Using a probe detection task to assess the timing of intrinsic pleasantness appraisals

Swiss Journal of Psychology

Volumn 68, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 161-171

  Flykt, Anders ^a,b   Dan, Elise S ^a   Scherer, Klaus R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^b MID SWEDEN UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Appraisal; Emotion; Probe reaction time; Stimulus onset asynchrony; Valence

Indexed keywords

EID: 69249209749     PISSN: 14210185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1024/1421-0185.68.3.161     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Aftanas, L., Varlamov, A., Pavlov, S., Makhnev, V., & Reva, N. (2001). Affective picture processing: Event related synchronization within individually defined human theta band is modulated by valence dimension. Neuroscience Letters, 303, 115-118.
2. Aguado, L., Pierna, M., & Saugar, C. (2005). Affective priming with associatively acquired valence. Psicológica, 26, 261-279.
3. Aue, T., Flykt, A., & Scherer, K.R. (2007). First evidence for differential and sequential efferent effects of stimulus relevance and goal conduciveness appraisal. Biological Psychology, 74, 347-357.
4. Cacioppo, J.T., & Berntson, G.G. (1994). Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space:A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 401-423.
5. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Danion, J.-M., Kauffmann-Muller, F., Grangé, D., Zimmerman, M.-A.,& Greth, P. (1995). Affective valence of words, explicit and implicit memory in clinical depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 227-234.
7. Dawson, M.E., Schell, A.M., Beers, J.R., & Kelly, A. (1982). Allocation of cognitive processing capacity during human autonomic classical conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 111, 273-295.
8. Dolcos, F., & Cabeza, R. (2002). Event-related potentials of emotional memory: Encoding pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 2, 252-263.
9. Dolcos, F., LaBar, K.S., & Cabeza, R. (2004). Dissociable effects of arousal and valence on prefrontal activity indexing emotional evaluation and subsequent memory: An event-related fMFRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Suppl., 163.
10. Fanselow, M.S., & Lester, L.S. (1988). A functional behavioristic approach to aversively motivated behavior: Predatory imminence as a determinant of the topography of defensive behavior. In R.C. Bolles & M.D. Beecher (Eds.), Evolution and learning (pp. 185-212). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Flykt, A., & Bjärtå, A. (2008). The time course of resource allocation in spider-fearful participants during fear reactions. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 1381-1400.
12. Flykt, A., & Caldara, R. (2006). Tracking fear in snake and spider fearful participants during visual search: A multiresponse domain study. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 1075-1091.
13. Globisch, J., Hamm, A.O., Esteves, F., & Öhman, A. (1999). Fear appears fast: Temporal course of startle reflex potentiation in animal fearful subjects. Psychophysiology, 36, 66-75.
14. Grandjean, D., & Scherer, K.R. (2008). Unpacking the cognitive architecture of emotion processes. Emotion, 8, 341-351.
15. Hermans, D., Spruyt, A., & Eelen, P. (2003). Automatic affective priming of recently acquired stimulus valence: Priming atSOA 300 but not at SOA 1000. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 83-99.
16. Ito, T.A., Larsen, J.T., Smith, N.K.,&Cacioppo, J.T. (1998). Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: The negativity bias in evaluative categorizations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 887-900.
17. Kensinger, E.A. (2004). Remembering emotional experiences: The contribution of valence and arousal. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 15, 241-251.
18. Keselman, H.J., & Keselman, J.C. (1998). Comparing repeated measures means in factorial designs. Psychophysiology, 25, 612-618.
19. Kramer, A., & Spinks, J. (1991). Capacity views of human information processing. In J.R. Jennings & M.G.H. Coles (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive psychophysiology. Central and autonomic nervous system approaches. (pp. 179-249). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
20. Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M.,&Cuthbert, B.N. (1999). International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical Report A-4, Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.
21. Lang, P.J., Greenwald, M.K., Bradley, M.M., & Hamm, A.O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral and behavioural reactions. Psychophysiology, 30, 261-273.
22. Lazarus, R. (1982). Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. American Psychologist, 37, 1019-1024.
23. Lazarus, R. (1999). The cognition-emotion debate: A bit of history. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 3-19). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
24. Leventhal, H., & Scherer, K.R. (1987). The relationship of emotion to cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 3-28.
25. Mather, M., & Carstensen, L.L. (2003). Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces. Psychological Science, 14, 409-415.
26. Meinhardt, J., & Pekrun, R. (2003). Attentional resource allocation to emotional events: An ERP study. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 477-500.
27. Murphy, S., & Zajonc, R. (1993). Affect, cognition and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 723-729.
28. Neumann, D.L., Lipp, O.V., & Siddle, D.A.T. (2002). Discriminating between task-relevant and task-irrelevant stimuli: The effects on autonomic orienting and secondary task reaction time. Journal of Psychophysiology, 16, 191-200.
29. Öhman,A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena:Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives and information processing mechanism. In M. Lewis & J.M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (pp. 511-536). New York: Guilford.
30. Öhman,A., Esteves, F., Flykt,A.,&Soares, J.J.F. (1993).Gateways to consciousness: Emotion, attention, and electrodermal activity. In J.-C.Roy,W. Boucsein, D.C. Fowles,&J.H. Gruzelier (Eds.), Progress in electrodermal research (pp. 137-158). New York: Plenum.
31. Pashler, H. (1998). The psychology of attention. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
32. Pashler, H., Johnston, J., & Ruthruff, E. (2001). Attention and performance. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 629-651.
33. Posner, M.I. (1980). Orienting of attention. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3-25.
34. Russell, J.A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
35. Sabatinelli, D., Bradley, M.M., & Lang, P.J. (2001). Affective startle modulation in anticipation and perception. Psychophysiology, 38, 719-722.
36. Scherer, K.R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In K.R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds), Approaches to emotion (pp. 100-123). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. Scherer, K.R. (1986). Studying emotions empirically: Issues and a paradigm for research. In K.R. Scherer, H.G. Wallbott, & A.B. Summerfield (Eds.), Experiencing emotion: A cross-cultural study (pp. 3-27). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
38. Scherer, K.R. (1999). Appraisal theories. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 637-667). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
39. Scherer,K.R. (2001).Appraisal considered as a process ofmulti-level sequential checking. In K.R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 92-120). New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Scherer, K.R., Dan, E.S., & Flykt, A. (2006). What determines a feeling's position in affective space? A case for appraisal. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 92-113.
41. Scherer, K.R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. New York: Oxford University Press.
42. Schupp, H.T., Cuthbert, B.N., Bradley, M.M., Cacioppo, J.T., Ito, T.A., & Lang, P.J. (2000). Affective picture processing: The late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance. Psychophysiology, 37, 257-261.
43. Smith, C.A., & Ellsworth, P.C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813-838.
44. Stone, A., & Valentine, T. (2005). Orientation of attention to nonconsciously recognized famous faces. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 537-558.
45. van Reekum, C.M., Banse, R., Johnstone, T., Etter, A., Wehrle, T., & Scherer, K.R. (2004). Psychophysiological responses to appraisal responses in a computer game. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 663-688.
46. van Reekum, C.M., & Scherer, K.R. (1997). Levels of processing for emotion-antecedent appraisal. In G. Matthews (Ed.), Cognitive science perspectives on personality and emotion. (pp. 259-300). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
47. Whalen, P.J., Rauch, S.L., Etcoff, N.L., McInerney, S.C., Lee, M.B., & Jenike, M.A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411-418.
48. Zajonc, R.B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.
49. Zajonc, R.B. (1998). Emotions. In D.T. Gilbert & S.T. Fiske (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 591-632). New York: McGraw-Hill.