Pediatric Mass Casualty: Triage and Planning for the Prehospital Provider

Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 173-185

  Lyle, Kristin ^a   Thompson, Tonya ^a   Graham, James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

disaster; emergency medical services; mass casualty; pediatrics; planning; prehospital; triage

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENT; ACUTE STRESS; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; CAREGIVER; CHILD HEALTH CARE; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; CHRONIC STRESS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DISASTER; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMERGENCY CARE; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEALTH CARE AVAILABILITY; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH CARE NEED; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH HAZARD; HURRICANE; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; MORBIDITY; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PATIENT SAFETY; PATIENT TRANSPORT; PEDIATRICIAN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; RESCUE PERSONNEL; SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICE; SELF CARE; TRAUMATOLOGY; VIOLENCE;

EID: 69349084467     PISSN: 15228401     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2009.06.004     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Gnauck K.A., Nufer K.E., LaValley J.M., et al. Do pediatric and adult disaster victims differ? A descriptive analysis of clinical encounters from four natural disaster DMAT deployments. Prehosp Disaster Med 22 (2007) 67-73
2. Becker, Bruce M. In: Ciottone G., Anderson P., Auf Der Heide E., et al. (Eds). "Children and Disaster." Disaster medicine. 3rd ed (2006), Elsevier Mosby, Philadelphia, PA 51-58
3. Graham C.J., Stuemky J., and Lera T.A. Emergency medical services preparedness for pediatric emergencies. Pediatr Emerg Care 9 (1993) 329-331
4. Zaritsky A., French J.P., Schafermeyer R., et al. A statewide evaluation of pediatric prehospital and hospital emergency services. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 148 (1994) 76-81
5. Youngquist S.T., Henderson D.P., Gausche-Hill M., et al. Paramedic self-efficacy and skill retention in pediatric airway management. Acad Emerg Med 15 (2008) 1295-1303
6. Mace S.E., and Bern A.I. Needs assessment: are Disaster Medical Assistance Teams up to the challenge of a pediatric disaster?. Am J Emerg Med 25 (2007) 762-769
7. Stankovic C., Mahajan P., Ye H., et al. Bioterrorism: evaluating the preparedness of pediatricians in Michigan. Pediatr Emerg Care 25 (2009) 88-92
8. Shirm S., Liggin R., Dick R., et al. Prehospital preparedness for pediatric mass casualty events. Pediatrics 120 (2007) e756-e761
9. Markenson D., and Redlener I. Pediatric terrorism preparedness national guidelines and recommendations: findings of an evidence-based consensus process. Biosecur Bioterror 2 (2004) 301-319
10. Cicero M.X., and Baum C.R. Pediatric disaster preparedness: best planning for the worst case scenario. Pediatr Emerg Care 24 (2008) 478-482
11. Carley S.D., Mackway-Jones K., and Donnan S. Delphi study into planning for care of children in major incidents. Arch Dis Child 80 (1999) 406-409
12. Chung S., and Shannon M. Reuniting children with their families during disasters: a proposed plan for greater success. Am J Disaster Med 2 (2007) 113-117
13. Brandenburg M.A., Watkins S.M., Brandenburg K.L., et al. Operation Child-ID: reunifying children with their legal guardians after Hurricane Katrina. Disasters 31 (2007) 277-287
14. Brandenburg M.A., and Arneson W.L. Pediatric disaster response in developed countries: ten guiding principles. Am J Disaster Med 2 (2007) 151-162
15. Gausche-Hill M. Ensuring quality in prehospital airway management. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 16 (2003) 173-181
16. Aharonson-Daniel L., Waisman Y., Dannon Y.L., et al. Epidemiology of terror-related versus non-terror-related traumatic injury in children. Pediatrics 112 (2003) e280
17. Quintana D.A., Parker J.R., Jordan F.B., et al. The spectrum of pediatric injuries after a bomb blast. J Pediatr Surg 32 (1997) 307-310
18. Bernardo L.M. Pediatric implications in bioterrorism part 1: physiological and psychosocial differences. Int J Trauma Nurs 7 (2001) 14-16
19. Allen G.M., Parrillo S.J., Will J., et al. Principles of disaster planning for the pediatric population. Prehosp Disaster Med 22 6 (2007) 537-540
20. Freyberg C.W., Arguilla B., Fertel B.S., et al. Disaster preparedness: hospital decontamination and the pediatric patient: guidelines for hospitals and emergency planners. Prehosp Disaster Med 23 (2008) 166-173
21. Teran-Maciver M., and Larson K. Implications of chemical biological terrorist events for children and pregnant women. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 33 (2008) 224-232
