaphyseal change with magnetic resonance imaging in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:557-61.
55. Sponseller PD, Desai SS, Millis MB. Abnormalities of proximal femoral growth after severe Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71:610-4.
56. Stulberg SD, Cooperman DR, Wallensten R. The natural history of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:1095-108.
57. Thompson GH, Salter RB. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Current concepts and controversies. Orthop Clin North Am. 1987;18:617-35.
58. Tsao AK, Dias LS, Conway JJ, Straka P. The prognostic value and significance of serial bone scintigraphy in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1997;17:230-9.
59. Yrjonen T, Poussa M, Hoikka V, Osterman K. Poor prognosis in atypical Perthes' disease. Radiographic analysis of 19 hips after 35 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 1992;63:399-402.
60. Katz JF. Minimal Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Mt Sinai Hosp NY. 1968;35:408-16.
61. Dal Monte A, Andrisano A, Capanna R, RubbiniL. Long term results of centralising intertrochanteric osteotomy in Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease. (Report on 60 cases). Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1982;8:413-22.
62. Chigwanda PC. Early natural history of untreated Perthes' disease. Cent Afr J Med. 1992;38:334-42.
63. Willett K, Hudson I, Catterall A. Lateral shelf acetabuloplasty: an operation for older children with Perthes' disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992;12:563-8.
64. Kruse RW, Guille JT, Bowen JR. Shelf arthroplasty in patients who have Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. A study of long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:1338-47.
65. Catterall A. Adolescent hip pain after Perthes' disease. Clin Orthop. 1986;209:65-9.
66. Canario AT, Williams L, Wientroub S, Catterall A, Lloyd-Roberts GC. A con-trolled study of the results of femoral osteotomy in severe Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980;62:438-40.
67. Yrjonen T. Prognosis In Perthes' disease after noncontainment treatment. 106 hips followed for 28-47 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 1992;63:523-6.
68. Olney BW, Asher MA. Combined innominate and femoral osteotomy for the treatment of severe Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1985;5:645-51.
69. Noonan KJ, Price CT, Kupiszewski SJ, Pyevich M. Results of femoral varus osteotomy in children older than 9 years of age with Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001;21:198-204.
70. Snyder CR. Legg-Perthes disease in the young hip - does it necessarily do well? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1975;57:751-9.
71. Schoenecker PL, Stone JW, Capelli AM. Legg-Perthes disease in children under 6 years old. Orthop Rev. 1993;22:201-8.
72. Kelly FB Jr, Canale ST, Jones RR. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Long-term evaluation of non-containment treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62:400-7.
73. Sponseller PD, Desal SS, Millis MB. Comparison of femoral and innominate osteotomies for the treatment of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70:1131-9.
74. Martinez AG, Weinstein SL, Dietz FR. The weight-bearing abduction brace for the treatment of Legg-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:12-21.
75. Kamegaya M, Shinada Y, Moriya H, Tsuchiya K, Akita T, Someya M. Acetabular remodelling in Perthes' disease after primary healing. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992;12:308-14.
76. Evans IK, Deluca PA, Gage JR. A comparative study of ambulation-abduction bracing and varus derotation osteotomy in the treatment of severe Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in children over 6 years of age. J Pediatr Orthop. 1988;8:676-82.
77. Menelaus MB. Lessons learned in the management of Legg-Calvé- Perthes disease. Clin Orthop. 1986;209:41-8.
78. Nomura T, Terayama K, Watanabe S. Perthes' disease: a comparison between two methods of treatment, Thomas' splint and femoral osteotomy. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1980;97:135-40.
79. Edsberg B, Rubinstein E, Relmers J. Containment of the femoral head in Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease and its prognostic significance. Acta Orthop Scand. 1979;50:191-5.
80. Lloyd-Roberts GC, Catterall A, Salamon PB. A controlled study of the indications for and the results of femoral osteotomy in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976;58:31-6.
81. Kruse RW, Guille JT, Bowen JR. Shelf arthroplasty in patients who have Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. A study of long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:1338-47.
82. Legg AT. Osteochondral trophopathy of the hip-joint. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1916;22:307-23.
83. Waldenstrom H. The definite form of the coxa plana. Acta Radiol. 1922;1:384-95.
84. Goff CW. Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome and related osteochondroses of youth. Springfield, IL: Thomas; 1954.
85. Christensen F, Soballe K, Ejsted R, Luxhoj T. The Catterall classification of Perthes' disease: an assessment of reliability. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1986;68:614-5.
86. Hardcastle PH, Ross R, Hamaialnen M, Mata A. Catterall grouping of Perthes' disease. An assessment of observer error and prognosis using the Catterall classification. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980;62:428-31.
87. Van Dam BE, Crider RJ, Noyes JD, Larsen L.J. Determination of the Catterall classification in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:906-14.
88. Ritterbusch JF, Shantharam SS, Geiinas C. Comparison of lateral pillar classification and Catterall classification of Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:200-2.
89. Mukherjee K, Fabry G. Evaluation of the prognostic indices in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: statistical analysis of 116 hips. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10:153-8.
90. Wlig D, Terjesen T, Svenningsen S. Inter-observer reliability of radiographic classifications and measurements in the assessment of Perthes' disease. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002;73:523-30.
91. Herring JA, Hair M, Short D, Brown R; Legg-Perthes Study Group. Comparison of a computerized system of analysis (Gross-Harry) of Legg-Perthes radiographs with radiographic measurements by physicians. In: Uhthoff HK, Wiley JJ, editors. Behavior of the growth plate. New York: Raven Press; 1988. p 393-400.
92. Podeszwa DA, Stanitski CL, Stanitski DF, Woo R, Mendelow MJ. The effect of pediatric orthopedic experience on interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the Herring lateral pillar classification of Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:562-5.
93. Pletrzak S, Naplontek M, Tomaszewski M. [Inter-observer variation of the Caterall and Herring classification in Perthes disease]. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 2000;65:33-8. Polish.
94. Specchlulli F, Sclaipi L. Catterall versus Herring classification in Perthes' disease. Chir Organi Mov. 1997;82:289-93.
95. Meurer A, Schwitalle M, Humke T, Rosendahl T, Heine J. [Comparison of the prognostic value of the Catterall and Herring classification in patients with Perthes disease]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1999;137:168-72. German.
96. Neyt JG, Weinstein SL, Spratt KF, Doian L, Moccuende J, Dietz FR, Guyton G, Hart R, Kraut MS, Lervick G, Pardubsky P, Saterbak A. Stulberg classification system for evaluation of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:1209-16.
97. Donner A, Ellasziw M. Sample size requirements for reliability studies. Stat Med. 1987;6:441-8.
98. Walter SD, Ellasziw M, Donner A. Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies. Stat Med. 1998;17:101-10.
99. Feinstein AR, Cicchetti DV. High agreement but low kappa: I. The problems of two paradoxes. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43:543-9.
100. Kraemer HC. Measurement of reliability for categorical data in medical research. Stat Methods Med Res. 1992;1:183-99.
101. Cicchetti DV, Feinstein AR. High agreement but low kappa: II. Resolving the paradoxes. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43:551-8.
102. Maciure M, Wiiiett WC. Misinterpretation and misuse of the kappa statistic. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;126:161-9.
103. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159-74.
104. Feidt LS, Brennan RL. Reliability in generalizability theory. In: Linn RL, editor. Educational measurement. Part I: theory and general examples. 3rd ed. Phoenix: Oryz Press; 1993. p 127-41.
105. Lappin K, Keaiey D, Cosgrove A. Herring classification: how useful is the initial radiograph? J Pediatr Orthop. 2002;22:479-82.