22. Committee on Environmental Health and Committee on Infectious Disease. Chemical-biological terrorism and its impact on children. Pediatrics 118 (2006) 1267-1278
23. Skorga P., Persell D.J., Arangie P., et al. Caring for victims of nuclear and radiological terrorism. Nurse Pract 28 (2003) 24-41
24. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Environmental Health. Radiation disasters and children. Pediatrics 111 6 Pt 1 (2003) 1455-1466
25. Hohenhaus S.M. Practical considerations for providing pediatric care in a mass casualty incident. Nurs Clin N Am 40 (2005) 523-533
26. Middleton K.R., and Burt C.W. Availability of pediatric services and equipment in emergency departments: United States, 2002-03. Adv Data 367 (2006) 1-16
27. Gausche-Hill M., Schmitz C., and Lewis R.J. Pediatric preparedness of U.S. emergency departments: a 2003 survey. Pediatrics 120 (2007) 1229-1237
28. Cyr C. Multivictim emergency care: a case study of organophosphate poisoning in 67 children. J Emerg Nurse 14 (1988) 277
29. Van Amerongen R.H., Fine J.S., and Talbert J.L. The Avianca plane crash: an emergency medical system's response to pediatric survivors of the disaster. Pediatrics 92 (1993) 105-110
30. Vukmir R.B., and Paris P.M. The three rivers regatta incident: an EMS perspective. Am J Emerg Med. 81 (1991) 64-71
31. Quinn B., Baker R., and Pratt J. Hurricane Andrew and a pediatric emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 23 (1994) 737-741
32. McNabb S.J.N., Kelso K.Y., Wilson S.A., et al. Hurricane Andrew-related injuries and illnesses, Louisiana, 1992. Southern Med J 88 (1995) 615-618
33. Ammerman N.T. Report to the Justice and Treasury Departments regarding law enforcement interaction with the Branch Davidians in Waco, Texas Recommendations of Experts for Improvements in Federal Law Enforcement After Waco (1993), U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Department of the Treasury, Washington (DC)
34. Wass A.R., Williams M.J., and Gibson M.T. A review of the management of a major incident involving predominantly pediatric casualties. Injury 25 (1994) 371-374
35. Peek-Asa C., Kraus J.F., Bourque L.B., et al. Fatal and hospitalized injuries resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Int J Epidemiol 27 (1998) 459-465
36. Okamura T., Takasu N., Ishimatsu S., et al. Report on 640 victims of the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Ann Emerg Med 28 (1996) 129-135
37. Alfred P. The City of Oklahoma City. Murrah Federal Building bombing April 19, 1995 final report (1996), Fire Protection Publications, Stillwater, OK
38. Sampson P., and Crow A. Dunblane: our year of tears (1997), Mainstream Publishing Co. Ltd., Edinburgh
39. Carley S.D., Mackway-Jones K., and Donnan S. Major incidents in Britain over the last 28 years: the case for centralised reporting of major incidents. J Epidemiol Community Health 52 (1998) 392-398
40. Perry H., Wright R., Shannon M., et al. Baclofen overdose: drug experimentation in a group of adolescents. Pediatrics 101 (1998) 1045-1048
41. Stolinsky D.C., Barham M., Needles C.F., et al. Private arsenals and public peril. N Engl J Med 339 (1998) 565-566
42. Nordberg M. When kids kill: Columbine High School shooting. Emerg Med Serv 28 (1999) 38-50
43. Fairbrother G., Stuber J., Galea S., et al. Unmet need for counseling services by children in New York City after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center: implications for pediatricians. Pediatrics 113 (2004) 1367-1374
44. Brackbill R.M., Thorpe L.E., DiGrande L., et al. Surveillance for World Trade Center disaster health effects among survivors of collapsed and damaged buildings. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, April 7 55 SS02 (2006) 1-18
45. BBC World News, 18 dead in German school shooting, Friday, 26 April, 2002. Available at:. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1952869.stm
46. Centers for Disease Control. Rapid community health and needs assessments after Hurricane Isabel and Charley-North Carolina 2003-2004. MMWR 53 (2004) 840-842
47. Varia M., Wilson S., and Sarwal S. Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Toronto, Canada. Canadian Med J 169 (2003) 65-69
48. Poutanen S., Low D., Henry B., et al. Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. N Engl J Med 348 (2003) 1995-2005
49. Stewart S. Tropical Cyclone Report-Hurricane Ivan 2-24 September 2004. National Hurricane Center, December 16, 2004. Available at:. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL092004_Ivan.pdf
50. Thomas D.E., Gordon S.T., Melton J.A., et al. Pediatricians' experiences 80 miles up the river: Baton Rouge pediatricians' experiences meeting the health needs of evacuated children. Pediatrics 117 (2006) s396-s401
51. Timm N., and Reeves S. A mass casualty incident involving children and chemical decontamination. Disast Manag Response 5 (2007) 49-55
52. BBC World News. US school siege ends in bloodshed, September 28, 2006. Available at:. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5387062.stm
53. Ressel R., Reihart M., Brown S., et al. West Nickel Mines school shooting-how a rural MCI was successfully managed. JEMS 33 (2008) 48-56
54. Raphael Cohen-Almagor R., and Haleva-Amir S. Bloody wednesday in Dawson College - the Story of Kimveer Gill, or why should we monitor certain websites to prevent murder. Stud Ethics Law Technol 2 (2008) 5-8
55. The Commonwealth of Virginia. Mass shootings at Virginia Tech: report of the Virginia Tech Review Panel (2007). http://www.governor.virginia.gov/TempContent/techPanelReport.cfm Richmond, VA. Available at:
56. IBN Live Network News. Death toll in Hyderabad serial blasts rises to 44, August 25, 2007. Available at:. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/death-toll-in-hyderabad-serial-blasts-rises-to-41/47450-3.html
57. Beven J.L., and Kimberlain T.B. National Hurricane Center, Tropical Cyclone Report-Hurricane Gustav (AL072008), 25 August-4 September 2008 January 22, 2009. Available at:. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL072008_Gustav.pdf
58. Berg R. National Hurricane Center, Tropical Cyclone Report-Hurricane Ike (AL092008), 1-14 September 2008, January 23, 2009. Available at:. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL092008_Ike.pdf
59. Castle N. Triage and transport decisions after mass casualty incidents. Emerg Nurse 14 (2006) 22-25
60. Maningas P.A., Robison M., and Mallonee S. The EMS response to the Oklahoma City bombing. Prehosp Disaster Med 12 (1997) 80-85
61. Cook L. The World Trade Center attack: the paramedic response: an insider's view. Crit Care 5 (2001) 301-303
62. State of Colorado Columbine Review Commission. The report of Governor Bill Owen's Columbine Review Commission (2001), State of Colorado, Denver
63. Mell H., and Sztajnkrycer M.E.M.S. Response to Columbine. Lessons Learned. Internet J Rescue Disaster Med 5 (2005) 1
64. Callaghan W.M., Rasmussen S.A., Jamieson D.J., et al. Health concerns of women and infants in times of natural disasters: lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina. Matern Child Health J 11 (2007) 307-311
65. McCain C., and Davis R. Devastation in Katrina's wake. JEMS 30 (2005) 20-26
66. Armstrong J.H., and Frykberg E.R. Lessons from the response to the Virginia Tech shootings. Disaster Med Pub Health Prep 1 1 Suppl (2007) S7-S8
67. Sztajnkrycer M.D., Madsen B.E., and Alejandro B.A. Unstable ethical plateaus and disaster triage. Emerg Med Clin North Am 24 (2006) 749-768
68. Cone D.C., and Koenig K.L. Mass casualty triage in the chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear environment. Eur J Emerg Med 12 (2005) 287-302
69. Lerner E.B., Schwartz R.B., Coule P.L., et al. Mass casualty triage: an evaluation of the data and development of a proposed national guideline. Disaster Med Pub Health Prep 2 (2008) S25-S34
70. Holt G.R. Making difficult ethical decisions in patient care during natural disasters and other mass casualty events. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 139 (2008) 181-186
71. Veatch R.M. Disaster preparedness and triage. Mt Sinai J Med 72 (2005) 236-241
72. Garner A., Lee A., Harrison K., et al. Comparative analysis of multiple-casualty incident triage algorithms. Ann Emerg Med 38 (2001) 541-548
73. Reisner A. Triage. In: Ciottone G.R. (Ed). Disaster medicine. 3rd ed. (2006), Elsevier Mosby, Philadelphia, PA 283-289
74. Hodgetts T., and Mackway-Jones K. Major incident medical management and support: the practical approach at the scene. 2nd ed (2002), BMJ Books, London
75. Super G., Groth S., Hook R., et al. START: simple triage and rapid treatment plan (1994), Hoag Memorial Presbyterian Hospital, Newport Beach, CA
76. Kahn C.A., Schultz C.H., Miller K.T., et al. Does START triage work? An outcomes assessment after a disaster. Ann Emerg Med (2009) [Epub ahead of print]
77. Benson M., Koenig K.L., and Schultz C.H. Disaster triage: START, then SAVE-a new method of dynamic triage for victims of a catastrophic earthquake. Prehosp Disaster Med 11 (1996) 117-124
78. Gorelick M.H., Shaw K.N., and Baker M.D. Effect of ambient temperature on capillary refill time in healthy children. Pediatrics 92 (1993) 699-702
79. Romig L.E. Pediatric triage-a system to JumpSTART your triage of young patients at MCIs. JEMS 37 (2002) 52-63
80. Hodgetts T., Hall J., Maconochie I., et al. Paediatric triage tape. Prehosp Immediate Care 2 (1998) 155-159
81. Baldwin S., Robinson A., Barlow P., et al. Moving hospitalized children all over the southeast: interstate transfer of pediatric patients during Hurricane Katrina. Pediatrics 117 5 pt 3 (2006) s416-s420
82. Weiner D.L., Manzi S.F., Waltzman M.L., et al. The national disaster medical system: a pediatric perspective. Pediatrics 117 (2006) S405-S411